Accepted Manuscript

Socio-cyber network: The potential of cyber-physical system to define

human behaviors using Big Data analytics

Awais Ahmad, Muhammad Babar, Sadia Din, Shehzad Khalid, Muhammad Mazhar Ullah,
Anand Paul, Alavalapati Goutham Reddy, Nasro Min-Allah

PII: S0167-739X(17)30778-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.12.027
Reference: FUTURE 3865

To appear in: Future Generation Computer Systems

Received date : 26 April 2017

Revised date : 27 November 2017
Accepted date : 22 December 2017

Please cite this article as: A. Ahmad, M. Babar, S. Din, S. Khalid, M.M. Ullah, A. Paul, A.G.
Reddy, N. Min-Allah, Socio-cyber network: The potential of cyber-physical system to define
human behaviors using Big Data analytics, Future Generation Computer Systems (2018),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.12.027

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 Socio-Cyber Network: The Potential of
Cyber-Physical System to Define Human Behaviors
using Big Data Analytics
Awais Ahmad1, Muhammad Babar2, Sadia Din3, Shehzad Khalid4, Muhammad Mazhar Ullah3, Anand Paul3,
Alavalapati Goutham Reddy4*, Nasro Min-Allah5
1
Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Computer Software Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
4
Department of Computer & Information Security, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
5
College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Dammam, KSA
ahmad.marwat@gmail.com, babar.phd@students.mcs.edu.pk, saadia.deen@gmail.com, shehzad_khalid@hotmail.com,
rathoremazhar@gmail.com, paul.editor@gmail.com, *goutham.ace@gmail.com, nabdullatief@uod.edu.sa

Abstract— The growing gap between users and the Big Data
analytics requires innovative tools that address the challenges
faced by big data volume, variety, and velocity. Therefore, it
becomes computationally inefficient to analyze such massive
volume of data. Moreover, advancements in the field of Big Data
application and data science leads toward a new paradigm of
human behavior, where various smart devices integrate with each
other and establish a relationship. However, majority of the
systems are either memoryless or computational inefficient, which
are unable to define or predict human behavior. Therefore,
keeping in view the aforementioned needs, there is a requirement
for a system that can efficiently analyze a stream of Big Data
within their requirements. Hence, this paper presents a system
architecture that integrates social network with the technical
network. We derive a novel notion of ‘Socio-Cyber Network’,
where a friendship is made based on the geo-location information
of the user, where trust index is used based on graphs theory. The
proposed graph theory provides a better understanding of
extraction knowledge from the data and finding relationship
between different users. To check the efficiency of the proposed
algorithms exploited in the proposed system architecture, we have
implemented our proposed system using Hadoop and
MapReduce. MapReduce for cyber-physical system (CPS) is
supported by a parallel algorithm that efficiently process a huge
volume of data sets. The system is implemented using Spark
GraphX tool at the top of the Hadoop parallel nodes to generate
and process graphs with near real-time. Moreover, the system is
evaluated in terms of efficiency by considering the system
throughput and processing time. The results show that the
proposed system is more scalable and efficient.
Index Terms— Big Data, socio-cyber network, human
behavior, graphs, friendship, trust index.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, the scope of the digital world in increased in a way
that a number of smart objects are connecting in a huge
quantity. It is due to the exploitation of low-cost internet
extensions, air-interface, and revolution in miniaturization.
Hence, it results in decreasing the cost of a smart device. These
smart devices are referred to physical devices, which has the
capability to sense physical stimulate, aggregate the data, and
interact with other physical objects. Moreover, up to certain
extent, and due to the terminology of ‘smartness’, these objects
are intelligent in nature that show intellectual behavior in
establishing connections and interaction with other physical
objects based on some protocols, and operate autonomously.
Some of the general examples are building automation system,
smart watches, transportation system, intelligent healthcare
system, smart watch, smart TV, security system, etc. [1-2].
Such interaction and operation are increased when they are
connected via the internet, which makes the terminology of
‘cyber-physical system (CPS)’. Thus, improving the quality of
life, performance and security.
So far, CPS plays a vital role in supporting interactions
between various objects so that they can send their data, to
carry out actions, and provide a bridge between heterogeneous
objects to interact among themselves. Thus, for this purpose,
the notion of a web of things and service oriented architectures
is also introduced that supports heterogeneity [3-4].
Having understood the fact that CPS plays a vital role in
providing a platform through which devices are interconnected.
Now, a challenge is how humans and smart objects will interact
with each other? Initially, the role of cyber was providing a
human-to-human connection in which the basic content of
communication was designed by humans, i.e., to be consumed
by other humans. However, with the recent advent in CPS and
web of things terminologies, the designing of contents are
changed from human to devices. Thus, it has an overwhelming
influence upon our lives, i.e., these days, a secret and
non-touchable research area. And also, it requires an
understanding of how CPS plays a key role in enhancing and
understanding our smart environment.
Moreover, the enhancement of CPS starting its impact in the
social networks. For instance, “Like-Art” [5], in which the
perspective of social network and “Like it” from Facebook is
pooled with the physical contact over undulating hand. Such
activity is read by sensors that are connected to the Internet.
Therefore, by doing so, visitors are then able to specify that an
explicit representation is favorite in the cyber world by
interacting with the physical environment.
 The exploitation of the social network with the internet is
investigated in [6], where the human social network is used to
share various resources presented by smart devices. In the
similar context, the establishment of Ubiquitous Internet of
Things architecture stimulated by the societal association of
human being [7]. Moreover, the bond between social and
technical network is discussed in [8], where they came up with
a terminology of ‘socio-technical networks’. This concept is
widely used in the context of Internet of Things. Having such
information where social network integrates with the technical
network tends to connect millions of smart devices [2], where
users can understand various activities, such as likes and
dislikes. Other activities are, e.g., which places are visited
often, and healthcare system using wireless body area sensor
network, in which devices interact with each other using the
Internet. Due to such interaction of smart devices, a rapid
growth is seen in generating a massive volume of data. This
massive amount of data requires some sort of medium where it
can be stored, e.g., databases. This growth is in the form of
three Vs. Such a volume, velocity, and veracity. Moreover, the
massive growth uses the common medium for communication,
i.e., the Internet. According to the report published by CISCO,
humans that use smart devices generating 2.5 quintillion byte of
data in each day [9].
Additionally, it is also stated that relational databases run
over archived data in response to postmortems in the case of
credit card transactions. In addition, various data processing
techniques are also developed to maintain data aggregation in a
fault-tolerant manner. Such data is access by means of any
query mechanism generated by users. In such circumstances,
generic big data analytics are achieved by traditional database
vendors. These are used for data aggregation. These vendors
are generally software based, or they only provide analytical
services, which runs over third party services. Generally,
traditional databases are unable to predict human behavior.
Nowadays, interaction models are designed that are based on
human inquiries about the information given by objects (i.e.,
human-object interaction). However, this model will be shifted
to object-object interaction in a near future. Therefore, in this
way, the object will look for other so that to provide compound
facilities that will be useful for humans. This mechanism may
increase the interaction complexity. Furthermore, various
challenges can be found, in which scalability issues are one of
the keys confront in said case [11]. In such scenario, several
techniques are given for real-time analysis of human behavior
[11-12]. However, the majority of these schemes are unable to
process and analyze big data.
Thus, based on the aforementioned explanation and
challenges, there is a need to change the existing traditional
paradigms of analyzing big data to predict and assist human
behavior. To do so, a system architecture requires that is based
on the interaction of various activities of users, let say
friendship selection. Moreover, advancement in the field of big
data analytics is one of the utmost crucial factors to analyze
human behavior. Therefore, this paper we extend the concept of
smartbuddy [41] presents system architecture to analyze human
behavior based on knowledge extraction. Knowledge extract
plays a vital role in providing the depth of experience, which
helps the user in creating reliability index. Moreover, trust
index is also examined by exploiting graph based search using
the social network, which finally helps in analyzing the
behavior of human by considering friends management, social
monitoring, and social analysis. The proposed system
architecture is tested and implemented using Hadoop
ecosystem by considering various datasets, such as social
network, healthcare, and intelligent transportation system.
II. RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION
The main contribution of this paper is as follows.
 At first, we present a hierarchical framework for
integrating social network with the technical network.
The framework first internments the scalable features of
CPS, which helps in the extension of network
commodities. Moreover, the proposed system
architecture assists the network in data aggregation. The
exploitation of reliability index, trust index, and
reputation index in the architecture bridges the social
user activities of the users.
 Moreover, we proposed a novel notion of ‘socio-cyber
network’, which is based on graph analysis that connects
edges of various attributes involved in the social and
technical network. The proposed graph-based technique
facilitates the system architecture to provide in-depth
knowledge of the big data being generated by smart
device connected to each other.
 Finally, we conduct the extensive simulation using
Hadoop-based analysis by considering the simulated
scenario of the social and technical network. From the
results and discussion, we show that the proposed
system architecture is feasible for analyzing human
behavior using big data.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In
Section 3, we give a detailed description of the background
and related studies. In Section IV, we presents the basic level
knowledge about the social structure of human behavior. In
Section v, we propose multilevel system design architecture
for communication. Also, we described proposed system
architecture and their parts in the same section. In Section
VI, a detailed simulation results and discussion are provided.
Finally, Section 5 offers the conclusion of the paper.
III. RELATED WORK
MapReduce programming paradigm producing a large
amount of datasets that is responsible for the extensive diversity
of real world tasks [13]. MapReduce divides input data into
small independent chunks which dealt in a parallel manner
completely. The MapReduce architecture classifies the maps
outputs and sends to the reduce job. Basically, the input and
output of the task are kept in the file system. MapReduce is a
parallel programming model, which perform three main task at
the same time i.e., simplicity, load balancing, and fault
tolerance. The Google File System (GFS) normally inspired
from the MapReduce model gives the reliability and efficiency
of data storage required for large databases applications [14].
MapReduce model motivated by functional languages.
Functional languages have a map and reduce primeval exist in
functional languages. Depending on the framework
requirement numerous execution can be feasible in MapReduce
platform. Few recently executions are existed in literature work
e.g. networked machines clustering [13], shared memory
multi-core system techniques [15-16], graphic processors and
asymmetric multi-core processors approach [17].
The majority of exploratory research depend on the novel
technologies this is disclosed by current research. Now people
are now totally depending on these emergency technologies. So
these smart things are very perspicacious and capable of
interfacing with people. In the literature, authors stated about
Things. These things are interconnected and communicate with
each other with the help of internet [18]. This is labeled as
neologism Blobject i.e., objects that blog. Furthermore,
Embodied Microblogging (EM) 15 has many issues in IoT. The
focal point of the author in this study is human to human instead
of human to things.
According to a survey, people think that IoT and social
network are related to each other. To be very careful they
assumed internet vision as ‘Ubiquitous IoT’ [19]. Ubiquitous
IoT is almost near to the notion of social institute model. It
seems that this conviction does not understand the fundamental
keynote of the social network in IoT.
Miscellaneous platforms and structural designs are designed
for illustrating the combination of social network and IoT in the
last decade [2] [20-21]. This type of combination helps to
design the social organization network model in IoT. The
function of the web cannot be undervalued in which, with the
help of the web various devices are interconnected with each
other [3]. This idea is named as Web of Things (WoT). A
three-tier architecture is designed to access the system without
difficulty through uniform web services RESTfull APIs [22].
This proposed architecture interpret raw information into
ordinary language and after that translate ordinary language
into machine readable language.
Paraimpu is a social tool used to comprise and easily
interconnect smart things, mashup services, and devices to
make personal applications in Internet of Things. It also
connects the Web to physical Things, and APIs to create
personalized applications. The proposed scheme exploits the
social network for user verification, import users accounts,
friend list and communication with each other. Likewise, a
social access controller (SAC) is designed to spread the social
network idea [23]. This proposed system verifies proxy
between smart objects and users. By using social network
verification API, SAC assist in handling access control depend
on the current social organization of a network. Moreover,
various other schemes of the social network are designed for
many different demands. For example, users can share data
with each other with the help of SenseShare application [24].
But the user cannot communicate with sensors using
SenseShare. Additionally, Friends and Things applications
(FAT) assists the user to share their data with trusted users.
In the literature review, there are many types of research
done to handle a huge amount of data and provide IoT services
for a wide scope of frameworks. Although big data has
numerous difficulties but IoT begin to be a very valuable study
in research [25] [43], and [44]. IoT uses many big data tools
that are very important for analyzing big data for instance
MapReduce, Cassandra, NoSQL, etc. Furthermore, in the study
different proposed architecture are used for implementation of
big data and handling with online and offline huge data which
comes from IoT. Data which comes from connected things can
be store and analyze with the help of different storage facilities
such as cloud and big data techniques [26], [40], and [42].
These storage services enhance data scalability, flexibility,
availability, and adaptability. Beside that when connecting
social network with IoT the big data concept has kept sidewise.
Because big data and IoT has a very powerful association with
each other. So many devices are used in the network to generate
big data while pushing IoT concept towards the SIoT. The
above mention study still has a deficiency of analyzing big data.
So in IoT things require such technique through which big data
can be analyzed and processed in an efficient manner. We
believe that for the creek of big data processing to defining
human dynamics there is an utter requirement of strong system
architecture.
IV. THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
In this section, we provide the abstract level information
about the social structure and their relationship with the human
behavior. The role of social structure is referred to life-cycle of
human being since it is the first form of parental relationship,
i.e., parental object relationship [27]. Such relation is defined
among analogous objects, which is constructed in the same
period of time and by the same manufacturer. This, this
relationship is easily entrenched during their new production.
Also, it may not be changed over the period of time. Based on
the social structure, human behavior is also coming from this
relationship (referred to as statistical and physical complex
systems).
In addition, objects establish their relationship either by
working together or working at the same place. It is similar to
human’s way of life, e.g., human’s share personal experiences
either secretly or in a public. Such types of relations are resolute
whenever objects reside at the same place or they are interacted
with each other using common medium, i.e., the Internet. These
relationships are established as a location-based application or
situation-based application [27]. Sometimes, changes are so
frequent based on the duration of location or working,
interaction frequency [28-29].
If we consider objects owned by a user, such mobile, laptop,
etc. These devices are termed as ‘users-ownership’ as shown in
Figure 1. Such type of ownership is generally for a longer
period of time, and users are using these technologies for a
longer period of time. These objects interact with another
object with user choice, preferences, or sometimes due to the
bound situation (e.g., emergency). These are devices are
properly authorized by users and they are used to exchange
data, e.g., contacts, messages, online purchasing, etc. The
lashing theme is that devices with similar properties are used to
share best practices in order to solve ‘friend’s problem’.
Thus, having such knowledge of social relationships, the
behavior can be derived from the interaction of these devices.
The variations in behavior in terms of social and technological
are the collections and values of billions or even trillions of
individual user verdicts, benefits, activities, or primaries. These
regularities in terms of variations and frequencies for human
behavior are daily activities, such reading/sending emails,
messages, facebook likes or sharing videos or other data,
sports, online shopping, and other work patterns are usually
considered to be random. Also, the verdicts of these activities
are difficult to judge/assess. Moreover, in 1837, Simeon Denis
Poisson revealed that various activities follows up a
distribution, i.e., denominated Poisson Distributed [30]. Thus,
the discussion was made based on the traditional queuing
model based on Poisson distribution, which offers new
indications nearly the long tail distribution of inter events
times/frequencies that unsurprisingly arise in human activities.
Social Tech. other
Network Network Network
Service Social Relation- Participa- Service Relation
tion Composit-
APIs Graph Ship
model ion
control
M ngt.
Time based Owner influence
Human
Location based
Behavior
Object influence
Situation based Other influence
Figure 1. Basic components of Social structure platform for human
behavior
Usually, the change from burst or intensive activities to
non-activities is a common nature of human being, who are
tend to follow-up their routine fashion of diet, sports, online
shopping, and social network in a very rigorous way up to a
point where its priority is reduced or even forgotten. So far, the
analysis of human behavior is examined by using weblogs,
smartphones, shopping center queues, and sometimes
interaction with physical stimuli i.e., earthquake, flood, and
other disasters. Apparently, smart cities and the CPS opening a
new way to a data source that enables new peers of
consequences in enumerating and understanding of human
behavior. Human behavior follows to comprehend through big
data and evidence of non-Poisson distribution activity in an
individual behavior.
Nowadays, society is coming up with new ways of
interactions between people via smart devices, social network,
that lead towards an informative society, where information is
just one click away from the user. Specifically, in this work, we
analyze the potential of big data for smart cities, social network,
and technical network through our proposed system
architecture, and defining a new role by a novel terminology
‘socio-cyber network’. Secondly, analyzing big data that gives
us a brief knowledge of the human behavior. And finally,
influence on behavior via continuous feedback by means
knowledge extraction and experiences.
V. PROPOSED MULTILEVEL SYSTEM DESIGN
The multilevel active storage and processing aim to extend the
existing storage and processing systems. The system
architecture is composed of four layers. Each layer is supported
by different functionalities enables read and write operations
high effectively. In this section, we will first introduce the
layered architecture that supports complete system design for
high-performance computing. Afterward, we will present the
design and working of the designed system.
A. IV-Tier Layered Architecture
Based on the needs of analyzing big data, we propose an
IV-Tier architecture model. The designed model assists
different objects to interact with each other using the shared
medium. The proposed architectural model integrate various
data generated by difference application, under the same
domain, i.e., social internet of things, which supports the
research community to provide the generalized framework and
architecture that can help the domestic users in the case of
security, healthcare, elderly age people and kids, and
transportation system, machine-to-machine network, wireless
sensor network, and vehicular network, etc. As Figure 2 shows
that the proposed IV-Tier architectural model consists of four
layers.
Tier I: Data Generation handles data generation through
various objects and then collecting and aggregating that data.
Since a different number of objects are involved in generating
the data. Therefore, an enormous number of heterogeneous data
is produced with various format, a different point of origin, and
periodicity. Moreover, various data have security, privacy, and
quality requirements. Also, in sensor’s data, the Metadata is
always greater than the actual measure. Therefore early
registration and filtration technique are applied at this layer,
which filters the unnecessary Metadata, as well as redundant
data, is also discarded.
Tier-II: This layer provides end-to-end connectivity to various
devices. Moreover, data is aggregated at this point generated
from various devices and arrange them in the proper format.
Tier-III: Data storage and Processing Layer is the primary layer
of the whole system architecture, which handles the processing
of data. Since we need a real-time stream of the data and offline
data analysis. Therefore, we need a third party real-time tool to
combine with the processing server to provide the real-time
implementation. To provide real-time implementations, Strom,
Spark, VoltDb, and Hupa can be used. For instance, to be very
specific in the case of data analysis, the implementation part
could be achieved by using MapReduce. At this layer, the same
structure of MapReduce and HDFS is used. With this system,
we can also use HIVE, HBASE, and SQL supposed for
managing Database (in-memory or Offline) to store historical
information.
Tier-IV: Service layer is the lowermost layer responsible for
incorporating the third party interfaces to objects and human.
This layer can be used autonomously as a single site, merged
with other locations, or deployed in cloud interface. There are
different other features as well. For instance, the unique global
ID management is the key element in the application layer that
handles identifying the object throughout the universe. Vendor
control is another feature deals with the definition of the
activities duly performed by different objects. The proposed
architectural layers involve different objects that need
intelligent power to interact with a human. For this reason, a
sm
mart algorithmm is required aat the applicattion level thatt could generator, sessionn initiating, setting up com
mmunicating rrules,
effficiently and effectively innteract with tthe human. V Various inteeract with heeterogeneous objects andd terminating the
tassks could be performed bby this featurees, such as request
r sesssion.

Figure 2. Foour-tier communnication model

Figure 3. Soocio-cyber systeem architecture

B. Socio-Cyber Network
The idea of exploiting social network and technical network,
termed as ‘socio-cyber network’, based on the Internet that
allows objects to establish relation based on the extracting
knowledge from the data. After extracting knowledge, the
proposed system architecture generates the number of trails by
looking into user behavior. Moreover, trust index is generated
by finalizing specific trails of the experience, which helps in
connecting graph of varies vertices of the experience as shown
in Figure 3. In order to understand the actual working of the
proposed system architecture, it is further divided into
following sub-sections.
1. Data Collection Layer
This layer is responsible for data generation. Devices involved
in this layer uses communication medium, such as the Internet,
ZigBee, Wi-Fi, etc. to communicate with each other. The
communication medium handles collecting data from all the
objects (i.e., social network, technical network, and another
network) and then relay it towards the communication layer as
shown in Figure 3. Initially, metadata is collected whose nature
heterogeneous. Moreover, this layer is also capable of finding
the redundant data. For this technique, some related techniques
are used to find the redundant data [1] [31]. Afterward, those
metadata, as well as redundant, are discarded. In the literature,
various schemes tackle the entire amount of data, which uses
additional system requirements. Therefore, the proposed
system does not encounter processing of raw data, redundant
data, or metadata. After elimination of redundant data, the
useful amount of data is classified by the identifier and message
type. Once the data is classified, the data is converted to
machine readable form, which provides an easy solution for the
processing to understand it very well and process accordingly.
2. Communication Layer
This layer is responsible for transmission of data from source to
the design system for analysis purpose. It used high-speed
Internet, GPRS, 3G, 4G/LTE, or WIMAX as a source of the
medium provider. In addition, it uses Wi-Fi or Bluetooth
communication technology to transfer data from source to
designed server if the devices and system are kept near to each
other. All the communication with the various units of the
analysis system is done by Ethernet. In this layer, we exploit the
nature of graph that generates or updates each time when new
data is added to the system. Initially, it creates a new graph but
at later stages, when it meets any incoming data, it just updates
the graph by either adding a new node, new edge or updating
the weights on the edge. It uses an efficient searching
mechanism, which uses indexing to search particular edge to be
updated when required. Graph building layer also increases the
efficiency of the system by making the graph be processed on
multiple parallel servers simultaneously while dividing the
graph into various independent mutually exclusive
parts/subgraphs. The exploitation of graphs in the system
assists the HPC to process the data efficiently. It is important to
note that unlike the previous system for HPC, our designed
system is not only deals with the processing efficiency.
However, its main task is to analyze the huge amount of data in
limited resources of the Hadoop server.
3. Processing Layer
This layer is responsible for processing sub-graphs which were
sent to the processing server by the intermediate layers. From
the literature, it is recognized that the traditional approaches do
not efficiently analyze Big Data. Therefore, a new system with
novel algorithms is required that can efficiently analyze human
behavior using Big Data. Therefore, keeping in view the
aforementioned requirements, the proposed system architecture
is powered by the processing layer, which acts as a core
component for the designing system. The processing layer
initially performs load balancing algorithm. Load balancing is
used for distributing load to each server in equal size. This
equal size distribution enhances the system efficiency and all
the server will process the equal amount of output, and generate
an output at the same time. After load balancing, the data
chunks (referred to as sub-graphs) are sent to the raw data
storage device. Raw data storage device is used for storing
sub-graphs in a sequential form. This unit helps the system if
the data has some missing values, it can re-accessed from the
previous layers. After storing the data, if there is metadata (after
arranging data in graphs form) than it is the time to discard
those data. Moreover, the semantic engine will check whether
the graphs that are ready for processing is at low scale, medium
scale, or large scale. The semantic engine pass-on their
instruction to the Hadoop system to react accordingly (i.e.,
assign memory and processing power).
a. Knowledge Extraction: Knowledge extract is a process of
capturing useful information, developing, sharing effective
information, and recapitulate all activities with a motive of
using knowledge in an efficient manner so that users get their
required objectives. Generally, Knowledge Pyramid (DIKW
Pyramid) presented in [32], is used for illustration functional
relationship among data (D), information (I), knowledge (K),
and wisdom (W). Therefore, based on the aforementioned
explanation of DIKW, we consider the data and put together
all the data in a context. When certain information becomes
actionable, it is then transformed into knowledge. Afterward,
when a certain information is consolidated, it transforms into
the experience. Initially, the data is considered to be a
subgraph. For instance, these sub-graphs include the data of
temperature, traffic data, or other technical data. When a
certain action is performed by sub-graphs, which become
more sophisticated data. So, in other words, these sub-graphs
include directions, which specifies the relationship between
two entities, i.e., online data, temperature data, and other
data. It can be stated in another word, e.g., we have a
knowledge base. The scenario of the action (let say
emergency alarm, online shopping, etc.) specifies how our
system reacts in the modifying environment. Moreover, how
a solution to the action is performed is achieved by analyzing
sub-graphs since sub-graphs include insight information.
Afterward, this level provides the advantage of learning
mechanism using previous experience. After specifying
knowledge from the data, the useful information is referred
follow the friendship selection, which specifies the notion of
trust index using graphs.
b. Trust index based on friendship selection: At this section,
the exploitation of geo-location information is used to ensure
the friendship selection among various data attributes based
on the locatiion of the obj bjects. For insstance, if maxximum
users reside in one housee, so it is likkely to happeen that
majority of the users has probablyy similar chhoices.
Moreover, thhey need similar environmeent behavior, which
requires balaanced temperaature or moistture inside a house.
Apparently, iif users are farr away from eaach other, thenn there
is very less cchance to be ccorrelated witth each other due to
high-securityy concerns. Inn this case, the trust inddex is
drastically deecreased. For trust index, we are consiidering
distance as a threshold. F For instance, if one user is i two
kilometers awway from anotther user, and there is no freequent
calls, messagges, or any othher contact. Thhen, we can saay that
both users doo not have any relation. Andd hence, there should
s ddenoted by AV VG_SP , 33) the numberr of vehicles ggoing
be no trust vaalue. Moreoveer, trust index can be calculaated as
how many tiime users sharre informationn with anotheer user
using Internet services.
Figure 4. Graph developpment for smart transportation
Based on thee aforementionned informatioon, the use off graph
algorithms w with interchaanging weighhts is propossed to
analyze humaan behavior baased on frienddship selectionn. Here
we provide a description off few of the usse cases of thee smart
transportationn decisions ussing graph alggorithms. How wever,
the practice iss not limited oonly to these use cases; we ccan use
graph technoologies and allgorithms to make lots off other
transportationn-related com mplex decisioons. We aree also
describing hoow the graphs are generated from vehiculaar data
and few otheer smart trannsportation decisions that ccan be
made using graphs,
g such as, finding quuickest and shhortest
path towards destination, ffinding the coongested or bllocked
road, findinng the quickkest route too more thann one
destinations, how a proposeed system willl guide user baased on
the experiencce and knowleddge of the prevvious system etc.,
e by
using real-tim
me vehicular ddata.
Figure 5. Divisions of graphhs
Graph Buildiing: The traffi
fic data is reprresented by diirected
and weightedd road graph RG
G including veertices and weeighted
edges, which is i denoted byy RG = ( , E , ) with tthree
tyypes of weiights. Each intersection of the roadds is
reepresented by a vertex of thhe road graph RRG, denoted bby ,
wwhere i repreesents the inntersection nuumber. The road
bbetween two inntersections iss represented by an edge of the
ggraph between two vertices, denoted by (E E , ), wheree E is
thhe edge (road) from interrsection too ),. Each edge
(EE , ),) havee three type oof weights, whhich representss the
current traffic scenarios inccluding 1) the distance betw ween
twwo intersectioon and , ddenoted by DIST D , 2)) the
aaverage speed of all vehicles from inteersection andd ,
fr
from intersectiion to , ddenoted by NO_VEH N , . A
saample road graph of a smaall part of thee city is show wn in
FFigure 4. Thhe undirected edges show w the road from
inntersection tto and from to .
TThe graph proocessing is doone by dividinng the graph into
mmutually excluusive N subgrraphs, i.e., G11, G2, G3 …, Gn
suuch that G1 ∩ G2 ∩ G3 ∩ … ∩ Gn = Φ, aas shown in Fiigure
55. It is better ooption to diviide the graph based on thee city
environment, ii.e., dividing the graph depending uponn the
bbridges in the ccity. Each of tthe Subgraph Gi is processeed by
thhe separate noode and then at result agggregation level the
reesults are agggregated. Lateer, the followwing decisionss are
mmade using varrious graph allgorithms by pparallel processsing
oof the subgraphhs.
Now w the data is reeady for processing in the deesigned server.. The
desiigned system iis powered paarallel algorithhms, which equually
andd parallel proceess the data. O Once the data is processed,, it is
requuired to the stoore the resultss in a local dissk, where theyy can
be used
u for futurre usage. Thuus, it is reallyy hard to storee the
resuults or perform
m a traditional MapReduce
M fuunction. In ordder to
cope with such siituation, we caame up with thhe extension oof the
systtem that providdes enough loccal memory too store the dataa and
resuult. For thiss purpose. T The incorporration knowlledge
extrraction, reliabbility index, and
a trust indeex. In some ccases
usinng traditional aapproaches, soometimes we ddo not get whaat we
actuually want, or the results arre corrupted. H Hence, we neeed to
proccess the wholee data again. Thus,
T reducing the computatiional
andd processing efficiency off the system m. Therefore, our
desiigned system sstores the resuults, analyze thhe results and then
it is displayed to tthe users.
VI. IMPLEEMENTATION RESULTS AND
D ANALYSIS
Thee proposed sysstem is implem mented using SSpark and GraaphX
withh Hadoop sinngle node seetup on UBU UNTU 14.04 LTS
coreeTMi5 machinne with 3.2 GH Hz processor aand 4 GB memmory.
For real-time traaffic, we gennerated Pcap packets from m the
dataasets by usinng Wireshark libraries andd retransmit tthem
tow
wards the developed system. Hadoop-pcapp-lib,
Haddoop-pcap-serde, and Hadooop Pcap Inputt libraries are used
for network paackets processing and geenerating Haddoop
Reaadable form (sequence file)) at collectionn and aggregaation
unitt so that it ccan be processsed by Hadooop and GrapphX.
GraaphX is used tto build and pprocess graphhs with the aimm of
makking smart trannsportation deecisions. We have consideredd the
masssive volume of data from m [33-39].Thee intensity off the
traaffic varies froom time to tim
me on the samee road. The inttensity we take real-timee traffic inform
mation to calcculate the shoortest
annalysis at the various
v time oof the day helpps the authoriities to andd quickest pathh between souurce and destiination rather than
m
manage and maake a proper plan for the trafffic on that parrticular onlyy the distance information.
me. Figure 6 sshows the inteensity of the ttraffic in one of the
tim
Figuure 11 shows the percentagge of humidityy inside the hoome.
rooads of Aarhus city. We cann see at earlyy morning 7:00-9:00
Gennerally, humiddity plays an immportant role oon user behaviior in
annd noon time 11:25-12:30; the traffic is higher on thee road.
casee if the user is doing physicaal exercise or any other actiivity.
Thhis might be bbecause of the office and schhool start time and at
Morreover, if therre is an increase in the hum midity, the usagge of
nooon the kid's scchool end timee. Therefore, tthe proposed ssystem
elecctricity also inncreases. For this case, the proposed schheme
annnounced the authorities w when the inteensity of the traffic
exploits the phennomena of leaarning mechannism. Humidiity is
increases on a pparticular road at any time off the day. Morreover,
meaasured by sennsors, and thhis data is trransferred to our
the system also has the capabiility to identifyy the blockagee of the
propposed schemee for experienccing the levell of humidity. Our
rooad based on thhe current trafffic informatioon. The blockkage of
propposed schemee considers sevveral reading, and thus creaating
the road can bee identified byy the number of vehicles annd the
one threshold durring the montth of Decembeer 2016. Baseed on
avverage speed. When the nuumber of vehicles is more on the
the previous know wledge, the prroposed schem me will predicct for
rooad, and the avverage speed iss too low, this shows the bloockage
the month of JanuaryJ 20166. Thus, the user will rreact
off the road. Theerefore, based on such expeerience, the user will
accoordingly if huumidity is incrreased or decrreased as show wn in
tryy to find a tim
me at which theere is very lesss traffic.
Figuure 11. Similarrly, the same ttechnique is foollowed for ouutside
Fiigure 7 shows the estimated time to reach home. For insstance, tem
mperature as shhown in Figuree 12.
the user often travels from m home to ooffice. Initiallyy, the
prroposed system m experiencees the route and a gathers aall the
traaffic analysis based on the graphs. Afterrward, the prooposed
syystem analyzees traffic data. Once dataa is processeed and
annalyzed, it givves suggestionns to the user about the estiimated
tim
me to reach their home. Hennce, it dependss on user whetther he
foollow such insttructions or noor. Thus, by dooing so, the user will
haave accurate information about the tim mings to reaach its
deestination. Mooreover, users at home cann also get the actual
tim
me of the userr to be arrivedd at home. It iss quite useful dduring
the emergency scenario, e.g., if the user iss late then hiss usual
mings, then it is possible thaat some emerggency has occuurred.
tim
Innitially, the analysis is perfoormed on Aarhhus city traffic. The
sppeed analysis with respecct to the inteensity of trafffic is Figuree 6. Number of vehicles in giveen time
peerformed, show wn in Figure 88. When the iintensity of traaffic is
m
more, i.e., moree vehicles on the road betw ween two poinnts, the 250 Le
ess vhicals (1‐15) More Vhicals (25‐35)
ESTIMATED TIME TO REACH (MIN)
)

avverage speed of the vehiclles is greaterr. The fall in some

(

veehicles on the road results inn a rise in thee average speeed. We 200

caan easily notiice a higher nnumber of caars, i.e., 25-330, the 150
avverage speed iss very low at vvarious times ofo the day, shoown as
a red color graaph. Whereas, at a lower intensity, i.e., 0-10 100

shhown as a bluee line, the averrage speed of the vehicles iss quite
50
higher. There aare also some abnormalitiess exist with a lower
nuumber of vehiccles the averagge speed is alsso lower. This might 0
bee because of the constructtion of the rooads or somee other
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
97
101

TIME
incidents. Norm mally, the distaance is conserrved to measuure the
tim
me to reach thhe destinationn. However, we w observed thhat the Figuure 7. Estimatedd time to reach home
h
nuumber of vehiccles and the avverage speed aalso affects thhe time
to reach the desstination. Figurre 9 shows thee blockage of one of
the roads in Aaarhus city. Baased on the prroposed schem me, the
avverage speed oof the vehicles is too low eveen when the nnumber
off vehicles is also
a low. W We can see thaat most of thee road
blockage is donne at morningg times on diffferent days. T This is
beecause of the rroad constructiion and workiing at morningg time.
Thhe time to reaach the other ppoint is shownn in Figure 100, with
respect to the inntensity of the ttraffic. We cann easily perceiive the
increase in the nnumber of vehhicles on the roadr results inn more
me to reach tto the other ppoint. More vehicles on thee road
tim
reduce average speed of thee vehicles, whhich results inn more
me to reach thhe destination.. As a result of
tim o these phenoomena, Figgure 8. Averagee speed of a vehhicle
 20 Average Speeed vehiclee Count 25 Since the mainn contributionn of the work iss the processinng of
Average Speed (km/h)

18
16 20 largge graphs to acchieve smart trransportation, thus, the systeem is
14
12 15
evalluated with reespect to efficiiency in termss of throughpuut (in
10 meggabytes/sec M Mbps) and the rresponse timee (in milliseconnds).
8 10
6 While analyzing the efficiencyy results in terrms of throughhput,
4
2
5
we increase thee dataset sizze and perceeives the syystem
0 0 throoughput effectts. We noticeed that with thhe increase inn the
2014‐10‐01T05:40:00
2014‐10‐01T06:00:00
2014‐10‐02T05:55:00
2014‐10‐06T05:55:00
2014‐10‐08T05:40:00
2014‐10‐22T05:45:00
2014‐10‐23T05:45:00
2014‐10‐23T06:05:00
2014‐10‐27T06:50:00
2014‐10‐27T07:10:00
2014‐10‐28T06:40:00
2014 10 28T07:10:00
2014‐10‐28T07:10:00
2014‐10‐29T06:35:00
2014‐10‐30T07:00:00
2014‐11‐03T06:40:00
2014‐11‐04T06:45:00
2014‐11‐05T06:40:00
2014‐11‐05T07:00:00
2014‐11‐06T07:00:00
2014‐11‐10T06:40:00
2014‐11‐11T07:00:00
2014‐11‐12T06:50:00
2014‐11‐13T06:30:00
2014‐11‐13T07:00:00
dataaset the system m throughput is also increaased, as show wn in
Figuure 13. To suum up, we cann say the throoughput is directly
propportional to thhe data rate. This is becauuse of the parrallel
proccessing of the large graphs oon Hadoop ecoosystem. Whenn the
Date aand Time dataaset is larger, the Hadoop system partittions the data into
Fiigure 9. Averaage speed durinng various datte and time chunnks and proccess them in pparallel. Wee can examinee the
throoughput at hhigher (larger) dataset i..e. 5345MB, the
throoughput for thhis dataset is quite
q better thhan other systtems.
Thiss is the majoor achievemennt of the sysstem that withh an
incrrease in data size the througghput is also inncreased. Howwever
for tthe smaller daataset. Less thaan 100 MB, thhe use of Hadoop is
not efficient.
The effect of processing tim me with respeect to increasinng in
the graph is also examined whhile evaluatingg the efficienccy of
the system. We tested the syystem by increasing numbeer of
noddes and numbeer of edges from m zero to one hundred thoussand,
as shown
s in Figuure 14. The maassive increasee in the number of
edges and nodes rresults in a grradual increasee in the processsing
Figuure 10. Number of vehicles in ggiven time timee while buildinng the graph. M Moreover, eveen for one hunndred
thouusand nodes anda edges, thee processing tiime is quite loower,
i.e., less than onee thousand miilliseconds. Thherefore, baseed on
120 the efficiency resuults, we can saay that the sysstem performs well
100 andd in a real-timee if it is develooped using Spaark and GraphX X on
Haddoop ecosystem m.
Humidity (%)

80

60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15
5 20 25 30 35
Date (JJanuary 2016)

High Avg Low

Figure 11. Hum

midity inside hoome

20
Figure 13. Thrroughput of the system depending on data sizee
15
Temperature (0C)

10

0
0 5 10 15
5 20 25 30 35
‐5

‐10

‐15
Date (January 2016)

High Avg Low

Figure 12. Ouutdoor temperatture

Figgure 14. Graph ggeneration time depending on tthe number of edges
 VII. CONCLUSION Collaborative Systems (INCoS), 2014 International
Conference on, pp. 581-585. IEEE, 2014.
In this paper, we proposed a novel notion ‘socio-cyber network’
[5] Sanchez Pineda, A., Maranon-Abreu, R. Like Art:
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Integrating Internet of Things and Social Networks,
Generally, big data is generating by smart devices that tend to
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communication via the Internet. Generally, human behavior is
[6] D. Guinard, M. Fischer, and V. Trifa, “Sharing using
defined by exploiting social network, such as smartphone, and
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Proc. IEEE PERCOM, 2010.
knowledge of information resides inside the data. Therefore,
[7] H. Ning and Z. Wang;, “Future Internet of things
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[8] M. Kranz, L. Roalter, and F. Michahelles, “Things
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[9] Dixit, Sudhir, and Ramjee Prasad, eds. Technologies
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Biograp
phy:
Dr. Awais Ah
D hmad receiveed his Ph.D. in Computer Science aand Engineerring from
K
Kyungpook ersity, Daegu, Korea. He iss currently w
Naational Univer working as an Assistant
Prrofessor in th
he Departmentt of Informatiion and Comm munication EEngineering, Yeungnam
Y
U
University. In 2014, he wass also a visitiing researcher in INTEL-N NTU, Nationaal Taiwan
U
University, Taiiwan, where hhe was workin ng on Wukong g Project (Smaart Home). Siince 2013,
hee has publish hed more thhan 65 Intern national Journ nals/Conferennces/Book Ch hapters in
vaarious reputed
d IEEE, Elsevvier, and Sprinnger Journals, whereas in leeading confereences, i.e.,
IE
EEE Globecom m 2015, IEEEE Globecom 2016, IEEE LCN, 2016, and IEEE IC CC 2017,
respectivvely. Dr. Awaais is also serrving as Guesst editor in various
v Elsevier and Springger Journals, including
FGCS, S Sustainble Cissties and Sociieties, and RT TIP. Moreoveer, he is an in nvited review
wer in variouss journals,
includingg IEEE Comm munication Leetters, IEEE T Transactions ono Wireless Communicatio
C ons, IEEE Traansactions
on Intelliigent Transpoortation Systemm, IEEE JSTA AR, Ad-Hoc Networks Elssevier, Compuuter Network,, Elsevier,
and IEEE E Communicaations Magaziine. Dr. Ahmaad was the reccipient of threee prestigious awards: (1) IEEE I Best
Researchh Paper Awardd: Internation nal Workshop on Ubiquitou us Sensor Sysstems (UWSSS 2015), in co onjunction
with the Smart Worldd Congress (SWC 2015), B Beijing, Chinaa, August, (2) Research Aw ward from Preesident of
Bahria UUniversity Islaamabad, Pakisstan in 2011, (3) best Paper Nomination n Award in W WCECS 2011 at a UCLA,
USA, andd (4) best Papper Award in 1st Symposiuum on CS&E, Moju Resortt, South Koreea, in 2013. His H current
research interest includdes Big Data, Internet of Thhings, Social Internet of Thhings, and Hum man Behaviorr Analysis
using Bigg Data. Dr. Aw wais has beenn a key contribbutor in the saaid fields. He was also servving as a Lab Admin of
CCMP L Labs from 2013 to 2017. Hee was also awaarded as Best Outgoing Ressearcher of CC CMP labs.

Muhammad Baabar receivess his Bachelo

M ors in Compuuter Sciences with distincttion from
U
University of Peshawar,
P 08. He did his Masters of Sciences in Computer
Pakkistan in 200
Sooftware Engiineering from m National University
U Scciences and Technology (NUST),
Isslamabad, Pakkistan in 20112. Currently y he is pursu
uing his PhD D degree in Computer
Sooftware Engiineering from m National University
U Scciences and Technology (NUST),
Isslamabad, Pakkistan. His reesearch area includes
i but not limited tto Big Data Analytics,
A
Smart City Design and Plaanning, and SSocial Web of
Innternet of Thiings (IoT), S o Things
(SSWOT).

Saadia Din receeived her Bacchelors and Masters

M in Coomputer Engiineering fromm Comsats
Innstitute of In
nformation T Technology Abbottabad
A and Abasyn University Islamabad,
Paakistan in 2010 and 2015,, respectively. In 2015, she was a visititing research at CCMP
Labs, Kyungpo ook National University Korea
K where she was work rking on Big Data and
Innternet of Thiings. She wass also workinng as a Lecturrer in Abaysnn University Islamabad
I
unntil 2016. Currently, she iss doing here Master’s commbined PhD pprogram in Ky yungpook
N
National Univeersity since 22016 March. Her area of research is 5G networkss and IoT
enabled G Green commuunication, Big g Data analyttics, Wireless Sensor Netw work. She hass published feew highly
reputed cconference succh as IEEE LC CN, ACM SA AC, ICC, Glob becom and some SCIE jourrnal at the begginning of
her reseaarch career. In IEEE LCN 2017in Singapoore, she has ch hair couple off sessions.

Shhehzad Khalidd is received his Ph.D. fro

om University
y of Manchestter, UK in 20 009. He is
A
Associate Profeessor at Deparrtment of Com
mputer Engineeering, Bahriaa University, Islamabad
I
Paakistan
 D Anand Pa
Dr. aul, received the Ph.D. deg
gree in Electrrical Engineerring from thee National
Cheng Kung University,
U Tain
inan, Taiwan, in 2010. He is working as an Associate
i currently w
Prrofessor in thhe School off Computer Science and Engineering,, Kyungpook National
U
University, uth Korea. Hee is a delegatee representing South Koreaa for M2M focus group
Sou
annd for MPEG G. His researchh interests incclude Algorith
hm and Archiitecture Recon nfigurable
Em mbedded Co omputing. Hee is IEEE SeniorS memb ber and has guest edited d various
innternational jo
ournals and hhe is also part
p of Editorrial Team forr Journal of Platform
Technoloogy, ACM Appplied Computting review annd Cyber–Phy ysical Systemss. He serves ass a reviewer for
fo various
IEEE /IE
ET/Springer annd Elsevier joournals. He is the track chaair for Smart human
h compuuter interactionn in ACM
SAC 20115, 2014. He was the recip pient of the OOutstanding Innternational Student
S Schollarship award in 2004–
2010, thee Best Paper Award in Nattional Compuuter Symposiu um and in 200 09, and Internnational Confference on
Softcompputing and Neetwork Securitty, India in 20015.

Dr. Mazzhar Ullah ratthore receiveed his Masterr degree in Computer

C Coommunicationn Security fro
om the N
attional University of Scieccne and Tech hnology, Islam tan in 2012. Recently,
mabad Pakista
hee completed his Ph.D. froom Kyungpook National University D Daegu. His reesearch in
clludes Big Daata Analytics , Network Traffic
T Analyssis andMonittioring, and Computer
C
annd Networ Seecurity.

Alavalapati Go
A outham Reddyy is an Assisttant Professorr of the Deparrtment of Com mputer &
Innformation Seecurity at the Sejong Univ versity, Repub blic of Korea. Before that, he was a
V
Visiting Reseaarch Scholar at the KIN NDI Center for Computiing Research at Qatar
U
University, Qaatar. He obtaiined his Ph.D D. in Computeer Science & Engineering g from the
K
Kyungpook Naational Univerrsity, Rep. Off Korea, in February 20177. His primary y research
innterests revolvve around Innformation Seecurity and IoT. I He holds
ds several puublications
inn cryptographiic authenticatiion protocols. He is a professional membber of the ACMM and the
IEEEE.

Nasro Min-Alllah very succcessfully weaars many hatss: he is assoociated with CSAIL
N C at
M
Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a Visiting aculty; he is Associate
g Scientist/Fac
Prrofessor (on leave) and thhe Computer Science Dep partment at C COMSATS In nstitute of
Innformation Teechnology; he is the Director at Green Computing
C andd Communicaation Lab.
H received his
He h Undergraaduate and MasterM degreees in Electroonics and In nformation
Teechnology in 1998 and 20001 respectivelly from Quaid di-Azam Univversity and Haamdaramd
U
University, Pak kistan. He obbtained a PhD D in Real-tim me & Embedd dded Systems from the
G
Graduate University of the C Chinese Acad demy of Scien nces (GUCASS), P.R Chinaa in 2008.
He has bbeen enjoyingg a distinguish hed carrier booth in research
h and academ mics. He is thee author of 35 5 research
articles aand book chaapters publisheed in rankingg conferences, impact facto or journals annd book seriees such as
Springer,, Elsevier, and John Wiley y & Sons etc.. His research h interests incclude softwaree pipelining, chromatic
schedulinng, reliable coomputing and real-time systtems. He is allso the winnerr of followingg three most prestigious
p
awards: ii)-CIIT Goldeen Medallion for f Innovationn (CIMI-2009 9), ii)- Best Mobile Innovatiion in Pakistaan (BMIP-
2010), annd iii) Best Unniversity Teaccher Award, P Pakistan (2012
2).
Highlights
 Integrating CPS with Social Network
 Friendship selection based on neighboring devices
 Trust management based on geo-location information
 Analyzing Big Data using MapReduce and GraphX