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Website: http://asce.pennstatebridgestoprosperity.org
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report details the design rationale for the suspended footbridge to be constructed by Penn
State Bridges to Prosperity in the community of Tucuecito, Panama from May 13, 2015 to June
13, 2015. Site layout was approved for Tucuecito in December 2014. Four students traveled to
Tucuecito in June 2014 to interview community members on the need for a bridge and to gather
site data used to create the design of the suspended footbridge.
The community of Tucuecito is located over an hour drive north of Penonome – refer to App A,
Fig 1 and 2 for map of area. The Rio Tucue, located at the edge of Tucuecito, floods frequently
and isolates the community from healthcare, education and markets. The Rio Tucue is shown in
App A, Fig 3 as it runs by Tucuecito. The existing crossing point for the Rio Tucue is the road
leading from Tucuecito to Penonome that crosses the river on a concrete slab sitting on the river
bed. This crossing is the only entrance to the community and is shown in App A, Fig 4. During
normal river flow community members must walk through the water flowing over the concrete
slab, however the rainy season lasts from June to November when heavy rainfall increases the
depth and velocity of the water flow. The crossing point of the river usually takes two to three
hours maximum to flood but twice it has flooded in less than an hour. Flooding makes crossing,
particularly for children, dangerous, if not impossible.
The proposed footbridge will eliminate this problem, providing safe travel to healthcare,
education and food. The closest clinic to Tucuecito, the Centro de Salud de Tuabre, is a 2.5 hour
walk from the community. Several children from the community attend high school in Penonome
along with two students who attend college also in Penonome. The Tucuecito community has
three small stores but they only carry dry food. To get other types of food residents are required
to travel to Penonome over the river. The proposed bridge, designed by Penn State Bridges to
Prosperity, is in partnership with the non-profit organization Bridges to Prosperity (B2P). This
report details the bridge design process, as well as a structural design.
The objective is to design a constructible, durable, and safe pedestrian bridge to cross the Rio
Tucue in Tucuecito, Panama in accordance with the Bridges to Prosperity Suspended Bridge
Manual, 4th edition. The bridge will see pedestrian, animal and bicycle traffic. The Penn State
B2P Chapter proposes our design of a cable-supported, pedestrian bridge for Tucuecito to
eliminate the risks associated with flooding that prevent travel to school, health facilities, and
markets. The proposed bridge will be located 25 meters upstream from the existing crossing
point.
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3.0 SITE VISIT
Penn State Bridges to Prosperity conducted a site inspection at Tucuecito in June 2014 to
accomplish several objectives:
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community meeting many men from the community were willing to put in the work for the
necessary external bridge.
As stated in the Bridges to Prosperity design manual there are several design constraints that
require consideration during the beginning of the design process.
First, the bridge had to be designed near the existing crossing point of the river. This is to
accommodate the familiarity and function of the community with the existing crossing point. The
distance between the proposed bridge and the existing crossing point will be approximately 25
meters.
Second, the bridge had to be designed at a location where there will be sufficient freeboard but
that avoids trees and other obstacles when it comes time to start construction. The bridge has
been located to avoid as many trees and shrubs as possible in this heavily vegetated area (see
App A, Fig 7.)
Finally, the proposed bridge must be able to be constructed using predominantly local materials
and labor. Local materials are used to reduce the cost of transporting materials and allow for
easier accessibility of material. The bridge construction is designed to be built with minimal
skilled labor so we can rely on the community members to provide the majority of the labor
force. This not only helps control the cost of the bridge but also empowers the community
members, which is a goal of B2P.
Throughout this report the standard B2P convention of standing downstream of the bridge and
looking upstream to determine left and right is used. This view with the proposed bridge
placement can be seen in App A, Fig 8. Using the data gathered from the survey a profile view
of the bridge was created, App A, Fig 5. The number of tiers was then calculated to achieve the
required freeboard (Appendix B.) The Cable Lookup Tool, App C, Table 1, was used to
calculate the size and number of cables required for the span. With the number of tiers
determined along with the span being set by the location of the abutments, the construction
drawings in Appendix D were chosen.
In the original survey the point marked for the left side abutment was located 2.0 meters
horizontally from the edge of the slope. The B2P manual specifies that abutments be located 3.0
meters from the edge of an exposed soil slope. For the bridge design to meet the given
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constraints, the abutment was moved 1.0 meter farther south (away from the river bank) as
shown in App A, Fig 9. The slope between points J and K in App A, Fig 5 was calculated and
used to adjust the elevation of the new abutment point. The table of survey points, App A, Table
1, was then adjusted to show this change.
The layout of the road and approach wall also creates potential erosion issues with runoff, which.
There is a drainage ditch on the west side of the road by the left abutment, App A, Fig 10. The
ditch cuts away from the road to drain in the river at the proposed location of the approach wall.
This would cause water to flow against the stone approach wall and erode the soil under it
causing a possible collapse of the wall. Penn State Bridges to Prosperity’s solution to this is to
move the location of the drainage ditch as it cuts away from the road, as shown in App A, Fig
11. The new drainage ditch will cut away from road above the anchor to avoid the entire bridge.
The proximity of the approach wall to the road was a concern during site layout. From
discussions with the B2P in country manager it was determined not to be an issue because of the
driving style in Panama. Drivers are very careful not to damage their vehicles since they have to
pay for damages to company vehicles. Also the road does not see much traffic as it ends in
Tucuecito. The approach wall next to the road will be constructed with added width in the small
chance that a vehicle would collide with it.
The freeboard for the proposed bridge is slightly under the standard set by B2P. To increase the
freeboard the foundation of the left abutment will be raised so that 0.15 meters is exposed,
instead of leaving the top of the foundation level with the ground. This was discussed with B2P
during the first TAB call and Penn State Bridges to Prosperity was told the modification would
make the freeboard acceptable.
5.1 Loads
The Bridges to Prosperity manual requires the chapter to consider live loads, dead loads, and
wind loads acting on the bridge, App C, Table 2. The loads are taken from the B2P manual. The
dead load is 0.98 kN/m, the live load is 4.07 kN/m, and the wind load is 0.29 kN/m. The
controlling load combination is the dead load plus the live load plus the wind load, which gives a
distributed load of 5.34 kN/m.
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number of drop-forged clamps that will be used for each 1 1/8 inch diameter cable is 6. The
clamps should be spaced every 144 mm. The torque required to tighten these clamps is 225 foot
– lbs. Therefore, a total of 60 drop-forged clamps are needed for this project. All of this can be
seen in App C, Table 3.
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be used.
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Appendix A: Survey and Site Data
Horizontal
Height of Elevation
Station Backsight Forsight Distance Notes
Instrument (m)
(m)
A 1.09 101.09 100.00 0.0 Right Anchor
B 1.42 99.67 10.0 Front of Right Abutment
C 1.77 99.32 13.2
HWL 3.57 97.52 16.2 High Water Level
D 3.68 97.41 16.4
E 5.38 95.71 18.9
F 7.01 94.08 21.9 Existing Water Level
G 7.01 94.08 29.1 Existing Water Level
H 6.48 94.61 30.8
HWL 3.57 97.52 32.5 High Water Level
I 2.97 98.12 32.9 Edge of Cliff
J 2.93 98.16 35.9 Front of Left Abutment
K 2.67 98.42 42.9
L 1.70 99.39 45.9 Left Anchor
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Figure 1: Map of Coclé, Panama showing location of Tucuecito and elevations.
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Figure 3: Map of Proposed Bridge Location
Figure 4: View of existing crossing point from right side of river. Downstream of proposed
bridge.
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Figure 5: Cross Section A-A of Proposed Pedestrian Bridge Location
Figure 7: View from Right Abutment location looking at Left Abutment location
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Figure 8: View of existing ravine with proposed bridge placement. Picture is taken downstream
looking upstream.
Figure 9: View from Left Abutment location. Orange stakes are along centerline of proposed
bridge.
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Figure 10: View of road leading out of Tucuecito. Location of Left Abutment and Anchor.
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Figure 11: Site Map of Tucuecito, Panama, info collected on June 15, 2014.
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Figure 12: View of Right Anchor location at orange stake. Taken at Right Abutment.
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Appendix B: Calculations
Elevation between right abutment location and left abutment location (right anchor location
assumed to be 100m). Left foundation will be raised .15 meters above ground level to increase
freeboard.
Left abutment elevation = 98.16m + 0.15m = 98.31m
Right abutment elevation = 99.67m
Height difference (ΔH) = Right abutment elevation - left abutment elevation
= 99.67m - 98.31m
= 1.36m > ΔHmax
Left abutment requires one more tier than right abutment for height difference to be under
maximum allowable. Each tier is one meter in height.
Assume two tiers on right side and three on left side to achieve maximum freeboard.
Elevation of left tower walkway cable = elevation of foundation + height of tiers + height of
tower
= 98.31m + 3m + 0.4m
= 101.71m
Elevation of right tower walkway cable = elevation of foundation + height of tiers + height of
tower
= 99.67m + 2m + 0.4m
=102.07m
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High Water Level (HWL) = 97.52 m (from survey data)
Freeboard (Fb) = Low side elevation - f - HWL
= 101.71m - 1.33m - 97.52m
= 2.86m
Minimum Freeboard for gorges = 3m
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Appendix C: Design Calculation Tables
Loads
DL 100 kg/m = 0.98 kN/m
LL 415 kg/m = 4.07 kN/m
WL 30 kg/m = 0.29 kN/m
Load Combinations
Application
DL+LL 515 kg/m = 5.05 kN/m Most components
DL+LL+WL 545 kg/m = 5.34 kN/m Loaded windguy design
DL+WL 130 kg/m = 1.27 kN/m Unloaded windguy design
Material Properties
Strength Strength
Material
(MPa) (ksi)
Concrete 10.3 1.5 Note: Strength if mixed by hand
Steel Pipe 240 35
Steel
275 40
Reinforcing
Timber 3.96 0.575
Soil 1.44 0.21
Clamps
Spacing 144 mm
#/Cable 6
Total Number 60
Torque 225 foot*lbs.
Site Dimensions
Site Condition Gorge
Soil Conditions Soil
Span Length 29.90 m OK *Note: Walkway saddle to
Initial Δh 1.51 m walkway saddle span
Check for Δh < L/25 1.20 m NG Part 1: 2.4
Number of Tiers on Left *Note: If NG, add tiers on either
Side 3 side to meet requirements
Number of Tiers on Right
Side 2
Height of Left Abutment 5.4 m *Includes height of tower,
Height of Right Abutment 4.4 m tiers and foundation
Elevation of Left Tower 102.71 m *0.15 meter of foundation exposed
Elevation of Right Tower 103.07 m
Elevation of Left Walkway
Cable 101.71 m *0.15 meter of foundation exposed
Elevation of Right Walkway
Cable 102.07 m
Final Δh 0.36 m OK
Anchor Type Gravity
Bridge Clearance
Verification
Low Elevation 101.71 m Suspended Bridge Manual, 4th edition
High Water Level 97.52 m Volume 3
% of
Design Sag (Bd)
5 Span Part 1: 2.4
Design Sag (hsag) 1.50 m
% of
Hoisting Sag (Bh)
4.60 Span Part 1: 2.4
Hoisting Sag (hsag) 1.38 m
Design Sag Low Point (f) 1.32 m Part 1: 2.4
Freeboard (fb) 2.9 m Part 1: 2.4
Freeboard Limit 3 m Part 1: 1.1
Freeboard Check 2.87 > 3 NG
Minimum Distance from edge 3 m
Foundation Position Limits
OR Max degree slope 35 degrees
Table 5: Summary Table
Critical Dimensions
Span 29.9 m
Deck Width 1.0 m
Freeboard (fb) 2.9 m
Design Sag (hsag) 1.50 m
Hoisting Sag (hsag) 1.38 m
Final Δh 0.36 m
Depth to Anchor 0.7 m * Reference 2G60 drawing
Distance to back of left
anchor 10.6 m
Distance to back of right
anchor 11.5 m
Construction Drawings
Reference: Suspended Bridge Manual, 4th edition, Volume 3 section 2.8
1150 cm
1060 cm