Howt

oSel
ectaFl
ameDet
ect
or

Processandplantengineersintheoi l andgasi ndustryandawi derangeofot her

hazardousprocessandmanuf acturi
ngi ndustri
esr equireconti
nuousf lamemoni tor
ing
equipmenttopreventcatastr
ophicf ires.Inor dertosel ectsuchdetectionequipment,
usersshoul
dunder standthepr i
nciplesoff l
amedet ectionandr ev
iewt hetypesof
detector
savail
abletoday.Armedwi tht hisknowl edget heywillbebetterabletomatch
theappropr
iatefl
amedet ectortopr ocessandsi teperformancer equir
ement sandto
thetypeofhazardwhoseconsequencest heinstrumenti sdesi
gnedt omi ti
gate.

Ty
pical
FlameHazar
ds

Ther angeofpot
ent
ial
flammabl
ehazar dsi
sexpansiv
eandgr owingasmater
ial
sand
processesbecomemorecomplex.Incr
easi
ngl
ysophisti
cat
edf l
amesensi
ng
technologi
eswit
hembeddedint
ell
igencear
erequir
edtodetectthemostcommon
i
ndust ri
alf
uel
s:

Al
cohol
s

Di
esel

Et
hyl
ene

Gasol
i
ne

Hy
drogen

JetFuel
s

Ker
osene

LNG/LPG

Paper/Wood

Sol
vent
s

Sul
fur

Text
il
es

Pr
inci
plesofFl
ameDet
ect
ion

Mostf
lamedetect
orsi
dentif
yfl
amesbyso- cal
l
edopti
calmethodsl
i
keultr
avi
olet(
UV)
andi
nfr
ared(
IR)spect
roscopyandv
isual
flamei magi
ng.Fl
amesinaref
iner
y,f
or
example,aregenerall
yf ueledbyhy drocarbons,
whichwhensuppl i
edwithoxygenand
anignit
ionsource,thenpr oduceheat ,carbondi
oxide,andotherpr
oductsofcombust ion.
Theintensereacti
oni schar acter
izedbytheemi ssi
onofv i
sibl
e,UV,andIRradiati
on.
Flamedet ect
orsaredesi gnedt odetecttheabsorpti
onofli
ghtatspecif
icwav elengt
hs,
all
owingthem todiscriminat ebetweenf l
amesandf alseal
arm sour
ces.

Fl
ameSensi
ngTechnol
ogi
es

Therearefourpr i
maryopt i
calfl
ame- sensingt echnologiesinusetoday:ult
raviol
et(UV),
ult
ravi
olet/
infrar
ed(UV/ I
R),multi
-spectrum infrared(MSI R)
,andv i
sualfl
amei maging.
Theyareall basedonline-
of-si
ghtdet ecti
onofr adi
ationemi t
tedintheUV, vi
sibl
e,and
I
Rspect ralbandsbyflames( seeFi gure1).Technol ogiesmaybesel ectedtosuitthe
requi
rement sofflamemoni tor
ingappl i
cations, i
ncludingdetecti
onrange,fi
eldofv i
ew
(FOV),r
esponset ime,andpar t
icularimmuni tyagainstcer t
ainfal
sealarm sources.

UVFl
ameDet
ect
ors

UVdet ectorsrespondt or
adiati
oni nthespect
ralr
angeofapproximat el
y180-260
nanomet ers.Theyof ferquickresponseandgoodsensiti
vit
yatcompar ati
vel
yshort
ranges(0–50f t
).Becauset heyar esuscept
ibl
etoarcweldi
ng,halogenl amps,and
elect
ri
cal dischargeslikel
ightning,t
heytendtobeusedindoor
s.Thi ck,sootysmoke
canalsocausef ail
uresduet oat t
enuati
onoftheinci
dentUVradiati
on.

UV/
IRFl
ameDet
ect
ors

WhenaUVopt i
calsensorisintegratedwithanIRsensor,adualbanddetectoris
createdthati
ssensiti
vet otheUVandI Rradiat
ionemitt
edbyaf l
ame.Thecombi ned
UV/ I
Rf l
amedet ect
oroffersincreasedimmuni t
yovertheUVdetector,operat
esat
moder atespeedsofresponse, andissuitedforbot
hindoorandout dooruse.Aswi t
h
UVdet ector
s,however,t
hedet ectionrangeoftheseinst
rumentsmayber educedby
heavysmoke.

Mul
ti
-Spect
rum I
nfr
aredFl
ameDet
ect
ors
Multi
-spectr
um I Rflamedetectorsusemul ti
pleinf
raredspectr
al r
egionstofurt
her
i
mpr ovediff
erentiati
onoff l
amesour cesfrom non-f
lamebackgr oundradiati
on.These
fl
amedet ectorsar ewellsui
tedtolocati
onswher ecombust i
onsour cesproducesmoky
fi
res.Theyoper ateatmoder at
espeedwi thar angeofupt o200f eetfrom t
heflame
source--bothindoor sandoutdoors.Theseinstrumentsexhibi
trelat
ivelyhi
ghimmuni ty
toinfr
aredradiati
onpr oducedbyar cweldi
ng, l
ight
ning,sunl
i
ght,andot herhotobject
s
thatmightbeencount er
edinindustri
albackgrounds.

Vi
sual
FlameI
magi
ngFl
ameDet
ect
ors

Visualfl
amedet ectorsemployst andar
dchar gedcoupl edev i
ce( CCD)i magesensor s,
commonl yusedi nclosedcircuittel
evi
sioncamer as, andflamedet ecti
onalgor it
hmst o
establi
sht hepr esenceoff i
res.Thei magingal gorithmspr ocesst hel i
vev i
deoi mage
from theCCDar rayandanaly zetheshapeandpr ogressionofwoul dbef ir
est o
discri
minat ebet weenf l
ameandnon- fl
amesour ces.Unl i
keIRorUVf l
amedet ector
s,
CCTVv i
sual flamedet ector
sdonotdependonemi ssionsf r
om car bondioxide, water,
andot herpr oduct sofcombust iontodetectf ir
es, noraret heyinfluencedbyf ire'
s
radianti
ntensi ty .Asar esul
t,theyarecommonl yfoundi ninstallationswher ef lame
detectorsar er equi r
edtodiscr i
minatebet weenpr ocessf iresandf iresresul
tingf r
om an
accidentalreleaseofcombust i
blematerial.

Despit
etheiradvantages,vi
sualfl
amedetect
orscannotdet
ectfl
amest
hatarei nvi
sibl
e
tothenakedey esuchashy drogenfl
ames.Heavysmokealsoimpai
rst
hedet ector
’s
capaci
tytodetectfi
re,sincevi
sibl
eradi
ati
onfrom t
hefi
reisoneoft
hetechnology’
s
fundamentalparameters.

I
ndust
ri
alPr
ocessandPl
antFl
ameDet
ect
ionRequi
rement
s

Whenconf i
guringaf l
amedetect i
onsystem f
oraplantandeval
uati
ngthevar
iousfl
ame
detect
iontechnologyalt
ernat
ivesavai
lablet
oday,
itisuseful
toconsi
derthef
ollowi
ng
fl
amedet ectorperf
ormancecriteri
a:

Fal
seAl
armI
mmuni
ty

Det
ect
ionRange

ResponseTi
me Fi
eldofVi
ew
Sel
fDi
agnost
ics

Fal
seAl
armI
mmuni
ty

Fal
seal ar
mr ej
ectioni soneoft hemosti mpor t
antconsider
ationsfortheselect
ionof
fl
amedet ectors.Fal sealarmsar emoret hananui sance--t
heyarebothapr oducti
vit
y
andcosti ssue.Itist her
eforeessenti
althatflamedet ect
orsdiscri
minatebetween
actualfl
amesandr adiati
onfrom sunl
ight,li
ghtning,arcwel
ding,hotobject
s,andother
non-fl
amesour ces.

Det
ect
ionRangeandResponseTi
me

Aflamedet ector’smostbasi cperformancecriter

iaaredetecti
onrangeandr esponse
ti
me.Dependi ngonaspeci fi
cplantappl i
cati
onenv i
ronment,eachoft heal
ter
nativ
e
fl
amedet ecti
ont echnologiesrecognizesaf l
amewi thinacertai
ndistanceanda
di
stri
butionofr esponsetimes.Ty pical
lythegreat
erthedistanceandt heshort
erthe
ti
met hatagi venf lamesensi ngtechnologyrequir
est odet
ectaf l
ame, themore
eff
ectiv
ei tisatsuppl yi
ngear lywarningagainstfi
resanddet onat
ions.

Fi
eldofVi
ew

Detecti
onrangeandFOVdefineareacoverageperdevi
ce.Likeawi deangl
elens,a
fl
amedet ect
orwit
halargefi
eldofviewcant akei
nabr oaderscene,whi
chmayhel p
reducethenumberoffl
amedet ect
orsrequir
edforcer
taininst
all
ati
ons.Mostoftoday’
s
fl
amedet ect
ormodelsoff
erfiel
dsofviewofabout90°t o120°.

Sel
fDi
agnost
ics

Tomeett hehi ghestr eli

abili
tyst
andar ds,continuousopt i
cal pathmoni toring(COPM)
diagnosticsar eof tenbuil
tintoopt i
calflamedet ectors,l
iket hosemanuf acturedby
Gener alMoni t
or s.Thesel f-
checkpr ocedurei sdesignedt oensur ethattheopt icalpat
h
i
scl ear,thedet ectorsaref uncti
oning,andaddi ti
onally,
theel ectroni
ccircui t
ryis
oper at
ional .Self-checkrout i
nesarepr ogrammedi ntothef lamedet ector’scont rol
circuit
rytoact iv ateaboutonceev erymi nute.Ifthesamef aultoccurstwi ceinar ow,
thenaf aul tisindi catedviathe0-20mAout putoradi git
al communi cat
ionspr otocoll
ike
HARTorModbus.
Concl
usi
ons

Aftergainingabet terpictureoft hepotentialf

lamehazard, thepr i
nciplesofflame
detection,andthet ypesoff lamedet ectiontechnologi
esav ail
ablet oday ,
userswillbein
abet terposit
iontosel ectaf lamedet ector.Defi
ningtherequirement sforanapplicati
on
i
sal soessent i
al,assuchf actorsasthet ypeoffuel,mini
mum f ir
esi zetobedet ected,
andt heconf i
gurationofthespacet obemoni toredcaninfl
uencet hechoi ceof
i
nst r
ument .Tothi send, i
tisof t
enhelpf ult
osetupasi mplecompar i
sonchartof
processorpl antrequirement sandt henr eviewtwoort hr
eepot enti
al fl
amedet ectors
againsttheappl i
cat i
oncriteria.

Thef ol
lowi
ngchar
thasbeendesi
gnedt
ohel
puser
sbegi
nthef
lamedet
ect
orsel
ect
ion
process.

Fl
ameDet
ect
orEv
aluat
ionWor
kSheet

Ev
aluat
ionCr
it
eri
a Gener
alMoni
tor
s

FL4000HFl
ameDet
ect
or Ot
herFl
ameDet
ect
or

Fuel
Hazar
d Met
hane  

Locat
ion Ref
iner
y--Out
door
s 

Det
ect
orTechnol
ogy Mul
ti
-Spect
ral
IR  

Fal
seAl
armI
mmuni
ty Ext
remel
yHi
gh  

Det
ect
ionRange 230Ft(
70m)  

Fi
eldofVi
ew(
FOV)100deg@ 100f
t;

90deg@ 210f
t  

ResponseTi
me <10Seconds 

Oper
ati
ngTemper
atur
e -
40t
o+175degF;

-
40t
o+80degC  

Sel
f-
Diagnost
ics Yes-
-Neur
alNet
wor
kInt
ell
i
gence;
Cont
inuousOpt
ical
Pat
h
Monit
oring  
Communi
cat
ions HART,
Modbus  

Appr
oval
s FM,
CSA,
ULC,
CEMar
king,
ATEX,
SIL3Sui
tabl
e,cer
ti
fi
edt
oIEC61508by
FM

Fl
amedet
ect
or

Fr
om Wi
ki
pedi
a,t
hef
reeency
clopedi
a

Jumpt
onav
igat
ionJumpt
osear
ch

Thisart
icl
eismissi
nginformat
ionaboutthehi
stor
yoft
hesubj
ect
.Pl
easeexpandthe
art
icl
etoincl
udethi
sinformati
on.Fur
therdet
ail
smayexi
stont
hetal
kpage.(June2014)

Af l
amedet ect
ori sasensordesi gnedt odet ectandr espondt othepr esenceofaf l
ame
orfire,allowingflamedet ecti
on.Responsest oadet ectedflamedependont he
i
nst all
ation,butcani ncludesoundi nganal arm, deacti
vat i
ngaf uell
i
ne( suchasa
propaneoranat uralgasl i
ne),
andact i
vati
ngaf i
resuppr essionsy stem.Whenusedi n
applicationssuchasi ndustri
alfurnaces,thei rr
oleistopr ovideconf i
rmat ionthatt
he
furnacei swor ki
ngpr oper l
y;i
nthesecasest heytakenodi rectact i
onbey ondnotif
ying
theoper atororcontrolsystem.Af lamedet ectorcanof tenrespondf asterandmor e
accur atelythanasmokeorheatdet ectorduet othemechani smsitusest odetectthe
fl
ame. [
1][2]

Cont
ent
s

1 Opt
ical
flamedet
ect
ors

1.
1 Ul
tr
avi
oletdet
ect
or

1.
2 NearI
Rar
ray

1.
3 I
nfr
ared

1.
4 I
nfr
aredt
her
mal
camer
as

1.
5 UV/
IR

1.
6 I
R/I
Rfl
amedet
ect
ion

1.
7 I
R3f
lamedet
ect
ion
1.
8 3I
R+UVf
lamedet
ect
ion

1.
9 Vi
sibl
esensor
s

1.
10 Vi
deo

2 Ot
hert
ypes

2.
1 I
oni
zat
ioncur
rentf
lamedet
ect
ion

2.
2 Ther
mocoupl
efl
amedet
ect
ion

3 Appl
i
cat
ions

4 Emi
ssi
onofr
adi
ati
on

5 Sunl
i
ght

6 Heatr
adi
ati
on

7 Coneofv
isi
on

8 Thedet
ect
ionr
ange

9 Thesquar
elaw

10 Seeal
so

11 Ref
erences

Opt
ical
flamedet
ect
ors[
edi
t]

Fl
amedet
ect
ort
yper
egi
ons

Ul
tr
avi
oletdet
ect
or[
edi
t]

Ult
raviolet(
UV)det ectorswor kbydet ecti
ngtheUVradiat
ionemi t
tedatt heinstantof
i
gniti
on.Whi l
ecapabl eofdet ectingfir
esandexplosi
onswi t
hin3–4mi l
li
seconds, atime
delayof2–3secondsi softenincludedtomi ni
mizefal
sealar
mswhi chcanbet ri
ggered
byotherUVsour cessuchasl i
ght ni
ng,arcweldi
ng,r
adiat
ion,andsunl i
ght.UVdet ector
s
ty
picallyoperatewithwav elengthsshor t
erthan300 
nm tomi ni
mizet heeffectsof
naturalbackgroundr adiat
ion.Thesol arbli
ndUVwav el
engthbandi salsoeasilyblinded
byoilycontami nant
s.
NearI
Rar
ray
[edi
t]

Neari nfrared( IR)arrayfl

amedet ectors(0.7to1.1 µm), al
soknownasv i
sualfl
ame
detector s,empl oyflamer ecogniti
ont echnologytoconf irmf irebyanal yzingnearIR
radi
at i
onusi ngachar ge-
coupl eddev i
ce(CCD) .Aneari nfrared( I
R)sensori sespeciall
y
abletomoni torfl
amephenomena, withouttoomuchhi ndrancef rom wat erandwat er
vapour .Py roelectr
icsensor soper at
ingatt hi
swav elengthcanber elati
velycheap.
Multiplechannel orpi xel
arraysensor smoni tori
ngf l
amesi nthenearI Rbandar e
arguabl ythemostr eliabl
et echnologiesavailabl
efordet ectionoff ires.Li
ghtemi ssi
on
from af irefor msani mageoft hef l
ameatapar ti
cularinstant .Di
gital i
magepr ocessi
ng
canbeut i
li
zedt orecogni zeflamest hroughanalysisoft hev ideocr eatedf r
om thenear
IRimages.

I
nfr
ared[
edi
t]

Infr
ar ed( I
R)orwi debandi nfrared( 1.
1  µm andhi gher )fl
amedet ectorsmoni t
orthe
i
nf r
ar edspect r
al bandf orspecif i
cpat ternsgi venof fbyhotgases.Thesear esensed
usingaspeci al
izedf ir
e-fi
ghtingt hermal i
magi ngcamer a( TI
C),at ypeoft hermogr aphic
camer a.Falseal armscanbecausedbyot herhotsur facesandbackgr oundt hermal
radiationint hear ea.Wat eront hedet ector '
slenswi llgreatl
yreducet heaccur acyoft he
detect or,aswi llexposur etodi r
ectsunl i
ght .Aspeci alfr
equencyr angei s4. 3to4.4  µm.
Thisi sar esonancef requencyofCO2.Dur i
ngbur ningofahy drocar bon( forexampl e,
woodorf ossilfuel ssuchasoi landnat uralgas)muchheatandCO2i srel eased.The
hotCO2emi tsmuchener gyati tsresonancef requencyof4. 3 
µm.Thi scausesapeaki n
thet otal r
adiationemi ssionandcanbewel ldetected.Mor eover,the" cold"CO2i nt heai r
i
st aki ngcaret hatt hesunl i
ghtandot herI Rr adiationi sfil
ter
ed.Thi smakest hesensor
i
nt hisf requency" sol
arbl i
nd";howev er,sensi t
ivi
tyi sreducedbysunl i
ght .Byobser v ing
thef l
ickerf r
equencyofaf i
re(1t o20  Hz)t hedet ect orismadel esssensi ti
vet ofalse
alarmscausedbyheatr adiation,forexampl ecausedbyhotmachi nery.

Asev eredisadvantageisthatalmostal l
radiati
oncanbeabsor bedbywat erorwat er
vapour;thi
sispar ti
cul
arlyvali
dfori nf
rar
edflamedet ecti
oninthe4.3t o4.4 µm region.
From approx.3.5 µm andhighert heabsorpti
onbywat eroriceispractical
ly100%.Thi s
makesi nfr
aredsensor sforusei noutdoorapplicati
onsv eryunresponsivetof i
res.The
biggestproblem i
souri gnorance; someinfr
areddet ectorshavean( automat i
c)detector
windowsel ftest,
butthisselftestonlymoni t
orst heoccur r
enceofwat eroriceont he
detectorwindow.
Asal tfi
lmi sal
sohar mf ul
,becausesal tabsor bswat er.Howev er,
wat erv apour,f
ogor
l
ightr ai
nalsomakest hesensoral mostbl ind, wit
houttheuserknowi ng.Thecausei s
similartowhataf i
refi
ghterdoesi fheappr oachesahotf i
re:hepr ot
ect shimselfby
meansofawat ervapourscr eenagainstt heenor mousi nfraredheatr adiati
on.The
presenceofwat ervapor,f
og, orl
ightrainwi llthenalso"protect"t
hemoni t
orcausingi
t
tonotseet hef
ire.Visi
bleli
ghtwill,howev erbet r
ansmi t
tedthrought hewat erv
apour
screen,ascaneasi lybeenseenbyt hef actt hatahumancanst i
llseet heflames
throught hewaterv apourscreen.

Theusual
responset
imeofanI
Rdet
ect
ori
s3–5seconds.

I
nfr
aredt
her
mal
camer
as[
edi
t]

MWI Rinf
rared(I
R)camer ascanbeusedtodet
ectheatandwithpart
icul
aral
gori
thms
candetecthot-
spot
swi thi
nasceneaswellasfl
amesf orbot
hdetect
ionandprevent
ion
offi
reandrisksoff
ire.Thesecamerascanbeusedincompletedar
knessandoperate
bot
hi nsi
deandoutside.

UV/
IR[
edi
t]

Thesedet
ector
saresensi
ti
vetobot
hUVandI Rwavel
engt
hs,anddetectf
lameby
compari
ngthethr
eshol
dsignal
ofbothr
anges.Thi
shel
psminimizef
alsealar
ms.

I
R/I
Rfl
amedet
ect
ion[
edi
t]

Dual I
R(IR/I
R)flamedet ect
orscompar ethet hr
esholdsignali
nt woi
nfr
aredranges.
Oftenonesensorl ooksatthe4.4mi cr
omet ercarbondioxide(CO2),
whil
et heother
sensorlooksatar efer
encefrequency.SensingtheCO2emi ssi
onisappropri
atefor
hydrocarbonfuels;f
ornon-carbonbasedfuels,e.g.
,hydrogen,thebr
oadbandwat er
bandsar esensed.

I
R3f
lamedet
ect
ion[
edi
t]
Mul
ti
-i
nfr
areddetectorsmakeuseofal
gori
thmstosuppresstheeff
ect
sofbackgr
ound
r
adi
ati
on(blackbodyradi
ati
on)
,agai
nsensi
tiv
ityi
sreducedbythi
sradi
ati
on.

Tri
ple-
IRflamedet ectorscomparethreespeci f
icwav el
engthbandswi thintheIR
spectr
alregionandt heirrat
iotoeachother.Inthi
scaseonesensorl ooksatt he4.4
micrometerr angewhi letheothersensorslookatr efer
encewav el
engthsbot habov e
andbelow4. 4.Thi sallowsthedetectortodisti
nguishbet weennon- f
lameI Rsources
andactual f
lameswhi chemi thotCO2i nthecombust i
onpr ocess.Asar esult,both
detect
ionrangeandi mmuni t
ytofalsealar
mscanbesi gnif
icantl
yincreased.IR3
detect
orscandet ecta0. 1m2( 1 
ft
2)gasolinepanf ir
eatupt o65 m( 215 ft)i
nlessthan
5seconds.Tr i
pleIRs,likeot
herIRdetectortypes,aresuscept i
bletoblindingbyal ayer
ofwateront hedet ector '
swindow.

MostI Rdetectorsaredesi
gnedt oi
gnoreconstantbackgroundIRradiat
ion,whichis
presentinallenvir
onments.Insteadtheyaredesignedtodetectsuddenlychangingor
i
ncreasingsour cesoftheradiati
on.Whenexposedt ochangi
ngpatter
nsofnon- flameI
R
radi
ation,I
RandUV/ I
Rdetector sbecomemor epr onetofal
sealarms,whileI
R3
detectorsbecomesomewhatl esssensi
ti
vebutar emor ei
mmunet of
alsealarms.

3I
R+UVf
lamedet
ect
ion[
edi
t]

Mul t
i-I
nfrared( Mul t
i-I
R/3IR)detectorsusealgor i
thmst odetermi nethepr esenceoff i
re
andt el
l t
hem apar tfrom backgr oundnoiseknownt oas"Bl ack-bodyRadi ati
on,"which
i
ngener all
yr educet herangeandaccur acyoft hedetector.Black-bodyRadi ati
on i
s
constant l
ypr esenti nallenvir
onment s,butisgi venoffespeciallystronglybyobjectsat
hightemper ature. thi
smakeshi ghtemper atur
eenv ir
onment s, orareaswher ehigh
temper aturemat eri
al i
shandl edespeciall
ychallengi
ngf orIRonl ydet ect
ors.Thus,one
additi
onal UV- Cbandsensori ssomet i
mesi ncludedinflamedet ect
or stoaddanot her
l
ay erofconf irmat i
on, asblackbodyr adiat
iondoesnoti mpactUVsensor sunlessthe
temper aturei sextremel yhigh,suchast heplasmagl owf rom anAr cwel dingmachi ne.

Mult
i-
wavel
engthdetector
sv ar
yinsensorconfi
gur
ati
on.1IR+UV,orUVIRbei
ngthe
mostcommonandl owcost .2IR 
+UVbei ngacompr omi
sebetweencostandFalse
al
armimmunityand3I R+UV, whichcombinespast3IRt
echnol
ogywiththeaddi
tional
l
ayerofi
dent
if
icat
ionfrom theUVsensor. 
Mul ti
-Wav elengt horMul t
i-
spect raldet ectorssuchas3I R+UVandUVI Rar ean
i
mpr ovementov ertheirIR-onlydet ectorscount er
par t
swhi chhav ebeenknownt oeither
fal
seal arm orl osesensi ti
vityandr angei nthepr esenceofst rongbackgroundnoise
suchasdi rectorr ef
lectedl i
ghtsour cesorev ensunexposur e.
 IRdetectorshaveoften
rel
iedonI nf raredbul kener gygr owt ht oast heirprimarydet ermini
ngf act
orforfi
re
detect i
on,decl aringanal arm whent hesensor sexceedagi venrangeandr ati
o.This
appr oachhowev erispr onet otri
ggerf rom non- fi
renoise.whet herfr
om blackbody
radiati
on,hi ght emper atureenv ironment s,orsimpl ychangesi ntheambi entli
ghti
ng.
alt
er nati
velyi nanot herdesi gnappr oach, I
R-onlydet ectorsmayonl yalarm gi
venperfect
condi t
ionsandcl earsignal matches, whichr esultsinmi ssingthefi
rewhent hereistoo
muchnoi se, suchasl ookingi nt
ot hesunset .

Moder nFlamedet ector

smayal somakeuseofhi ghspeedsensors,whichall
owthe
captureofthef l
ickeri
ngmov ementofflame,andmoni t
orthepatt
er nandrati
osofthe
spectraloutputforpat t
ernsuniquetofir
e.hi
gherspeedsensorsall
owf ornotonl
yfaster
reacti
ont i
mes, butalsomor edat apersecond,i
ncreasi
ngthelev
el ofconfi
dencei
nf i
re
i
dentifi
cati
on, orfalsealarmrejecti
on.
 

Vi
si
blesensor
s[edi
t]

Av i
sibleli
ghtsensor(f
orexampl eacamer a:0.4to0.7 µm)i sabletopr esentani mage,
whichcanbeunder st
oodbyahumanbei ng.Fur t
hermor e,complexi magepr ocessi ng
analysiscanbeexecutedbycomput ers,whi chcanr ecogni zeaflameorev ensmoke.
Unfortunatel
y,acameracanbebl inded, li
keahuman, byheav ysmokeandbyf og.Iti
s
al
sopossi bletomixv i
si
bleli
ghtinformat ion( monit
or)wi thUVori nfraredinformat i
on,
i
nor dertobetterdi
scri
minateagainstf alseal ar
msort oimpr ov
et hedet ecti
onr ange.[
3]
Thecor onacamer aisanexampleoft hi sequi pment.Int hi
sequipmentt heinformat i
on
ofanUVcamer amixedwithvisi
bleimagei nformati
on.I tisusedf ortracingdef ectsi
n
hi
ghv ol
tageequipmentandfiredetectionov erhi
ghdi stances.

I
nsomedet
ect
ors,
asensorf
orv
isi
bler
adi
ati
on(
li
ght
)isaddedt
othedesi
gn.

Vi
deo[
edi
t]
Closed-cir
cui
tt el
evi
si
onorawebcameracanbeusedf orvi
sualdet
ecti
onof
(wavelengthsbetween0.4and0.
7 µm)
.Smokeorf ogcanli
mitt
heeffecti
ver
angeof
these,sincetheyoperat
esol
elyi
nthev
isi
blespect
rum.[
3][
4][
5]

Ot
hert
ypes[
edi
t]

I
oni
zat
ioncur
rentf
lamedet
ect
ion[
edi
t]

Theintensei
oni
zati
onwit
hint
hebodyofaf l
amecanbemeasuredbymeansbyt he
phenomenaofFlameRecti
fi
cat
ionwherebyanACcurr
entfl
owsmor eeasi
l
yinone
di
recti
onwhenav ol
tagei
sappli
ed.Thi
scurr
entcanbeusedtover
if
yflamepresence
andqualit
y.[
6][
7]

Suchdetector
scanbeusedi nlar
geindustr
ialpr
ocessgasheatersandareconnect
ed
tothef
lamecont r
olsystem.Theyusual
lyactasbothflamequali
tymonit
orsandfor
fl
amefailur
edetecti
on.Theyareal
socommoni nav ar
iet
yofhousehol
dgasf ur
naces
andboi
lers.

Probl
emswi t
hboi l
ersf
aili
ngtostayl
i
tcanoftenbeduet odir
tyfl
amesensor
sortoa
poorbur
nersurfacewit
hwhi chtocomplet
etheelect
ri
calci
rcuit
.Apoorf
lameorone
thati
sli
ft
ingofftheburnermayalsoi
nterr
uptthecont
inui
ty.[
8]

Fl
ame-
igni
ter
(top)
-and-
fl
ame-
sensor

Ther
mocoupl
efl
amedet
ect
ion[
edi
t]

Thermocouplesareusedextensi
velyformonitori
ngflamepr esenceincombust i
on
heati
ngsystemsandgascooker s.Acommonusei ntheseinstal
lati
onsistocutofft
he
supplyoff
uel i
fthef
lamefail
s,inordertopreventunburnedf uel
from accumulati
ng.
Thesesensorsmeasureheatandt herefor
earecommonl yusedt odeterminet
he
absenceofaf l
ame.Thiscanbeusedt overi
fythepresenceofaPi lotf
lame.

Appl
i
cat
ions[
edi
t]
UV/
IRf
lamedet
ect
orsar
eusedi
n:

Hy
drogenst
ati
ons.
[9]

Gas-
fuel
edcooker
s

I
ndust
ri
alheat
inganddr
yingsy
stems

Domest
icheat
ingsy
stems

I
ndust
ri
algast
urbi
nes

Emi
ssi
onofr
adi
ati
on[
edi
t]

Emi
ssi
onofr
adi
ati
on

Af i
reemi tsradiation,whi chhumaney eexper i
encesast hev i
sibleyellowr edf lamesand
heat.Inf act,dur i
ngaf i
re,relativ
elyspar selyUVener gyandv i
sibleli
ghtener gyi s
emi t
ted, ascompar edtot heemi ssionofI nfraredr adiati
on.Anon- hydr ocarbonf ire,f
or
exampl e, onef rom hy drogen, doesnotshowaCO2peakon4. 3 µm becausedur ingthe
burningofhy drogennoCO2i sreleased.The4. 3 µm CO2peaki nthepi cturei s
exagger ated, andi sinreal i
tylesst han2%oft het otalener gyoft hefire.Amul ti-
fr
equency -detectorwi thsensor sforUV, visiblelight,nearI Rand/ orwi debandI Rt hus
havemuchmor e"sensordat a"tocal culatewi thandt hereforear eablet odet ectmor e
typesoff i
resandt odet ectt heset ypesoff iresbet ter:hydrogen, methanol ,et heror
sulphur.Itlooksl ikeast ati
cpi cture,butinreal it
yt heener gyfluctuates, orfli
cker s.This
fl
ickeri
ngi scausedbyt hef actthatt heaspir atedoxy genandt hepr esentcombust i
ble
areburni ngandconcur rentlyaspi ratenewoxy genandnewcombust iblemat eri
al.These
l
ittl
eexpl osionscauset hef l
ickeringoft hef l
ame.

Sunl
i
ght
[edi
t]

Sunl
i
ghtt
ransmi
ssi
on

Thesunemitsanenor mousamountofenergy,whi
chwouldbeharmfultohuman
bei
ngsifnotforthevapour
sandgasesintheatmospher
e, l
i
kewater(
clouds),
ozone,
andother
s,throughwhicht
hesunl
ighti
sfi
lter
ed.Inthef
igurei
tcancl
earlybeseenthat
"cold"CO2f il
terst hesol arr adiati
onar ound4.3 µm.AnI nfrar eddetectorwhichusest hi
s
frequencyi sthereforesol arblind.Notal l
manuf actur
ersoff lamedet ect
or suseshar p
fil
tersfort he4. 3 µm r adiationandt husst i
llpi
ckupqui teanamountofsunl i
ght.These
cheapf l
amedet ectorsar ehardlyusabl eforoutdoorappl i
cat i
ons.Between0. 7 
µm and
appr ox.3  µm therei sr el
at i
velylargeabsor pti
onofsunl ight.Hence, thisfrequencyr ange
i
susedf orflamedet ect ionbyaf ewf l
amedet ectormanuf act ur
ers(i
ncombi nati
onwi th
othersensor slikeul traviolet,
visiblelight,orneari nfr
ared).Thebi geconomi cal
adv antagei sthatdet ectorwi ndowscanbemadeofquar tzi nsteadofexpensi ve
sapphi re.Theseel ectro-opt i
cal sensorcombi nat i
onsalsoenabl ethedet ecti
onofnon-
hy drocarbonsl ikehy dr ogenf ir
eswi thoutther i
skoff alseal ar mscausedbyar ti
fi
cial
l
ightorel ectri
cal weldi ng.

Heatr
adi
ati
on[
edi
t]

HeatRadi
ati
on

Infraredf lamedet ect orssuf ferfrom Infraredheatr adiationwhi chi snotemi ttedbyt he
possi blef i
re.Onecoul dsayt hatthefirecanbemaskedbyot herheatsour ces.Al l
object swhi chhav eat emper atur ehi
ghert hant heabsol utemi ni
mum t emper ature( 0
kelvinsor−273. 15  ° C)emi tener gyandatr oom t emper ature(300K)t hisheati sal r
eady
apr obl em forthei nfraredf l
amedet ector swi ththehighestsensi t
ivi
ty.Somet i
mesa
mov i
nghandi ssuf fi
cienttot ri
ggeranI Rf l
amedet ector.At700Kahotobj ect( black
body )st artstoemi tv isi
blel i
ght( gl
ow) .Dual -ormul ti
-i
nf r
areddet ectorssuppr esst he
effect sofheatr adi ati
onbymeansofsensor swhichdet ectjustof ftheCO2peak; f
or
exampl eat4. 1 µm.Her eitisnecessar ythatt hereisal argedi ff
erencei nout put
betweent heappl iedsensor s( forexampl esensorS1andS2i nt hepicture).A
disadv ant ageist hatt her adiationener gyofapossi blef i
remustbemuchbi ggert han
thepr esentbackgr oundheatr adiati
on.Inot herwor ds,theflamedet ectorbecomesl ess
sensi ti
v e.Everymul ti
infr
ar edf l
amedet ect orisnegat i
velyinfl
uencedbyt hisef fect,
regar dlesshowexpensi vei tis.

Coneofv
isi
on[
edi
t]

ConeofVi
sion(
Fiel
dofVi
ew)

Theconeofv
isi
onofaf
lamedet
ect
ori
sdet
ermi
nedbyt
heshapeandsi
zeoft
he
wi ndowandt hehousi ngandt hel ocationoft hesensori nthehousi ng.Fori nfr
ared
sensor salsot hel ami nationoft hesensormat erialplaysapar t;itli
mi tstheconeof
visionoft hef l
amedet ector.Awi deconeofv isi
ondoesnotaut omat icall
ymeant hatthe
fl
amedet ect ori sbet ter.Forsomeappl icati
onst hef lamedet ect orneedst obeal igned
preci selytot akecar et hatitdoesnotdet ectpot entialbackgroundr adiati
onsour ces.
Theconeofv i
sionoft hef l
amedet ectori sthreedimensi onal andi snotnecessar i
ly
per fectlyround.Thehor izontalangl eofv i
sionandt hev erti
cal angleofv i
sionof ten
differ; t
hisi smost l
ycausedbyt heshapeoft hehousi ngandbymi rrori
ngpar ts(meant
fort hesel ft est).Di f
ferentcombust i
blescanev enhav eadi f
ferentangl eofv i
sioni nthe
samef l
amedet ector.Ver yimpor tantist hesensi ti
vityatanglesof45° .Hereatl east
50%oft hemaxi mum sensi t
ivi
tyatt hecent ralax i
smustbeachi eved.Somef lame
det ectorsher eachi ev e70%ormor e.I
nf actthesef l
amedet ector shav eat otal
hor izontal angl eofv isionofmor ethan90° ,butmostoft hemanuf acturersdonot
ment ionthi s.Ahi ghsensi t
ivi
tyont heedgesoft heangl eofv isionpr ov i
desadv ant ages
fort hepr oject ionofaf l
amedet ector.

Thedet
ect
ionr
ange[
edi
t]

Det
ect
ionRange

Ther angeofaf lamedet ectori shighlydet ermi nedbyt hemount i

nglocat ion.Inf act,
whenmaki ngapr ojection, oneshoul di magi nei nwhatt hef lamedet ector“ sees” .Ar ul
e
oft humbi s,thatt hemount inghei ghtoft hef l
amedet ectori stwi ceashi ghast he
highestobj ecti nthef i
el dofv iew.Al sot heaccessi bi
lityoft hef lamedet ectormustbe
takeni ntoaccount ,becauseofmai ntenanceand/ orrepai rs.Ar igidli
ght -
mastwi tha
pivotpoi nti sf orthisreasonr ecommendabl e.A“ roof”ont opoft hef l
amedet ector(30x
30 cm, 1x1- foot)pr event squi ckpol luti
oni nout doorappl icat i
ons.Al sot heshadow
effectmustbeconsi der ed.Theshadowef fectcanbemi nimi zedbymount i
ngasecond
fl
amedet ect orint heopposi teoft hef i
rstdet ector.Asecondadv antageoft his
appr oachi s, thatthesecondf lamedet ect ori sar edundantone, incaset hef i
rstonei s
notwor kingori sbl i
nded.I ngener al,whenmount ingsev er alflamedet ectors, one
shoul dlett hem “ look”t oeachot hernotl ett hem l ookt ot hewal ls.Foll
owi ngt his
procedur ebl indspot s( causedbyt heshadowef fect)canbeav oidedandabet ter
redundancycanbeachi ev edt hani fthef lamedet ector swoul d“look”f rom t hecent ral
posi t
ionint ot hear eat obepr otected.Ther angeoff lamedet ector stothe30x30  cm,1
x1- footindust rystandar dfirei sstatedwi thint hemanuf acturersdat asheet sand
manual s,thisr angecanbeaf fectedbyt hepr eviouslyst atedde- sensiti
zingef fectsof
sunl i
ght,wat er,fog,steam andbl ackbodyr adi ati
on.
Thesquar
elaw[
edi
t]

Squar
eLaw

I
fthedist
ancebetweenthefl
ameandt hef
lamedetectorislar
gecompar edtothe
di
mensionofthefi
rethenthesquarelawappli
es:
Ifaf l
amedet ectorcandetectafi
re
wi
thanar eaAonacer t
aindi
stance,t
hena4t i
mesbi ggerfl
amear eaisnecessaryi
fthe
di
stancebetweenthefl
amedetectorandthefi
rei
sdoubl ed.Inshort:

Doubl
edi
stance=f
ourt
imesbi
ggerf
lamear
ea(
fi
re)
.

Thisl
awi sequall
yv al
idforall
opt i
calfl
amedet ectors,
includingvi
deobasedones.The
maximum sensitivi
tycanbeest imatedbydividi
ngt hemaxi mum flamear eaAbythe
squareofthedistancebetweent hefir
eandt heflamedet ector:c 
=A/ d2.Wit
hthi
s
constantccan,forthesamef lamedet ect
orandt hesamet ypeoff i
re,t
hemaximum
di
stanceorthemi nimum fir
ear eabecalculat
ed:A=cd2andd=√

Itmustbeemphasized,however,t
hatt
hesquarerootinreal
i
tyisnotvali
dany moreat
veryhi
ghdist
ances.Atlongdist
ancesotherpar
ametersareplayi
ngasignif
icantpar
t;
l
iketheoccur
renceofwat erv
apourandofcoldCO2int heai
r.Inthecaseofav er
y
smallfl
ame,ontheotherhand,t
hedecreasingf
li
cker
ingofthef l
amewi l
lpl
ayan
i
ncreasi
ngpart.

Amoreexactr
elati
on-v al
i
dwhent hedistancebetweent heflameandt hefl
ame
det
ect
orissmall-betweentheradi
ati
ondensity,E,atthedetectorandthedist
ance,
D,
bet
weenthedet
ect orandaflameofeffecti
veradius,R,emit
tingenergydensit
y,M,i
s
gi
venby
E=

2πMR2

(
R2+D2)

WhenR<<Dt
hent
her
elat
ionr
educest
othe(
inv
erse)squar
elaw

E=

2πMR2

D2 

Buil
dyourFireAlar
m Syst
em  athomewi t
hArdui noUNO.Inthistutor
ial
,youwi
lll
earnal
l
stepstoDIY Ardui
nofi
realertsyst
em byy ourself.I
nthi
sproject
, weneedIR
based 
flamesensortodetectfir
eli
ght,anditgivesasignalt
oAr duinowherebuzzer
connectedtoprovi
deuswi t
ht heoutputasfirealert
.

Thereistwotypeoffl
amesensorsavai
labl
eonei sAnal
og andotherDigi
tal
.Some
sensorhasbothfeat
ureyoucanuseeasil
yjustneedli
tt
lebitchangesonthesketch,
not
anissueatall
.Wewi l
lusebot
hsensorsandherewillbebothsourcecodeavail
ablei
n
therel
evantsect
ion.

Ar
dui
noFi
reAl
arm Sy
stem:

Buil
dfir
eal ar
m orfireplacedetectortheuseofFl amesensorandAr dui
noboard.The
sensormai nl
ydetectsIR( Infr
apurple)lightwavelengt
hbetween760nm –1100nm
(nanometer)thatemi t
tedf rom f
ir
eflame.Mostoft hefir
esensorsgotherewiththe
YG1006sensorwhi chi sanexcessi vev eloci
tyandexcessivesensi
ti
v eNPNsili
con
photogr
apht ransi
stor.It’
smi l
esincludedwi thblackepoxy,f
orthereasonthatsensori
s
touchytoinfr
aredradiation.Throughusi ngthisconceptassignmentyoucanrecognize
t
hewaytoscr
eenandal
ertapproximatelyhear
thfl
ame,
iti
smaxi
mum appr
opr
iat
efor
f
ir
epl
acecombat
ingr
obot
ic,fi
realarm andsofort
h.

Whaty
ouwi
l
lneed:

Ar
dui
noUNO(Any
)

Fl
ameSensor
.

Buzzer
.

Jumperwi
res.

9Vsuppl
y.

Thecosti
saroundaboutt
enbucksforthi
sfi
real
arm sy
stem.Youcanbutal
lthest
uff
fr
om anyonl
i
nesitel
ikeAmazon,eBay
,Ali
expr
ess…

Fl
ameSensorci
rcui
tdi
agr
am:

Nowyouneedtowiri
ngal
lthecomponent
s wi
theachot
hercor
rect
ly.Seebel
owf
or
bot
htypeofsensor
s.

I
fyouhav
eDi
git
alsensorconnectaspershowni
nthei
mage.

I
ncasey
ouhav
eA0(
Anal
ogsensor
)thenwi
ri
ngwi
l
lbeasi
nthepi
ctur
e.
Sour
cecodef
orFl
amesensor
:

Codef
orDi
git
alf
lamesensor
.(D0)

/
/ht
tp:
//www.
mrmodder
.com v
isi
tsf
ormor
eAr
dui
noPr
oject
s//

i
ntBuzzer=13;
//Usebuzzerf
oral
ert

i
ntFl
amePi
n=2;
//Thi
sisf
ori
nputpi
n

i
ntFl
ame=HI
GH;
//HI
GHwhenFLAMEExposed

v
oidset
up(
){

pi
nMode(
Buzzer
,OUTPUT)
;

pi
nMode(
FlamePi
n,I
NPUT)
;

Ser
ial
.
begi
n(9600)
;

v
oidl
oop(
){

Fl
ame=di
git
alRead(
FlamePi
n);

i
f(Fl
ame==HI
GH)

Ser
ial
.
pri
ntl
n("
HIGHFLAME"
);

di
git
alWr
it
e(Buzzer
,HI
GH)
;

el
se

Ser
ial
.
pri
ntl
n("
Nof
lame"
);
di
git
alWr
it
e(Buzzer
,LOW)
;

Sour
ceCodef
orA0Anal
ogf
lam sensor
.

/
/    ht
tp:
//www.
mrmodder
.com  v
isi
tsf
ormor
eAr
dui
noPr
oject
s//

consti
ntanal
ogPi
n=A0;
  
 /
/Fl
ameSensor(
A0)t
oAr
dui
noanal
ogi
nputpi
nA0

consti
ntBuzzer
Pin=13;
  
  
  
//Buzzerout
putpi
n

consti
ntthr
eshol
d=400;
  
//Fl
amel
evel
thr
eshol
d(Youcanv
aryt
hev
aluedependson
yourneed)

v
oidset
up(
){

 
pinMode(
Buzzer
Pin,
OUTPUT)
;

 
//i
nit
ial
i
zeser
ial
communi
cat
ions:

 
<b>Ser
ial
</b>.
begi
n(9600)
;

v
oidl
oop(
){

 
//r
eadt
hev
alueoft
heFl
ameSensor
:

 
i
ntanal
ogVal
ue=anal
ogRead(
anal
ogPi
n);

 
 <b>Ser
ial
</b>.
pri
ntl
n(anal
ogVal
ue)
;//
ser
ial
pri
ntt
heFLAMEsensorv
alue

 
i
f(anal
ogVal
ue&gt
;thr
eshol
d){

 
  
digi
tal
Wri
te(
Buzzer
Pin,
HIGH)
;
 
  
<b>Ser
ial
</b>.
pri
nt(
"Hi
ghFLAME"
);

 
}

 
elsei
f(anal
ogVal
ue=t
hreshol
d){

 
  
<b>Ser
ial
</b>.
pri
nt(
"LowFLAME"
);

 
  
digi
tal
Wri
te(
Buzzer
Pin,
HIGH)
;

 
  
del
ay(
400)
;

 
  
digi
tal
Wri
te(
Buzzer
Pin,
LOW)
;

 
}

 
else{

 
  
digi
tal
Wri
te(
Buzzer
Pin,
LOW)
;

 
  
<b>Ser
ial
</b>.
pri
nt(
"Nof
lame"
);

 
}

 
del
ay(
1);
  
  
  

Uploadt herel
evantcodetoArdui
noBoardt
estf
lamesensoritcandetectf
ir
efrom
accordingtomyt esti
ngmaximum 3feet
.However
,itdependsonsensorqual
it
yitmay
bedifferentonyoursensor
.

Theuser
sal
soRead:

Sendandr
ecei
veSMSwi
thAr
dui
no.

Makecal
l
sorSOSsy
stem wi
thAr
dui
no.

Formorepr
ojectSur
fonMr-
ModderDotCOM.Ify
ouli
kemustshareitwithot
her
s.I
n
casey
oustuckonanystepj
ustcommentbel
owIwil
lsoonsol
veyourissue.
CODE

Codef
orDi
git
alf
lamesensor

Sour
ceCodef
orA0Anal
ogf
lam sensor
.

Codef
orDi
git
alf
lamesensor
C/C++

Thi
sist
hemai
ncodef
ordi
git
alf
lamesensorD0.Justupl
oadi
ttoAr
dui
no.

/
/ht
tp:
//www.
mrmodder
.com v
isi
tsf
ormor
eAr
dui
noPr
oject
s//

i
ntBuzzer=13;
//Usebuzzerf
oral
ert

i
ntFl
amePi
n=2;
//Thi
sisf
ori
nputpi
n

i
ntFl
ame=HI
GH;
//HI
GHwhenFLAMEExposed

v
oidset
up(
){

pi
nMode(
Buzzer
,OUTPUT)
;

pi
nMode(
FlamePi
n,I
NPUT)
;

Ser
ial
.
begi
n(9600)
;

v
oidl
oop(
){

Fl
ame=di
git
alRead(
FlamePi
n);

i
f(Fl
ame==HI
GH)

Ser
ial
.
pri
ntl
n("
HIGHFLAME"
);

Thef
lamesensormodul
ehast
hef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures.

Theoper
ati
ngv
olt
agei
sfr
om 3.
3–5V.
I
tgi
vesusbot
hanal
oganddi
git
alout
put
.

I
thasal
edi
ndi
cat
or,
whi
chi
ndi
cat
est
hatwhet
hert
hef
lamei
sdet
ect
edornot
.

Thet
hreshol
dval
uecanbechangesbyr
otat
ingt
het
opofpot
ent
iomet
er.

Fl
amedet
ect
iondi
stance,
li
ght
erfl
ametestcanbetr
igger
edwi
thi
n0.
8m,
ift
hei
ntensi
ty
off
lamei
shi
gh,t
hedetecti
ondi
stancewi
llbei
ncr
eased.

Thedet
ect
ionangl
eoft
hef
lamesensormodul
eisabout60degr
ees.

FlameSensor :
 Theflamesensorisusedt odetectthefi
reorot herl
ightsourceswhich
areintherangeofwav el
engthf
rom 760nm to1100nm.Themodul econsistsofanIR
sensor,potent
iometer,OP-Ampcircui
tryandal edindi
cator.Whenaf lamewi l
lbe
detect
ed, t
hemodul ewi l
ltur
nonitsredled.Thismodulei ssensit
ivetofl
amebuti tcan
al
sodet ectordinar
ylight
.Thedetecti
onpointis60degr ees.Thesensiti
vityofthi
s
sensorisadjustabl
eandi tal
sohasast ableperfor
mance.y oumayal soliketocheck:

f
lamesensorPi
nOut

Thepi
noutoft
hef
lamef
rom l
eftt
ori
ghti
sasf
oll
ows.

A0:
Thi
sist
heanal
ogpi
nandt
hiswi
l
lbeconnect
edt
otheanal
ogpi
noft
heAr
dui
no.

G:
Thi
sist
hegr
oundpi
nandt
hiswi
l
lbeconnect
edt
othegr
oundoft
heAr
dui
no.

+:
Thi
sisthei
nputv
olt
agepi
noft
hesensorandt
hiswi
l
lbeconnect
edt
othe+5Vof
Ar
dui
no.

D0:
Thi
sist
hedi
git
alpi
nandt
hiswi
l
lbeconnect
edt
othedi
git
alpi
nofAr
dui
no.

f
lamesensori
nter
faci
ngwi
th

f
lamesensorPi
nOut
Thepi
noutoft
hef
lamef
rom l
eftt
ori
ghti
sasf
oll
ows.

A0:
Thi
sist
heanal
ogpi
nandt
hiswi
l
lbeconnect
edt
otheanal
ogpi
noft
heAr
dui
no.

G:
Thi
sist
hegr
oundpi
nandt
hiswi
l
lbeconnect
edt
othegr
oundoft
heAr
dui
no.

+:
Thi
sisthei
nputv
olt
agepi
noft
hesensorandt
hiswi
l
lbeconnect
edt
othe+5Vof
Ar
dui
no.

D0:
Thi
sist
hedi
git
alpi
nandt
hiswi
l
lbeconnect
edt
othedi
git
alpi
nofAr
dui
no.

f
lamesensori
nter
faci
ngwi
th

Fir
stofal
lconnectthe+5Vandt hegroundpi nofthesensorwi t
hthegr oundandt
he
+5VpinoftheAr dui
no.Whenwewi l
lhav etotakethedigit
aloutputofthef l
amesensor
,
thenwewillhavetoconnectthedigi
talpinofsensortot hedigit
alpinoftheArdui
no.
Wehav eusedthedigital
pin2oftheAr duino.Wecanchanget hethresholdval
ueofthe
sensorwhenusingthedigital
pinbyrotatingthetopofpotentiometer.Wehav e
connect
edtheledatt hepin12oftheAr duino.Whent hesensorwilldetectafl
ame,t
hen
theledwi
lll
ightup.

Codef
orf
ir
edet
ect
ionusi
ngdi
git
alpi
n

/
/Thi
scodei
sforf
lamesensorwhenusi
ngt
hedi
git
alpi
n.

i
ntl
ed_
pin=13;
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 //i
nit
ial
i
zingt
hepi
n13ast
hel
edpi
n

i
ntf
lame_
sensor
_pi
n=7;
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 //i
nit
ial
i
zingpi
n7ast
hesensorout
putpi
n
i
ntf
lame_
pin=HI
GH;
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 //st
ateofsensor

v
oidset
up() 
{

 
 pi
nMode(l
ed_
pin,
OUTPUT);
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 //decl
ari
ngl
edpi
nasout
putpi
n

 
 pinMode(f
lame_
sensor
_pi
n,I
NPUT);
 
  
  
  
  
  
 //decl
ari
ngsensorpi
nasi
nputpi
nfor
Arduino

 
 Ser
ial
.begi
n(9600);
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  /
/set
ti
ngbaudr
ateat9600

v
oidl
oop(){

 
 fl
ame_
pin 
= di
git
alRead(f
lame_
sensor
_pi
n);
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  /
/readi
ngf
rom t
hesensor

 
 i
f(f
lame_
pin==LOW )
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 //appl
yi
ngcondi
ti
on
 
 {

 
  
 Ser
ial
.pr
int
ln("FLAME,
FLAME,
FLAME");

 
  
 di
git
alWr
it
e(l
ed_
pin 
,HI
GH);
 
  
  
  
  
  
 /
/ifst
atei
shi
gh,
thent
urnhi
ght
hel
ed

 
 }

 
 el
se

 
 {

 
  
 Ser
ial
.pr
int
ln("nof
lame");

 
  
 di
git
alWr
it
e(l
ed_
pin,
LOW );
 
  
  
  
  
  
 //ot
her
wiset
urni
tlow

 
 }