Lab Manual: Antenna and Radio Wave Propagation EEE463

EEE463 Antenna and Wave Propagation
Antenna and Radio wave Propagation

EEE463
Lab Manual
Name
RegistrationNumber
Class
Instructor’sName
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 1

Introduction
The Lab manual is designed to cover the basic antenna design concepts to advanced level analysis. All the
simulation work will be done using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). For each lab the detail
instructions have been given that also include the design equations where ever required. Following books
are referred if more information is required on any topic; a) “Antenna Theory Analysis and Design” by
Constantine A. Balanis, published by John Wileys& Sons b) “Field and Wave Electromagnetics” by
David K, Cheng, published by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
The lab task is also included in each lab, students have to perform the lab tasks and report their results and
observation. During the evaluation of the report if it is found that the report has been reproduced or any
part is copied it will not be graded. The evaluation of the reports will be done according to the following
criteria.
Lab Assessment
Tasks Marks
Pre - Lab Pre - Lab Viva 5
Performance 5
Results 5
In- Lab Viva 5
Critical Analysis 5
Post - Lab Report 5
Total Marks 30
The students are required to keep Calculators, note book, lab manual and one reference book during each
lab. While reporting the results special care should be taken, it’s really important that all the
graphs/figures are visible and properly labeled. Conclusion should be written in a precise manner. It is
mandatory to submit the lab reports within the stipulated time.
The students are advised to read the safety instructions given in the manual and follow the instructions
strictly during all labs.

Acknowledgement
The first version was completed in year 2013 by Dr. Umair Naeem and was helped by Mr. Laeeq Riaz
and Mr. Bilal Tariq Malik.. The typesetting and formatting of this version was carried out under the
supervision of Dr. Omar Ahmad and was carried out by Mr. Abdul Rehman, Mr.Suleman & Mr. Baqir
Hussain .
History of Revision
Date of Issue Team Comments
Dec. 01, 2014 Dr. UmairNaeem(Head) This is the first editable draft of EEE463 lab
Mr. LaeeqRiaz (Member/Editor) manual. We welcome feedback from EE faculty
members and students. Feedback, if any, in relation
Mr. Haider Ali (Member) to this manuscript, may be sent at the following
Mr. Muhammad Ali (Member) email addresses:
Mr. Bilal Tariq Malik (Member) umair.naeem@comsats.edu.pk
laeeqriaz@comsats.edu.pk
May 06, 2015 Mr. LaeeqRiaz(Member/Editor) This is the secondeditable draft of EEE463 lab
manual. Lab 5 and Lab 9are improved in this draft.
October 08, Mr. Muhammad Ali (Member) This is the thirdeditable draft of EEE463 lab
2015 manual. Lab 8 is improved in this draft.
February 26 Mr. Bilal Tariq Malik (Member) Performance evaluation and conclusion forms are
,2016 appended to meet the standards of OBE
January 26, Mr. LaeeqRiaz (Member) Parameterization and Optimization techniques

2017 Mr. Ibtisam Aslam (Member/Editor) using HFSS are added. Lab 11 and Lab 12 is added
in this draft.
Ms. NayabGogosh(Member)

Safety Precautions
 Be calm and relaxed, while working in lab.

 First check your measuring equipment.
 When working with voltages over 40V or current over 10A, there must be at least two
people in the lab at all time.
 Keep the work area neat and clean.
 Be sure about the locations of fire extinguishers and first aid kit.
 No loose wires or metals pieces should be lying on the table or neat the circuit.
 Avoid using long wires, that may get in your way while making adjustments or changing
leads.
 Be aware of bracelets, rings, and metal watch bands (if you are wearing any of them). Do
not wear them near an energized circuit.
 When working with energize circuit use only one hand while keeping rest of your body
away from conducting surfaces.
 Always check your circuit connections before power it ON.
 Always connect connection from load to power supply.
 Never use any faulty or damage equipment and tools.
 If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor.
o Do not touch the equipment, the cord, the person.
o Disconnect the power source from the circuit breaker and pull out the plug using
insulated material

Table of Contents
Introduction
Acknowledgement
History of Revision
Safety Precautions
LAB #01: Introduction to HFSS 3D Modeling, Properties, Commands & Attributes
LAB # 02: Port Excitation, Boundaries, Analysis Setup & Simulation Reports in HFSS
LAB # 03: Dipole Antennas & Parametric Analysis
LAB # 04: Design Horn Antennas in HFSS & Creates Reports
LAB # 05: Design Microstrip Patch Antenna in HFSS & Creates Reports
LAB # 06: Design Probe Feed Patch Antenna in HFSS & Creates Reports
LAB #07: Design Array Antenna in HFSS & Creates Reports
LAB #08: Design YAGI-UDA Antenna HFSS & Creates Reports
LAB #09: Propagation modes, Cutoff Frequency and Wavelength in waveguide
LAB # 10: Q Factor and Bandwidth of a Resonance Cavity
LAB # 11: Design Circular Patch Antenna in HFSS & Creates Reports
LAB # 12: Introduction to Microwave Trainer ED-3000&Estimate the Wavelength, Q factor& Phase
Velocity in Waveguide

LAB #02 Port Excitation, Boundaries, Analysis Setup &Simulation Reports in HFSS
LAB #01: Introduction to HFSS 3D Modeling, Tools & Commands
Objective
To familiarize the students with modeling tools and commands in HFSS.
Pre Lab
What is HFSS?
The name HFSS stands for High Frequency Structure Simulator. HFSS is a high-performance full-
wave electromagnetic (EM) field simulator for arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device modeling that
takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It integrates simulation,
visualization, solid modeling, and automation in an easy-to-learn environment where solutions to
your 3D EM problems are quickly and accurately obtained. Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element
Method (FEM), adaptive meshing, and brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled performance and
insight to all of your 3D EM problems. Ansoft HFSS can be used to calculate parameters such as S
Parameters, Resonant Frequency, and Fields.
HFSS USES
Typical uses include:
Package Modeling
BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip
PCB Board Modeling
Power/Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds, Backplanes
Silicon/GaAs
Spiral Inductors, Transformers.
EMC/EMI
Shield Enclosures, Coupling, Near- or Far-Field Radiation
Antennas/Mobile Communications
Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal Cell Phone Antennas, Helix, Infinite Arrays, Radar
Cross Section (RCS), Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS).
Connectors
Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions.
Waveguide
Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers
Filters
Cavity Filters, Microstrip, Dielectric.
Ansoft Terms
The Ansoft HFSS window has several optional panels:
i. Project Manager
ii. Message Manager
iii. Property Window
iv. Progress Window
v. 3D Modeler Window
These above managers and windows are shown in Fig (1) and their details are given in coming sections.

Fig (1):Ansoft HFSS window.

Project Manager
A Project Manager which contains a design tree which lists the structure of the project is shown in
Fig (2).
Fig (2):Ansoft HFSS Project Manager.

Message Manager
A Message Manager that allows you to view any errors or warnings that occur before you begin a
simulation is shown in Fig (3).
Fig (3):Ansoft HFSS Message Manager.

Property Window
A Property Window that displays and allows you to change model parameters or attributes is shown
in Fig (4).
Fig (4):Ansoft HFSS Property Window.
Progress Window
A Progress Window that displays solution progress is shown in Fig (5).
Fig (5):Ansoft HFSS Progress Window.

3D Modeler Window
3D Modeler Window which contains the model and model tree for the active design is shown in Fig
(6); model and model tree are shown in Fig (7a) and Fig (7b) respectively.
Fig (6):Ansoft HFSS 3D Modeler Window.

Fig (7a, 7b):3D Modeler Design Tree.

Design Windows
In the Ansoft HFSS Desktop, each project can have multiple designs and each design is displayed in a
separate window. You can have multiple projects and design windows open at the same time. Also,
you can have multiple views of the same design visible at the same time.
To arrange the windows, you can drag them by the title bar, and resize them by dragging a corner or
border. Also, you can select one of the following menu options: Window >Cascade, Window >Tile
Vertically or Window > Tile Horizontally.
To organize your Ansoft HFSS window, you can iconize open designs. Click the Iconize ** symbol
in the upper right corner of the document border. An icon appears in the lower part of the Ansoft
HFSS window. If the icon is not visible, it may be behind another open document. Resize any open
documents as necessary. Select the menu item Window > Arrange Icons to arrange them at the
bottom of the Ansoft HFSS window. Select the menu item Window > Close All to close all open
design. You are prompted to save unsaved designs.
Fig (8):Design Window.

Toolbars
The toolbar buttons are shortcuts for frequently used commands. Most of the available toolbars are
displayed in this illustration of the Ansoft HFSS initial screen, but your Ansoft HFSS window
probably will not be arranged this way.
You can customize your toolbar display in a way that is convenient for you. Some toolbars are always
displayed; other toolbars display automatically when you select a document of the related type. For

example, when you select a 2D report from the project tree, the 2D report toolbar displays, as shown
in Fig (9)
Fig (9):Ansoft HFSS Toolbars.

To display or hide individual toolbars
 Right-click the Ansoft HFSS window frame.
o A list of all the toolbars is displayed. The toolbars with a check mark beside them are
visible; the toolbars without a check mark are hidden. Click the toolbar name to turn its
display on or off.
 To make changes to the toolbars, select the menu item Tools > Customize.
Fig (10):Ansoft HFSS Panels and Toolbars.
Opening a HFSS project

This section describes how to open a new or existing project.
Opening a New project
To open a new project:
i. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > New.
ii. Select the menu Project > Insert HFSS Design.
Opening an Existing HFSS project
To open an existing project:
i. In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu File > Open. Use the Open dialog to select the
project.
ii. Click Open to open the project

Fig (12):Opening a HFSS project.

Set Solution Type
This section describes how to set the Solution Type. The Solution Type defines the type of results,
how the excitations are defined, and the convergence. The following Solution Types are available:
i. Driven Modal - calculates the modal-based S-parameters. The S-matrix solutions will be
expressed in terms of the incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes.
ii. Driven Terminal - calculates the terminal-based S-parameters of multi conductor transmission
line ports. The S-matrix solutions will be expressed in terms of terminal voltages and currents.
iii. Eignemode– calculate the eigenmodes, or resonances, of a structure. The Eigen mode solver
finds the resonant frequencies of the structure and the fields at those resonant frequencies.
Convergence
i. Driven Modal – Delta S for modal S-Parameters. This was the only convergence method
available for Driven Solutions in previous versions.
ii. Driven Terminal New – Delta S for the single-ended or differential nodal S-Parameters.
iii. Eigen mode - Delta F
To set the solution type:
Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type
Solution Type Window:
 Choose one of the following:
o Driven Modal
o Driven Terminal
o Eigen mode
Click the OK button
Fig (13):Solution Type.

Overview of the 3D Modeler User Interface
The following Fig (14) shows the 3D Modeler window.

i. 3D Modeler Design Tree – The 3D Modeler Design Tree is an essential part of the user
interface. From here you may access the structural elements in addition to any object
dependencies and attributes.
ii. Context Menus – Context menus are a flexible way of accessing frequently used menu
commands for the current context. The contents of these menus change dynamically and are
available throughout the interface by clicking the right mouse button.
iii. Graphics Area – The graphics area is used to interact with the structural elements.
Fig (14): HFSS 3D Modeler window.

When using the 3D Modeler interface you will also interact with two additional
Interfaces:
i. Property Window – The Property Window is used to view or modify the attributes and
dimensions of structural objects is shown in Fig (15).
Fig (15): HFSS Property window.

ii. Status Bar/Coordinate Entry – The Status Bar on the Ansoft HFSS Desktop Window
displays the Coordinate Entry fields that can be used to define points or offsets during the
creation of structural objects is shown in Fig (16).

Fig (16): Status Bar/Coordinate Entry.

Grid Plane
To simplify the creation of structural primitives, a grid or drawing plane is used. The drawing plane
does not in any way limit the user to two dimensional coordinates but instead is used as a guide to
simplify the creation of structural primitives. The drawing plane is represented by the active grid
plane (The grid does not have to be visible). To demonstrate how drawing planes are used, review the
following section: Creating and Viewing Simple Structures.
Creating and Viewing a Simple Structure
Creating 3D structural objects is accomplished by performing the following steps:
1. Set the grid plane
2. Create the base shape of the object
3. Set the Height
Create a Box
We will investigate creating a box to demonstrate these steps. These steps assume that project and a
HFSS design have already been created. Three points are required to create the box. The first two
form the base rectangle and the third sets the height.
Point 1: Defines the start point of the base rectangle

Point 2: Defines the size of the base rectangle
Point 3: Defines the height of the Box
Fig (17): Creating a Box using Status Bar/Coordinate Entry.

I. Select the menu item 3D Modeler > Grid Plane > XY
II. Use the mouse to create the base shape
i. Set the start point by positioning the active cursor and click the left mouse button.

ii. Position the active cursor and click the left mouse button to set the second point that
forms the base rectangle.
iii. Set the Height by positioning the active cursor and clicking left mouse button.
Specifying Points
Grid
From the example, we saw that the simplest way to set a point is by clicking its position on the
grid plane. To set the precision of the grid plane, select the menu item View > Grid Settings. From
here you may specify the Grid Type, Style, Visibility, and Precision. By pressing the Save as Default
button, you can set the default behavior for future HFSS Designs.
Fig (18): Grid.

Coordinate Entry
Another way to specify a coordinate is to use the Coordinate Entry fields which are located on the
status bar of the Ansoft HFSS Desktop. The position may be specified in Cartesian, Cylindrical, or
Spherical coordinates. Once the first point is set, the Coordinate Entry will default to Relative
coordinates. In Relative mode the coordinates are no longer absolute (measured from the origin of
the working coordinate system), but relative to the last point entered.
 Equations
o The Coordinate Entry fields allow equations to be entered for position values. Examples:
2*5, 2+6+8, 2*Cos (10*(pi/180)).
o Variables are not allowed in the Coordinate Entry Field.
o Note: Trig functions are in radians.

Object Properties
 By default the Properties dialog will appear after you have finished sketching an object. The
position and size of objects can be modified from the dialog. This method allows you to
create objects by clicking the estimated values using the mouse and then correcting the values
in the final dialog.
 The Property dialog accepts equations, variables, and units. See the Overview of Entering
Parameters for more detail.
 Every object has two types of properties.
o Command – Defines the structural primitive
o Attributes – Defines the material, display, and solve properties
Fig (20):Command.
Fig (21):Attributes.
Overview of Draw
Snap Mode
As an aid for graphical selection, the modeler provides Snap options. The default is to snaps are
shown here. The shape of the active cursor will dynamically change as the cursor is moved over the
snap positions.
Moving
 By default all active cursor movement is in three dimensions. The modeler can also be set to
allow the active cursor to only move in a plane or out of plane. These are set from the menu item
3D Modeler > Movement Mode.
 In addition, the movement can be limited to a specific direction (x, y, or z) by holding down the
x, y, or z key. This prevents movement in the other directions.
 Pressing the CTRL+Enter key sets a local reference point. This can be useful for creating
geometry graphically that is based on an existing object.

Fig (22):Moving.
Selecting Previously Defined Shapes
You may select an object by moving the mouse over the object in the graphics area and clicking on it. The
default mode is Dynamic selection which will display the object to be selected with a unique outline
color. Please note that after selecting (Clicking on the object) the object it will be displayed solid pink
while all other objects are drawn transparent.
Types of Selection
The default is to select objects. Sometimes is necessary to select faces, edges, or vertices. To change the
selection mode, select the menu item Edit > Select and choose the appropriate selection mode. The
shortcut keys o (Object selection) and f (face selection) are useful for quickly switching between the most
common selections modes.
Multiple Select or Toggle Selection
Multiple objects can be selected graphically by holding down the CTRL key while selecting. In
addition, with the CTRL key pressed, the selection of an object can be toggled between selected or
unselected.
Blocked Objects
If the object you wish to select is located behind another object, select the object that is blocking
the desired object and press the b key or right-click and select Next Behind from the context menu.
You may repeat this as many times as needed to select the correct object.
Select All Visible
You can select all visible objects by pressing the CTRL+A key or by selecting the menu item Edit
> Select All Visible.
Select by Name
To select objects by Name you can use anyone of the following:
 Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name.
 Select the menu item HFSS > List.
o Select the Model tab.
o Select objects from the list.
o Use the Model Tree.
Attributes
 You may select an object by clicking on the corresponding item in the Model Tree.
 When the object is selected the attributes will be displayed in the Property Window. Double-
clicking on the object will open a properties dialog. Use the Property Window or properties
dialog to modify the attributes.

Commands
 From the Model Tree, the Command Properties can be selected by expanding the object
folder to display the command list. Using the mouse, select the corresponding command from
the tree. The properties will be displayed in the Property Window. Double-clicking on the
command will open a properties dialog. Use the Property Window or properties dialog to
modify the command.
 When the command is selected, the object will be outlined with bold lines in the 3D Model
Window. Since an object can be a combination of several primitives, the command list may
contain several objects. Anyone of these commands can be selected to visualize or modify the
object.
Fig (23):Attributes& Commands.

Object Attributes
An objects attributes set the following user defined properties:
 Name – User defined name. Default names start with the primitive type followed by an
increasing number: Box1, Box2, etc.
 Material – User defined material property. The default property is vacuum. This can be changed
by using the material toolbar.
 Orientation
 Solve Inside – By default HFSS only solves for fields inside dielectrics. To force HFSS to solve
inside conductors, check solve inside.
 Model Object – Controls if the object is included in the solve
 Display Wireframe – Forces the object to always be displayed as wireframe.
 Color – Set object color.
 Transparency – Set the transparency of an object. 0–Solid, 1- Wireframe.
Note: Visibility is not an object property.

Fig (24):Ansoft HFSS Object Attributes.

Materials
By clicking on the property button for the material name, the material definition window will appear.
You can select from the existing database or define a custom project material.
Fig (25): Material Selection.

User Defined Project Material
To define custom materials click the Add Material button from the material definition window.
The following dialog will appear. Enter the material definitions and click the OK button.
Fig (26):User Defined Project Material.

Changing the View
You can change the view at any time (even during shape generation) by using the following
commands:

Toolbar
 Rotate – The structure will be rotated around the coordinate system.
 Pan – The structure will be translated in the graphical area.
 Dynamic Zoom – Moving the mouse upwards will increase the zoom factor while moving the
mouse downwards will decrease the zoom factor.
 Zoom In/Out – In this mode a rubber band rectangle will be defined by dragging the mouse.
After releasing the mouse button the zoom factor will be applied.
Context Menu
Right click in the graphics area and select the menu item View and choose from the options outlined
in the Toolbar section. The context menu also offers the following:
 Fit All– This will zoom the defined structure to a point where it fits in the drawing area.
 Fit Selection – This fits only the selected objects into the drawing area.
 Spin – Drag the mouse and release the mouse button to start the object spinning. The speed of the
dragging prior to releasing the mouse controls the speed of the spin.
 Animate– Create or display the animation of parametric geometry.
Shortcuts
Since changing the view is a frequently used operation, some useful shortcut keys exist. Press the
appropriate keys and drag the mouse with the left button pressed:
 ALT + Drag – Rotate
 Shift + Drag – Pan
 ALT + Shift + Drag – Dynamic Zoom
Shortcuts - Predefined Views
Fig (27):Predefined View Angles.

Applying Structural Transformations
So far we have investigated hot to model simple shapes and how to change the view of the model. To
create more complicated models or reduce the number of objects that need to be created manually we

Objective:
To familiarize the students with Port Excitation, Boundaries, Analysis Setup &Simulation Reports
in HFSS
Pre Lab:
1. Excitations
Ports are a unique type of boundary condition that allows energy to flow into and out of a
structure.Itis necessary to determine the excitation field pattern at each port.Ansoft HFSS uses an
arbitrary port solver to calculate the natural field patterns.
1.1 Excitation Types

a) Wave Port (Waveguide) – External
 Recommended only for surfaces exposed to the background

 Supports multiple modes (Example: Coupled Lines) and deembedding
 Compute Generalized S-Parameters
o Frequency dependent Characteristic Impedance (Zo)
o Perfectly matched at every frequency
b) Lumped Port – Internal
 Recommended only for surfaces internal to geometric model
 Single mode (TEM) and no deembedding
 Normalized to a constant user defined 𝑍𝑜
Figure 1: (a) Wave port ExcitationFigure 2: (b) Lumped port Excitation
2. Boundaries
 Perfect E – Forces the electric field perpendicular to the surface

 Outer Surface – Default Boundary PEC/Perfect Conductor Material Property

 Model complexity–Reduced by eliminating conductor loss
 Perfect H – Forces the electric field tangent to the surface
 Finite Conductivity – Lossy electric conductor.

o Forces the tangential electric field at the surface to surface impedance.
 Model complexity: Reduced by eliminating conductor thickness
 Radiation Surface – Allows waves to radiate infinitely far into space.

o The boundary absorbs wave at the radiation surface.
o Can be placed on arbitrary surfaces.
o Accuracy depends on the distance between the boundary and the radiating object
o The radiation boundary should be located at least one-quarter of a wavelength
from a radiating structure.
o If you are simulating a structure that does not radiate, the boundary can be located
less than one-quarter of a wave length (The validity of this assumption will
require your engineering judgment).
LAB TASK:
Task-1:Create Geometry of simple Cable and analyze the following:

a) Port Excitation

b) Boundaries
c) Analysis Setup
d) Simulation Reports in HFSS
a. Create Modal S-Parameter Plot – Magnitude
b. Create 2D Radiation Pattern
c. Create 3D polar far field plot
To set the Grid Plane:

Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > YZ
Set Material
Select the material as Copper.
Inner Cylinder
Select the menu item Draw > Cylinder

• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position

– X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the cylinder
– dX: 0.0, dY: 0.5, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height of the cylinder
– dX: 4.75, dY: 0.0 dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
Set Material
Select the material as Teflon.
Outer Cylinder
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position
– X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: 0.0, Press the Enter key
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the cylinder
• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height of the cylinder
To fit the view:
• Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View
Fig (1):Geometry of Cable

4. Create Wave Port Excitation
Face Selection
• Select the menu item Edit > Select > Faces
• By moving the mouse, graphically highlight the top face of the Coax object
• Click the left mouse button to select the face

Fig (2):wave Port Excitation
Assign Excitation
• Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Wave Port
• Define Terminals
 Wave Port: General > Name: p1>Click Next
 Wave port: Mode > Number of Modes :1> Integration Line > New Line

 Click Next > Finish
5. Create Air
a) To create Air.
 To set the default material:
o Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum.
 Select the menu item Draw > Box.

 Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the box position.
X: - 5.0,
Y: - 5.0,
Z: -5.0,
Press the Enter key to accept this point.
 Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base rectangle:
dX: 9.75,
dY: 9.75,
dZ: 9.75,
Press the Enter key to accept this point.
b) To set the name:

 Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.

 For the Value of Name type: Air
 Click the OK button.
c) To fit the view:
 Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View.
6. Create Radiation Boundary

a) To create a face list.
 Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Face.
 Select the menu item Edit > Select > By name.
 Select Object Dialog,
o Select the objects named: Air> select the faces expect
o Click the OK button.
 Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Radiation.
 Radiation Boundary window
o Name: Rad1
o Click the OK button
7. Create a Radiation Setup

a) To define the radiation setup

 Select the menu item HFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite
Sphere
 Far Field Radiation Sphere Setup dialog.
o Name: ff_2d
o Phi:
Start: 0
Stop: 360
Step Size: 2
o Theta:
Start: -180
Stop: 180
Step Size: 2
8. ANALYSIS
A) Analysis Setup
1. Creating an Analysis Setup
a) To create an analysis setup:
 Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup.
 Solution Setup Window:
o Click the General tab:
 Solution Frequency: 13 GHz.
 Maximum Number of Passes: 20
 Maximum Delta S per Pass: 0.002
2. Adding a Frequency Sweep

a) To add a frequency sweep:
 Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Sweep.
o Select Solution Setup: Setup1
 Edit Sweep Window:
o Sweep Type: Fast.
o Frequency Setup Type: Linear Count.
Start: 10 GHz
Stop: 16 GHz
Count: 401
 Save Fields: Checked.
3. Save Project
a) To save the project:
 In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.

 From the Save As window, type the Filename: rect_wave_port.

 Click the Save button.
B) Analyze
1. Model Validation
a) To validate the model:
 Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check.
 Click the Close button.
Note:To view any errors or warning messages, use the MessageManager.
2. Analyze
a) To start the solution process:
 Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze.
9. REPORTS
1. Create Modal S-Parameter Plot - Magnitude

a) To create a report:
 Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data Report>
Rectangular Plot
Name X Y XY Plot 2 HFSSDesign1

-2.50 13.0075 -22.8955
m1 Curve Info
dB(S(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
-5.00
-7.50
-10.00
dB(S(1,1))
-12.50
-15.00
-17.50
-20.00
m1
-22.50
-25.00
10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00
Freq [GHz]
Fig (3):S-Parameter Plot
2. Far Field Reports

a) To create 2D Radiation Pattern:
 Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Report.

 Create Report Window:

o Report Type: Far Fields.
o Display Type: Radiation Pattern.
 Traces Window:
o Solution: Setup1: Last Adaptive.
o Geometry: ff_2d
o in the Mag tab.
o Category: Gain.
o Quantity: Gain Total.
o Function:dB
o Click the Done button.
Radiation Pattern 1 HFSSDesign1
0 Curve Info
dB(GainTotal)
-30 30 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
-7.00 Freq='13GHz' Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
-14.00 Freq='13GHz' Phi='90deg'
-60 60
-21.00
-28.00
-90 90
-120 120
-150 150
-180
Fig (4): 2-D Radiation Pattern
3. 3D polar far field plot
a) To create 3D polar far field plot:

Fig (5): 3-D Polar Plot
Task 2:Draw the above design along z-Axis and analyze the following:
a) Port Excitation
b) Boundaries
c) Analysis Setup
d) Simulation Reports in HFSS
Critical Analysis / Conclusion:
Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5

Performance /5
/30
Results /5
Viva /5
Critical Analysis /5
Report /5
Instructor Signature and Comments

LAB #03 Dipole Antennas & Parametric Analysis
LAB # 03: Dipole Antennas & Parametric Analysis

Objective:
To Create, Simulate, and Analyzethe dipole Antenna in HFSS
Note:Lab-2 is the pre-requisite of this Lab
Pre Lab:
3. Dipole Antenna:
A Dipole antenna is a radio antenna that can be made of a simple wire, with a center- fed driven
element. It consists of two metal conductors of rod or wire, oriented parallel and collinear with
each other (in line with each other), with a small space between them. The radio frequency
voltage is applied to the antenna at the center, between the two conductors as shown in Fig: 1.
Fig (1): Dipole Antenna

4. Types of Dipole Antennas

Several different variations of the dipole are also used, such as the folded dipole, short
dipole, linear dipole, bow-tie, and batwing antenna. Dipoles may be used as standalone antennas
themselves, but they are also employed as feed antennas (driven elements) in many more
complex antenna types.
Although the dipole antenna is often though in its half wave format, there are nevertheless many
forms of the antenna that can be used.
1. Half wave dipole antenna: The half wave dipole antenna is the one that is
most widely used. Being half a wavelength long it is a resonant antenna.
2. Multiple half wave’s dipole antenna: It is possible to utilize a dipole

antenna or aerial that is an odd multiple of half wavelengths long.
3. Folded dipole antenna: As the name implies this form of the dipole aerial or
dipole antenna is folded back on itself. While still retaining the length between the ends
of half a wavelength, an additional length of conductor effectively connects the two ends
together.
4. Short dipole: A short dipole antenna is one where the length is much shorter than
that of half a wavelength. Where a dipole antenna is shorter than half a wavelength, the
feed impedance starts to rise and its response is less dependent upon frequency changes.
Its length also becomes smaller and this has many advantages. It is found that the current
profile of the antenna approximately a triangular distribution.
5. Design of Half Wave Dipole antenna:
Question: If the antenna is to radiate at frequency of 800 MHz, what size should the
half-wavelength dipole be?
Answers:Wavelength at 600 MHz is 𝜆 = 𝑐 / 𝑓 = 0.5 meters.

Hence, the half-wavelength dipole antenna's length is𝐿 = 0.5/2 = 0.25 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.
LAB TASK:

Task-1:Design a dipole Antenna at f = 800MHz
2. Create Geometry of Dipole Antenna

Set Units
Select the units mm.
Set Material
Select the material as Copper.
Draw a Cylinder with

Name: Pole1
Cylinder position Radius Height

X: 0.0 dX: 6.0 dX: 0.0
Y: 0.0 dY: 0.0 dY: 0.0
Z: 6.0 dZ: 0.0 dZ: 75.0
Go to properties of Pole 1
Add variable “len” in height
Click OK
Draw a Cylinder with

Name: Pole2

Cylinder position Radius Height

X: 0.0 dX: 6.0 dX: 0.0
Y: 0.0 dY: 0.0 dY: 0.0
Z: -6.0 dZ: 0.0 dZ: -75.0
Go to properties of Pole 2
Add variable “ -len” in height
Click OK
To fit the view:

• Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View
Create Lumped Port Excitation
To set the Grid Plane:

Draw a rectangle with
Name: Lumped_Port
Rectangle position Opposite Corner Fig (2):Lumped Port Excitation
X: 0 dX: 0
Y: -6.0 dY: 12.0
Z: -6.0 dZ: 12.0
• Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign >Lumped Port
• Define Terminals
 Wave Port: General > Name: p1>Click Next
 Wave port: Mode > Number of Modes :1 > Integration Line > New Line
 Using the coordinate entry fields, enter
– X: 0.0, Y: 0.0, Z: - 6, Press the Enter key
And
– dX: 0.0, dY: 0.0, dZ: 12, Press the Enter key
Create Air
 To set the default material:

Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum.

 Draw a box with

Name: Air
Box position Opposite Corner
X: -100 dX: 200
Y: -100 dY: 200
Z: -200 dZ: 400
Fig (3): Air
Create Radiation Boundary

o To create a face list.
 Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name.
 Select Object Dialog,
o Select the objects named: Air
 Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > Assign > Radiation.
 Radiation Boundary window
o Name: Rad1
o Click the OK button
Create a Radiation Setup

 Select the menu item HFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite
Sphere
 Far Field Radiation Sphere Setup dialog.
o Phi:

Start: 0
Stop: 360
Step Size: 10
o Theta:
Start: -180
Stop: 180
Step Size: 2
Analysis Setup
a) To create an analysis setup:
 Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup.
 Solution Setup Window:
 Solution Frequency: 800 MHz

2. Adding a Frequency Sweep
a) To add a frequency sweep:
 Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Sweep.
o Select Solution Setup: Setup1
 Edit Sweep Window:
o Sweep Type: Fast.
Start: 600 MHz
Stop: 1000 MHz
Count: 201
o Save Fields: Checked.
Analyze
3. Model Validation
a) To validate the model:
 Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check.

 Click the Close button.

Note:To view any errors or warning messages, use the Message Manager.
4. Analyze
a) To start the solution process:
 Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze.
REPORTS
4. Create Modal S-Parameter Plot - Magnitude
Create report (Modal S-Parameter Plot - Magnitude) of the Model.


0.00 0.8000 -19.1330
m1 Curve Info
dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
-2.50
-5.00
-7.50
dB(S(p1,p1))
-10.00
-12.50
-15.00
-17.50
m1
-20.00
0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Freq [GHz]
Fig (4): S-Parameter Plot

5. Create Far Field Radiation Pattern
Create report (Far Field Radiation Pattern & 3-D Polar Plot) of the Model.

0 Curve Info
dB(GainTotal)
-4.00 Freq='0.8GHz' Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
-60 60 dB(GainTotal)
-32.00
Freq='0.8GHz' Phi='180deg'
dB(GainTotal)
-46.00 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
dB(GainTotal)
-120 120
-150 150
-180
Fig (5):2-D Radiation Pattern of Dipole Antenna.

6. Create 3-D Polar Plot

Fig (6):3-D Polar Plot Dipole Antenna.
Parametric Analysis and Optimization

Parameterization is the process of assigning variable to the structure, this helps inchanging any
dimensions by simply change the variable value, a single variable can alsobe assigned to
multiple portions of a design like in this case the variable “len” is assignedto the length of both
poles, this indicates that both these length will change together asthe variable “len” is changed.
 Now click on HFSS  Parametric Analysis Add Parametric  Setup sweep

Analysis window is opened
 Click on “Add” Add/Edit Sweep window is opened  insert start value, End
value and step value  click on Add  click OK

1. Validate the Design and if found any error please remove.

2. Click on Analyze All
3. Create Modal S-Parameter Plot – Magnitude
m10.00 0.7778 -18.8171 Curve Info
m2 0.7911 -19.0420 dB(S(p1,p1))
m3 0.8000 -19.1330 Setup1 : Sw eep
-2.50 len='73mm'
m4 0.8089 -19.2138
dB(S(p1,p1))
m5 0.8178 -19.3060 Setup1 : Sw eep
-5.00 len='74mm'
dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
len='75mm'
-7.50
dB(S(p1,p1))
dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
len='76mm'
-10.00 dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
len='77mm'
-12.50 dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
len='78mm'
-15.00
-17.50
m1 m2 m3 m4 m5
-20.00
0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Freq [GHz]
Optimization

 Go to “HFSS”  Design Properties  Select Optimization select

parameter  click OK
 Go to “HFSS”  Parametric Analysis  Add Optimization Setup

Solution  S-parameter  Add calculation  click DONE
 Go to Edit Goal/Weight and insert desired value e.g. 20 click OK
9.2 Validate the Design and if found any error please remove.
9.3 Click on Analyze All
9.4 Create Modal S-Parameter Plot – Magnitude
Lab Task-2:
Design a Dipole Antennas for f = 1800MHz and create Reports and compare
results with Lab Task – 1.

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /30
Viva /5
Report /5

LAB #04 Horn Antennas
LAB # 04:Design Horn Antennas in HFSS&Creates

Reports
Objective:
To Create, Simulate, and Analyzethe Horn Antenna in HFSS
Note: Lab-2 & 3 are the pre-requisite of this Lab.
Pre Lab:
6. Horn Antenna:
A horn antenna is used for the transmission and reception of microwave signals. It derives its
name from the characteristic flared appearance. The flared portion can be square, rectangular, or
conical. The maximum radiation and response corresponds with the axis of the horn. In this
respect, the antenna resembles an acoustic horn. It is usually fed with a wave guide
Fig (1): Horn Antenna.
In order to function properly, a horn antenna must be a certain minimum size relative to
the wavelength of the incoming or outgoing electromagnetic field. If the horn is too small or the
wavelength is too large (the frequency is too low), the antenna will not work efficiently.
7. Types of Horn Antennas

Generally Horn Antenna is type of waveguide one end of which is
flared out. Flared waveguide, which produces nearly uniform phase
front, is larger than the waveguide itself. However, radiation is

poor and non-directive pattern results because of mismatch between the waveguide and free
space. The mouth of the waveguide is flared out to improve the radiation efficiency, directive
pattern and directivity.
There are three main basic types of Horn Antennas:

1. Sectoral Horn Antenna
a. Sectoral H-plane HornAntenna
b. Sectoral E-plane HornAntenna
2. Pyramidal HornAntenna
3. Conical HornAntenna
Sectoral H-plane Horn Antenna:

H-plane horn antenna is shown in Figure 2. This horn is flared in the H-plane, with a
constant height for the waveguide and horn of h.
Fig (2): Sectoral H-plane Horn Antenna

Sectoral E-plane Horn Antenna:
E-plane horn antenna is shown in Figure 3. This horn antenna is flared in the E-plane,
giving the name. The horizontal dimension isW.
Fig (3):Sectoral E-plane HornAntenna

Pyramidal Horn Antenna:
The most popular horn antenna is flared in both planes as shown in Figure 4. This is a
pyramidal horn Antenna, and has a width B and height A at the end of the horn.

Waveguid
e
Fig (4):Pyramidal HornAntenna
Horn antennas are typically fed by a section of a waveguide, as shown in Figure 4. The
waveguide itself is often fed with a short dipoleas shown in Figure 5.
A waveguide is simply a hollow, metal cavity. Waveguides are

used to guide electromagnetic energy from one place to another.
The waveguide in Figure 4 is a rectangular waveguide of
width band height a, with b>a.
Waveguide
Fig (5):Pyramidal HornAntenna with waveguide fed with a short dipole
Formulas & theory for horn antenna apertures
For a rectangular horn antenna, the formulas are:

Then for a conical horn antenna the formula is:
Where: apertureE: the width of the aperture in the E-

field direction.
apertureH: is the width of the aperture in the H-field direction.
LE: is the slant length of the side in the E-field direction.
LH: is the slant length of the side in the H-field direction.
diameter: is the diameter of the cylindrical horn aperture.
L is the slant length of the cone from the apex.
λ: is the wavelength of the signal.
Gain of Horn Antenna
Horns have very little loss, so the directivity of a horn is roughly equal to its gain. The gain G of
a pyramidal horn antenna (the ratio of the radiated power intensity along its beam axis to the
intensity of an isotropic antenna with the same input power) is:
For conical horns, the gain is:
Where
A: is the area of the aperture,

d: is the aperture diameter of a conical horn
λ: is the wavelength,
𝒆𝑨 : is a dimensionless parameter between 0 and 1 called the aperture
efficiency
Lab Task
Task-1: Design a Horn Antenna at f=12GHz

1. Create Geometry of Horn Antenna

4. Set Units
Select the unit’s mm
5. To set the Grid Plane:
Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XY
6. Set Material:
Select the material as Copper
7. Draw Box_1
Select the menu item Draw >Box
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the box position

- X: 0.0, - Y: - 12.5, - Z: -6.0, Press the Enter key
to accept this point.
- dX: 25.0, - dY: 25.0, - dZ: 12.0, Press the Enter
key to accept this point.
8. Draw Box_2
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the box

position
- X: 1.0, - Y: - 11.5, - Z: -5.0, Press the Enter key
to accept this point.
- dX: 24.0, - dY: 23.0, - dZ: 10.0, Press the Enter
key to accept this point.
- Figure 6: Creating Waveguide (Subtract
9. Make the Waveguide Box_1 & Box_2)
Select Box_1 & Box_2> Modeler > Boolean > subtract > Select Box_1 > Click OK
10. Draw Cylinder_1:

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center position

– X: 8.0, Y: 0.0, Z: -6.0, Press the Enter key
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the cylinder

Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height
of the cylinder
11. Subtract box_1 &Cylinder_1
Select Box_1 & Cylinder_1> Modeler > Boolean

> subtract > Select > Cylinder_1 > Click OK
Figure 7:Cylinder inside the
12. Draw Rectangular_1: waveguide
Select the menu item Draw >Rectangular
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the Rectangular _1 position

– X: 125.0, Y: -47.0, Z: -25.0, Press the Enter key
– dX: -0, dY:94.0, dZ:50.0, Press the Enter key
13. Draw Rectangular_2:

– X: 25.0, Y: -12.5, Z: 6.0, Press the Enter key
– dX: -0, dY: 25.0, dZ: -12.0, Press the Enter key
14. Connect theRectangular _1 &Rectangular _2

Select Rectangular_1 & Rectangular_2> Modeler > Surface > connect

– X: 25.0, Y: -11.5, Z: 6.0, Press the Enter key
•Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the cylinder
– dX: -0, dY: 23.0, dZ: -10.0, Press the Enter key

– X: 125.0, Y: -46.0, Z: -24.0, Press the Enter key
dX: -0, dY: 92.0, dZ: 48.0, Press the Enter key

Figure 8:Rectangular_3&Rectangular _4 Figure 9:Connected Rectangular_3&Rectangular _4
17. Connect theRectangular_3&Rectangular _4

Select Rectangular_3 & Rectangular_4> Modeler > Surface > connect
18. Subtract theRectangular_1&Rectangular _3

Select Rectangular_1 & Rectangular_3> Modeler> Boolean > Select > Subtract >
Rectangular_1 >Click OK
Figure 9:Subtracted Rectangular_1&Rectangular _3
19. Set Material:

Select the material as Copper
Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane > XY

Select the menu item Draw >Cylinder


Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height of the cylinder


Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the center

position
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the radius of the
cylinder
– dX: 1.0dY: 0.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the height of the
cylinder
23. Subtract Cylinder_3&Cylinder_4
Select Cylinder_3& Cylinder_4> Modeler>Boolean > Select > Subtract>Cylinder_3>

Click OK

24. Set Material:
Select the material as polyethylene


– dX: 1, dY: 0.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key


– dX: 0.25dY: 0.0, dZ: 0.0, Press the Enter key
27. Subtract Cylinder_5&Cylinder_6
Select Cylinder_5 & Cylinder_6> Modeler>Boolean > Select > Subtract>Cylinder_5>

Click OK

28. Set Material:

Select the material as vacuum
29. Draw Box_3

Select the menu item Draw > Box
Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the box position

- X: -2.0, - Y: - 50.0, - Z: -41.0, Press the Enter key to accept this point.
- dX: 200.0, - dY: 100.0, - dZ: 82.0, Press the Enter key to accept this point.

 Face Selection
- Select the menu itemEdit> Select > Face
- By moving the mouse, graphically highlight the bottom face of the Coax object
- Click the left mouse button to select the face
 Assign Excitation
- Select the menu itemHFSS> Excitations > Assign > Wave Port
- Define Terminals
- Wave Port: General > Name: p1 > Click Next
- Wave port: Mode > Number of Modes :1 > Integration Line > New Line
31. Create Radiation Boundary
- Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name

- Select the objects named: Box_3
- Click the OK button.
- To assign the Radiation> HFSS> Boundaries >Radiation>Rad1>OK

32. ANALYSIS
 Creating an Analysis Setup
- Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup.
- Solution Setup Window:
- Click the General tab:
- Solution Frequency: 12 GHz.
- Maximum Number of Passes: 20
- Maximum Delta S per Pass: 0.05
 Adding a Frequency Sweep
- Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Sweep.
- Select Solution Setup: Setup1
- Edit Sweep Window:
- Sweep Type: Fast.
- Frequency Setup Type: Linear Count.
o Start: 8 GHz
o Stop: 16 GHz
o Count: 401
- Save Fields: Checked.
33. Save Project

- In an Ansoft HFSS window, select the menu item File > Save As.
- From the Save As window, type the Filename: write_your_name.
- Click the Save button.
34. Model Validation

- Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check.
- Click the Close button.
Note: To view any errors or warning messages, use the Message Manager.
35. Analyze
- Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze.
36. Creates The Reports:

Task-2:
Change the height of cylinder_2 from 41.5mm to 42mm using parametric

Analysis and analyze:
a. Modal S-Parameter Plot – Magnitude
b. 2D Radiation Pattern
c. 3D polar far field plot
What you observe write in conclusion section.
Critical Analysis / Conclusion
Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /30
Viva /5
Report /5

LAB #05Microstrip Patch Antenna
LAB # 05:Design Microstrip Patch Antenna in HFSS &

Creates Reports
Objective:
To Create, Simulate, and Analyze the Microstrip Patch Antenna using the Ansoft HFSS.
Pre Lab:
1. Patch Antenna
A patch antenna (also known as a rectangular Microstrip antenna) is a type of radio antenna with
a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat surface. It consists of a flat rectangular sheet or
"patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal called a ground plane. The radiation at the
edges causes the antenna to act slightly larger electrically than its physical dimensions, so in
order for the antenna to be resonant, a length of Microstrip transmission line slightly shorter than
one-half a wavelength at the frequency is used.
Fig (1): Patch Antenna.
2. Feeding Methods of Patch Antennas

A feed is basically used to excite or radiate by direct or indirect contact.There are many
configurations that can be used to feed Microstrip antennas. The fourmost popular are:
LAB #06Probe Feed Patch Antenna
 Microstrip line Feeding Method

 Coaxial line Feeding Method
 Aperture coupling Feeding Method
 Proximity coupling Feeding Method
2.1 The Microstrip line Feeding Method

The Microstrip feed line is also a conducting strip, usually of much smaller width compared to
thepatch. The Microstripline feed is:
 Easy to fabricate
 Simple to match by controlling the inset
position
 Simple to model
However, as the substrate thickness increases,surface
waves and spurious feed radiation increase, which
limitthe bandwidth (typically 2–5%)for practical
designs.
Fig (2): Microstrip line Patch Antenna
2.2 Coaxial line Feeding Method

Another feeding method for patch antenna is Coaxial-
line feeding. In Coaxial-line feeds, the inner
conductor of the coax is attached to the radiationpatch
while the outer conductor is connected to the ground
plane. The coaxial probe feed is:
 Easy to fabricate and match
 It has low spurious radiation
However, it also has narrow bandwidth and it is more
difficult to modelspecially for thick substrates (h >
0.02𝜆0 ).
Fig (3): Coaxial line Patch Antenna
2.3 Aperture coupling Feeding Method

In this type of feed technique, the radiating patch and the Microstrip feed line are separated by
the ground plane as shown in Fig-4. Coupling between the patch and the feed line is made

through a slot or an aperture in the ground plane.The amount of coupling from the feed line to
the patch is determined by the shape, size and location of the aperture.
Since the ground plane separates the patch and the feed line, spurious radiation is minimized.
The major disadvantage of this feed technique is that it is difficult to fabricate due to multiple
layers, which also increases the antenna thickness. This feeding scheme also provides narrow
bandwidth.
2.4 Proximity coupling Feeding Method

Proximity coupling feeding technique is also called as the electromagnetic coupling scheme,
shown in Fig-5. In this scheme, the feed line is between the two substrates and the radiating
patch is on top of the upper substrate. The major disadvantage of this feed scheme is that it is
difficult to fabricate because of the two dielectric layers which need proper alignment.
Fig (5): Proximity coupling Patch Antenna
3. Advantages & Disadvantages of Patch Antenna
3.1 Advantages
 Ease of manufacturing
 It has a very low fabrication cost.

 Microstrip patch antennas are efficient radiators.

 It has a support for both linear and circular polarization.
 Easy in integration with microwave integration circuits.
3.2 Disadvantages
 Low impedance bandwidth.
 Low gain.
 Extra radiation occurs from its feeds and junctions.
 Excitation of surface waves.
 Size of micro strip antenna comes in both advantages and disadvantages but there are
some applications where the size of Microstrip antenna is too large to be used.
4. Applications of Patch Antennas

Microstrip patch antenna has several applications. Some of these applications are discussed as
below:
 Mobile and satellite communication application.
 Global Positioning System applications.
 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).
 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax).
 Radar Application.
 Telemedicine Application.
5. Design of Patch Antenna
Consider the Microstrip antenna shown in Fig.1, fed by a Microstrip transmission line. The
patch antenna, Microstrip transmission line and ground plane are made of high conductivity
metal (typically copper). The patch is of length 𝐿, width 𝑊, and sitting on top of a substrate
(some dielectric circuit board) of thickness ℎ with permittivityεr . The thickness of the ground
plane or of the Microstrip is not critically important. Typically the height ℎ is much smaller than
the wavelength of operation.


Lab Task
Task-1:Design a Microstrip patch antenna for f=2.5GHz
Fig (1): Microstrip Patch Antenna.
Units: mm
Substrate Material: FR4-epoxy
1. Create Substrate
• Draw a box with
Name: sub
X: -23 dX: 46
Y: -19 dY: 38
Z: 0.0 dZ: 1.6

2. Create Patch
 Draw a rectangle with
Name: patch
Rectangle position Opposite Corner

X: -20.5 dX: 41
Y: -13.6 dY: 27.35
Z: 1.6 dZ: 0.0
 Assign Perfect E Boundary to patch

Name: PerfE_patch
3. Create Feed
Name: feed

X: -1.5 dX: 3
Y: -19 dY: 5.325
Z: 1.6 dZ: 0.0
 Assign Perfect E Boundary to feed

Name: PerfE_feed
4. Create Ground
Name: Ground

X: -23 dX: 46
Y: -19 dY: 38
Z: 0.0 dZ: 0.0
 Assign Perfect E Boundary to Ground

Name: PerfE_Ground


 Create a Wave Port and Excite it.
5.1 To set the Grid Plane:

 Select the menu item Modeler > Grid Plane >ZX

X: -5 dX: 10
Y: 19 dY: 0
Z: 0.0 dZ: 5
6. Create Air
 Create the Air of shape Box. Also create the Radiation Boundary and
Radiation Setup.
 Set Material: Vacuum
 Draw a Box with
 Name: Air

X: -23 dX: 46
Y: -19 dY: 38
Z: 0.0 dZ: 20
 Radiation Boundary:
Graphically select all the faces of the air object except the face at Z= 0.0

 Define Solution Setup and Frequency Sweep and analyze the model you
have created.
 Solution Frequency: 2.5 GHz
o Sweep Type: Fast.

Start: 1.5 GHz

Stop: 3.5 GHz
Count: 501

8. Create Reports
d. Create Modal S-Parameter Plot – Magnitude

XY Plot 4 HFSSDesign1
0.00 Curve Info
dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
-2.50
-5.00
-7.50
dB(S(p1,p1))
-10.00
-12.50
-15.00
-17.50
-20.00
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]
e. Create 2D Radiation Pattern

0 Curve Info
dB(GainTotal)
dB(GainTotal)
-14.00 Freq='2.5GHz' Phi='180deg'
-21.00
-28.00
-90 90
-120 120
-150 150
-180

f. Create 3D polar far field plot
g. Magnitude E_field

h. Magnitude H_field
9. Parametric Analysis and Optimization

9.1 Expand the item named “patch” by clicking on + sign click on Command Create_
Rectangle Assign the variable click OK

9.2 Now click on HFSS  Parametric Analysis Add Parametric  Setup sweep
9.3 Click on “Add” Add/Edit Sweep window is opened  insert start value, End

9.5 Cliczk on Analyze All

0.00 2.5010 -16.9834
m1 Curve Info
m2 2.5010 -19.7384 dB(S(p1,p1))
m3 2.4920 -24.0601 Setup1 : Sw eep1
a='40mm'
dB(S(p1,p1))
-5.00 Setup1 : Sw eep1
a='41mm'
dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
a='42mm'
-10.00
dB(S(p1,p1))
-15.00
m1
m2
-20.00
m3
-25.00
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Freq [GHz]
9.7 Optimization

 Go to “HFSS”  Parametric Analysis  Add Optimization Setup

Solution  S-parameter  Add calculation  click DONE
 Go to Edit Goal/Weight and insert desired value e.g. 20  click OK
9.9 Click on Analyze All
Task-2:
Design Microstrip Patch Antenna by calculating the Length and width of patch form given below
parameters and also create Reports.
Frequency = f = 3.5GHz,
Height of substrate = h = 1.6mm
Permittivity of substrate (FR4-epoxy) = 𝜀𝑟 = 4.4

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /30
Viva /5
Report /5

LAB # 06:Design Probe Feed Patch Antenna in

HFSS&Creates Reports
Objective:
To Create, Simulate, and Analyze the Probe Feed Patch Antenna using the Ansoft HFSS.
Pre Lab:
1. Patch Antenna
A patch antenna (also known as a rectangular Microstrip antenna) is a type of radio antenna with
a low profile, which can be mounted on a flat surface. It consists of a flat rectangular sheet or
"patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal called a ground plane. The radiation at the
edges causes the antenna to act slightly larger electrically than its physical dimensions, so in
order for the antenna to be resonant, a length of Microstrip transmission line slightly shorter than
one-half a wavelength at the frequency is used.
Fig (1): Patch Antenna.
2. Probe FeedPatch Antenna

Probe Feed Patch Antenna (Coaxial-line patch Antenna)
is another type of patch antenna. In Coaxial-line feeds,
the inner conductor of the coax is attached to the
radiationpatch while the outer conductor is connected to
the ground plane. The coaxial probe feed is:
 Easy to fabricate and match
 It has low spuriousradiation
However, it also has narrow bandwidth and it is more
difficult to modelspecially for thick substrates (h > 0.02𝜆0 ).
Lab Task

Task-1:Design a Microstrip patch antenna for f=2.4 GHz
Fig (1): Probe Feed Patch Antenna.
Units: mm
Substrate Material: Rogers RT/duriod 5880(tm)
1. Create Substrate
• Draw a box with
Name: sub
X: -50 dX: 100
Y: -45 dY: 90
Z: 0.0 dZ: 3.2
 Assign Any Color to sub
2. Create Patch
Name: patch


X: -19.75 dX: 39.5
Y: -15 dY: 30
Z: 3.2 dZ: 0.0
 Assign Any color

o To Assign the Perfect E Boundary HFSS Boundaries  Assign
PerfectE
o Name: PerfE_patch
o Click OK
3. Create Ground
Name: Ground
X: 50 dX: -100
Y: -45 dY: 90
Z: 0 dZ: 0.0

Name: PerfE_Ground
4. Create Circle 1
 Draw a Circle with
Name: circle_1
Circle position Radius of Circle

X: -5 dX: 1.6
Y: 0.0 dY: 0
Z: 0.0 dZ: 0
 SelectGroundandcircle_1and perform Subtract operation.
5. Create Cylinder 1
Material: Vacuum
Name: Cylinder_1
Cylinder positionRadius Height

X: -5 dX: 1.6dX: 0.0
Y: 0.0 dY: 0dY: 0.0
Z: 0.0 dZ: 0dZ: -5
Material: pec
Name: Cylinder_2

X: -5 dX: 0.7dX: 0.0
Y: 0.0 dY: 0 dY: 0.0
Z: 0.0 dZ: 0 dZ: -5
Name: Cylinder_3

X: -5 dX: 0.7 dX: 0.0
Y: 0.0 dY: 0 dY: 0.0
Z: 0.0 dZ: 0 dZ: 3.2
8. Create Circle 2
Name: wave_port

X: -5 dX: 1.6
Y: 0.0 dY: 0
Z: -5 dZ: 0

 Select wave_port assign wave port and Excite it.

10. Create Air

 Create the Air of shape Box. Also create the Radiation Boundary and Radiation
Setup.
 Set Material: air
 Draw a Box with
 Name: Air

X: 50 dX: -100
Y: -45 dY: 90
Z: 0.0 dZ: 40
11. Create a Radiation Setup

 Select the menu itemHFSS  Radiation  Insert Far Field Setup  Infinite
Sphere
 Far Field Radiation Sphere Setup dialog
o Phi:
Start: 0
Stop: 360
Step Size: 10
o Theta:
Start: -180
Stop: 180
Step Size: 2

have created.


o Sweep Type: Fast.

o Frequency Setup Type: Linear Step.
Start: 1.5 GHz

Stop: 3.5 GHz
Step Size: 0.01 GHz
13. Create Reports

m10.00 2.4000 -33.2539 Curve Info
dB(S(p1,p1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
a='39.5mm'
-5.00
-10.00
dB(S(p1,p1))
-15.00
-20.00
-25.00
-30.00
m1
-35.00
1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50
Freq [GHz]


0 Curve Info
dB(GainTotal)
3.00 a='39.5mm' Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='0deg'
dB(GainTotal)
-4.00 a='39.5mm' Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg'
-11.00
a='39.5mm' Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='180deg'
dB(GainTotal)
-18.00 Setup1 : LastAdaptive
dB(GainTotal)
-120 120
-150 150
-180
Expand the item named “patch” by clicking on + sign click on Command Create Rectangle
Assign the variable click OK

 Click on “Add”  Add/Edit Sweep window is opened  insert start value,

End value and step value  click on Add  click OK
 Validate the Design and if found any error please remove.
 Click on Analyze All
 Create Modal S-Parameter Plot – Magnitude
15. Optimization
 Go to “HFSS”  Parametric Analysis  Add Optimization Setup Solution

 S-parameter  Add calculation  click DONE
Task-2:
Design probe feed Patch Antenna by calculating the Length and width of patch form given below
parameters and also create Reports.
Frequency = f = 3.5GHz,
Height of substrate = h = 1.6mm
Permittivity of substrate (FR4-epoxy) = 𝜀𝑟 = 4.4
Analysis / Conclusion:


Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /30
Viva /5
Report /5

LAB #07Array Antenna
LAB #07: Design Array Antenna in HFSS&Creates

Reports
Objective:
To Create, Simulate, and Analyze the Array Antenna using the Ansoft HFSS.
Pre Lab:
1. Array Antenna
An antenna array (often called a 'phased array') is a set of 2 or more antennas. The signals from
the antennas are combined or processed in order to achieve improved performance over that of a
single antenna. The antenna array can be used to:
 increase the overall gain
 provide diversity reception
 cancel out interference from a particular set of directions
 "steer" the array so that it is most sensitive in a particular direction
 determine the direction of arrival of the incoming signals
 to maximize the Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio (SINR)
2. Types of Array Antenna

 Linear array- antenna elements arranged along a straight line
 Circular array- antenna elements arranged around a circular ring
 Planar array- antenna elements arranged over some planarsurface (example -
rectangular array).
 Conformal array- antenna elements arranged to conform tosome non-planar
surface (such as an aircraft skin).
3. Antenna arrays, radiation pattern and array factor

The antenna elements can be arranged to form a 1 or 2 dimensional antenna array. We
used 1-dimensional arrays for simplicity reasons. Antennas exhibit a specific radiation
pattern. The overall radiation pattern changes when several antenna elements are
combined in an array. This is due to the so called array factor: this factor quantifies the
effect of combining radiating elements in an array without the element specific radiation
pattern taken into account. The overall radiation pattern of an array isdetermined by this
array factor combined with the radiation pattern of the antenna element. The overall
LAB #07 Array Antenna
radiation pattern results in a certain directivity and thus gain linked through the efficiency
with the directivity. Directivity and gain are equal if the efficiency is 100%.
4. Array factor
The array factor depends on the number of elements, the element spacing, amplitude and
phase of the applied signal to each element
5. Influence of the element spacing on the array factor

The element spacing has a large influence on the array factor as well. A larger element
spacing results is a higher directivity. However, the element spacing is generally kept
smaller than λ/2 to avoid the occurrence of grating lobes. A grating lobe is another
unwanted peak value in the radiation pattern of the array. Figures 3 show the array factors
of a 5element array with various element spacing.
6. Feeding of an array
In the previously discussed arrays the element spacing has been kept constant and the
elements were fed with the same amplitude and phase. The resulting arrays were linear
arrays with uniform spacing, uniform amplitude and equal phase. However, the power
does not necessarily have to be distributed with equal amplitude and/or phase. Unequal
power and phase distribution to the individual elements can be used to modify the side
lobe level, directivity and direction of the main lobe.

Lab Task
Task-1:Design anArray antenna for f=800MHz
1. Create 2-Element Dipole Array
Fig: 1-Element Dipole Array
2. Create Lumped Port Excitations
Fig (2): Lumped Port Excitation

3. Create Air
Create the Air Box and assign Radiation Boundary and Radiation Setup.
Fig 3: Air Box
4. Create an Analysis Setup

Define Solution Setup and Frequency Sweep and analyze the model you have created.

o Sweep Type: Fast.
Start: 0.6 GHz
Stop: 1.0 GHz
Count: 201
5. Analyze
 Create Far Field Radiation Pattern
 Create 3-D Polar Plot


Expand the item named “patch” by clicking on + sign click on Command Create_
Rectangle Assign the variable click OK

 Click on “Add”  Add/Edit Sweep window is opened  insert start value, End
7. Optimization
 Go to “HFSS”  Design Properties  Select Optimization select parameter 
click OK
 Go to “HFSS”  Parametric Analysis  Add Optimization Setup Solution 
S-parameter  Add calculation  click DONE
In Lab Task-2:
Design 4-Element Dipole Array for f = 800MHz and make a comparison of Gain
& Radiation Pattern for different values of ‘d’.Where d = λ/4 & λ/2

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /30
Viva /5
Report /5

LAB #09Propagation modes, Cutoff Frequency and Wavelength in waveguide
LAB #08: Design YAGI-UDA Antenna

Objective:
 To become familiar with the Yagi-Uda Antenna and to acquire knowledge about
this its structure and how it functions.
 To compare the effects of the number of element to the radiation pattern

characteristics using the Ansoft HFSS.
Pre Lab:
The Yagi-Uda antenna or Yagi Antenna is one of the most brilliant antenna designs. It is simple
to construct and has a high gain, typically greater than 10 dB. The Yagi-Uda antennas typically
operate in the HF to UHF bands (about 3 MHz to 3 GHz), although their bandwidth is typically
small, on the order of a few percent of the center frequency. You are probably familiar with this
antenna, as they sit on top of roofs everywhere.
An element longer than λ/2 behind the active element will act as a reflector, which reflects the
approaching waves in the major lobe toward the dipole. Conversely, a shorter element in front of
the active element will act as a director, which concentrates the received waves in the major lobe
and reradiates toward the dipole. The directivity of the antenna system is greater with an
increased number of parasitic elements, particularly the directors. Practically, there is a limit
beyond which very little gain is obtained by the addition of more directors. The length of the
directors (0.30λ−0.45λ) and the spacing between them (0.30λ−0.4λ) must be properly selected to
optimize the front-to-back ratio of the antenna.
The length and spacing of the reflector do affect the forward gain but have large effects on the
backward gain (F/B ratio) and input impedance (Zin). Thus they can be used to control or
optimize antenna parameters. The driven element is typically a λ/2 dipole or folded dipole and is
the only member of the structure that is directly excited -electrically connected to the feedline.
All the other elements are considered parasitic. The feeder length and radius has small effects on
the forward gain but a large effect on the backward gain and input impedance. Its geometry is
usually chosen to control the input impedance that most commonly is made real (resonant
element). The length and spacing of the directors have large effects on the forward gain,
backward gain ratio and input impedance. They are considered to be the most critical elements of
the array.

1. Dipole
Two conductors of length » l /4
One connected to signal, the other to ground
The only driven element in the system, no electrical connection to directors or reflector
2. Directors
Lengths smaller than dipole, continuously decreasing
Excited by the field of the dipole
Make antenna directional
3. Reflector
Larger than dipole
Prevents antenna from sending backwards

Task -1:
 DESIGN PROCESS OF 3-ELEMENT YAGI-UDA ANTENNA
The dimensions of the elements are frequency dependent. Here the general rules for length are
Reflector length = 0.495*wavelength
Dipole length = 0.473*wavelength
Director length = 0.440*wavelength
Getting right length is the part of tuning, spacing between the elements is the other part.
Reflector to Dipole spacing = 0.125*Wavelength
Dipole to Director spacing = 0.125*Wavelength
1. Create Geometry of Yagi Antenna
Fig: Yagi-Uda Antenna

2. Create Lumped Port Excitations
Fig (3): Lumped Port Excitation

3. Create Air
Create the Air Box and assign Radiation Boundary and Radiation Setup.

o Sweep Type: Fast.
Start: 0.5 GHz

Stop: 1.0 GHz
Count: 201
5. Analyze
 Create Far Field Radiation Pattern
 Create 3-D Polar Plot


 Change the Radius and Length of poles using parametric Analysis and plot:
 What you observes please write in conclusion Section
In Lab Task-2:
Design 4-Element Yagi-Uda antenna for f = 800MHz and make a comparison of Gain &
Radiation Pattern.
Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /30
Viva /5
Report /5

LAB #09: Propagation modes, Cutoff Frequency

andWavelength in waveguide
Objective:
 Learn the theory of waveguide.
 Using HFSS, simulate an air-filled WR-90 waveguide
 Experiment the propagation characteristics of microwave in free space as
well as in waveguide.
Pre Lab
In electromagnetic and communications engineering, the term waveguide may refer to any linear
structure that conveys electromagnetic waves between its endpoints. However, the original and
most common meaning is a hollow metal pipe used to carry radio waves. This type of waveguide
is used as a transmission line mostly at microwave frequencies, for such purposes as connecting
microwave transmitters and receivers to their antennas, in equipment such as microwave ovens,
radar sets, satellite communications, and microwave radio links.
1. Propagation Modes
An electromagnetic field can propagate along a waveguide in various ways. Two common modes
are known are:
 Transverse-magnetic (TM) -the magnetic lines of flux are perpendicular to the axis of
the waveguide
 Transverse-electric (TE) - the electric lines of flux are perpendicular to the axis of the
waveguide
The mode with the lowest cutoff frequency is called the fundamental mode or dominant mode.
For a hollow rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode is TE10.
Metal waveguides cannot support the TEM ('transverse electric and magnetic' - when Ez and Hz
are zero) mode. There exists no solution to Maxwell's equations that also satisfy the required
boundary conditions for this mode to occur.

2. Cutoff Frequency
First and possibly most importantly, this waveguide has a cutoff frequency𝑓𝑐 . The cutoff
frequency is the frequency at which all lower frequencies are attenuated by the waveguide, and
above the cutoff frequency all higher frequencies propagate within the waveguide. The cutoff
frequency defines the high-pass filter characteristic of the waveguide: above this frequency, the
waveguide passes power, below this frequency the waveguide attenuates or blocks power.
The cutoff frequency depends on the shape and size of the cross section of the waveguide. The
larger the waveguide is, the lower the cutoff frequency for that waveguide is. The formula for the
cutoff frequency of a rectangular cross sectioned waveguide is given by:
Every mode that can exist within the waveguide has its own cutoff frequency. That is, for a given
mode to propagate, the operating frequency must be above the cutoff frequency for that mode.
The cutoff frequency for the TEmn mode is given by:
To give an example of the cutoff frequencies of various modes, let's consider a standard x-band
waveguide, with dimensions of a=0.9" (22.86 mm) and b=0.4" (10.16 mm). Assuming the
waveguide is filled with air (or a vacuum), then the cutoff frequencies for various modes are
given in the following table:
Cutoff Frequency for TEmn Modes in an X-band Rectangular Waveguide
Mode Cutoff
TE10 6.56 GHz
TE20 13.1 GHz
TE01 14.8 GHz
TE11 16.2 GHz
TE30 19.7 GHz
TE21 19.8 GHz
TE02 29.5 GHz

Q1-Consider a length of air-filled copper X-band waveguide, with dimensions a=22.86mm,

b=10.16mm. Find the cut-off frequencies of the first four propagating modes.

Task-1:
 Using HFSS, simulate an air-filled WR-90 waveguide
Fig: X-Band waveguide
1. Draw a Hallow Box (Wave Guide)

Select material: Air
Draw a box named: Air

2. Draw a metallic Body

Select material: Copper
Draw a box named: Metal
3. Draw a Radiation Box

Select material: Air
Draw a box named: Radiation

4. Make a Hallow waveguide

Select Metal and Air Subtract Metal from Air
Fig: Metallic Waveguide
5. Draw a Box inside the Metallic Body

Select material: Vacuum
Draw a box named: Air1

6. Assign Radiation to Radial Box
7. Create Wave Port Excitations

Assign wave_port Excitation to both faces of Air1
Select modes: 4
Fig: Wave Port Excitation

 Solution Frequency: 15 GHz
o Sweep Type: Fast.
Start: 4 GHz
Stop: 20 GHz
Count: 402
9. Reports

 Create Rectangular Plot (Category: gamma)

400.00
m1 6.5935 0.0295 Curve Info
m2 13.0973 0.0413 im(Gamma(p1:1))
m3 14.7731 0.0608 Setup1 : Sw eep
350.00 im(Gamma(p1:2))
m4 16.1297 0.5808
Setup1 : Sw eep
im(Gamma(p1:3))
300.00 Setup1 : Sw eep
im(Gamma(p1:4))
Setup1 : Sw eep
250.00
Y1
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
m1 m2 m3 m4
0.00
4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
Freq [GHz]
 Plot Field E vector_E plot
 Plot Field H vector_H plot

Lab Assessment

Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /30
Viva /5
Report /5

LAB #10Q Factor and Bandwidth of a Resonance Cavity
LAB # 10: Q Factor and Bandwidth of a Resonance

Cavity
OBJECTIVE
 Learn the theory of Resonance cavity.
 Using HFSS, simulate an air-filled Resonance cavity
 Experiment the relationship between Q factor and bandwidth.
 Learn how to measure the Q factor of a resonance cavity.
Note:Lab-9 is the pre-requisite of this Lab.
Pre Lab
A cavity resonator is a hollow closed conductor such as a metal box or a cavity within a metal
block, containing electromagnetic waves (radio waves) reflecting back and forth between the
cavity's walls. When a source of radio waves at one of the cavity's resonant frequencies is
applied, the oppositely-moving waves form standing waves, and the cavity stores
electromagnetic energy.
Since the cavity's lowest resonant frequency, the fundamental frequency, is that at which the
width of the cavity is equal to a half-wavelength (λ/2), cavity resonators are only used at
microwave frequencies and above, where wavelengths are short enough that the cavity is
conveniently small in size.
Due to the low resistance of their conductive walls, cavity resonators have very high Q factors;
that is their bandwidth, the range of frequencies around the resonant frequency at which they will
resonate, is very narrow. Thus they can act as narrow bandpass filters. Cavity resonators are
widely used as the frequency determining element in microwave oscillators. Their resonant
frequency can be tuned by moving one of the walls of the cavity in or out, changing its size.
1. Theory of operation
Most resonant cavities are made from closed sections of waveguide or high-permittivity
dielectric material. Electric and magnetic energy is stored in the cavity and the only losses are
due to finite conductivity of cavity walls and dielectric losses of material filling the cavity. Every
cavity has numerous resonant frequencies that correspond to electromagnetic field modes
satisfying necessary boundary conditions on the walls of the cavity. It follows that cavity length
must be an integer multiple of half-wavelength at resonance. Q factor of a resonant cavity can be
calculated using cavity perturbation theory and expressions for stored electric and magnetic
energy.
The electromagnetic fields in the cavity are excited via external coupling. An external power
source is usually coupled to the cavity by a small aperture, a small wire probe or a loop. External
coupling structure has an effect on cavity performance and needs to be considered in the overall
analysis.

2. Resonant Frequency of waveguide cavity

Design of rectangular SIW cavity is shown in figure. The resonant frequency of rectangular SIW
cavity can be found by using conventional formulas for metallic waveguide cavity. The resonant
frequency for TE101 mode of rectangular SIW cavity is defined as:
2 2
𝑐 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓101 = √( ) +( )
2𝜋√𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
3. Q Factor of Resonant cavity

The Q factor (quality factor) of a resonator is a measure of the strength of the damping of its
oscillations, or for the relative linewidth. The term was originally developed for electronic
circuits, e.g. LC circuits, and for microwave cavities.
 ( f r ) TE  0 abd (a 2  d 2 )
(Q) TE101  101
Rs [2b(a  d 3 )  ad (a 2  d 2 )]
3
 ( f r ) TE  0
Rs  101
c
4. Relation between Q factor and Bandwidth

BW = f2 – f1
Q = f0 / BW

In Lab Task-1:
Using HFSS, simulate an air-filled Resonance cavity
1. Create Geometry X-Band waveguide for TE10 modewith circular

aperture & rectangular aperture coupling
Fig: Resonant Cavity with circular aperture coupling
2. Create Wave Port Excitations
Fig: Wave Port Excitation


o Sweep Type: Fast.
Start: 8 GHz
Stop: 12 GHz
Count: 401
4. Create Modal S-Parameter Plot – Magnitude

Create report (Modal S-Parameter Plot - Magnitude) of the Model.
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1
0.00
Curve Info
dB(S(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep
-2.50
-5.00
-7.50
dB(S(1,1))
-10.00
-12.50
-15.00
-17.50
-20.00
-22.50
8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00
Freq [GHz]
 Plot Field E vector_E plot
 Plot Field H vector_H plot
5. Parametric analysis
 Use the Parametric analysis for changing the length of the cavity and observe the
results. Please write your abservation in Conculsion Section.

Task – 2:Create Geometry X-Band waveguide for TE10 mode with rectangular
aperture coupling
Fig: Resonant Cavity with rectangular aperture coupling

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /30
Viva /5
Report /5

LAB #11Circular Patch Antenna
LAB # 11: Design Circular Patch Antenna in

Objective:
To Create, Simulate, and Analyze the Circular Patch Antenna using the Ansoft HFSS.
Pre Lab:
1. Circular Patch Antenna

A circular patch antenna is a type of radio antenna having circular patch. It consists of a circular
sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal called a ground plane. The
radiation at the edges causes the antenna to act slightly larger electrically than its physical
dimensions, so in order for the antenna to be resonant, a length of Microstrip transmission line
slightly shorter than one-half a wavelength at the frequency is used.
Fig (1): Circular Patch Antenna

Lab Task
Task-1:Design a Circular patch antenna for f=2.5 GHz
Fig (1): Circular Patch Antenna.

Units: mm
Substrate Material: Rogers RT/duriod 5880(tm)
1. Create Substrate
• Draw a box with
Name: sub
X: -50 dX: 100
Y: -45 dY: 90
Z: 0.0 dZ: 3.2
 Assign Any Color to sub

2. Create Patch
Name: patch

X: 0 dX: 22
Y: 0 dY: 0.0
Z: 3.2 dZ: 0.0
 Assign Any color

o To Assign the Perfect E Boundary HFSS  Boundaries  Assign
PerfectE
o Name: PerfE_patch
o Click OK
3. Create Ground
Name: Ground

X: 50 dX: -100
Y: -45 dY: 90
Z: 0 dZ: 0.0

Name: PerfE_Ground
4. Create Circle 1
Name: circle_1

X: -5 dX: 1.6
Y: 0.0 dY: 0
Z: 0.0 dZ: 0
 SelectGroundandcircle_1and perform Subtract operation.

Material: Vacuum
Name: Cylinder_1

X: -5 dX: 1.6 dX: 0.0
Y: 0.0 dY: 0 dY: 0.0
Z: 0.0 dZ: 0 dZ: -5
Material: pec
Name: Cylinder_2

X: -5 dX: 0.7 dX: 0.0
Y: 0.0 dY: 0 dY: 0.0
Z: 0.0 dZ: 0 dZ: -5
Name: Cylinder_3

X: -5 dX: 0.7 dX: 0.0
Y: 0.0 dY: 0 dY: 0.0
Z: 0.0 dZ: 0 dZ: 3.2
8. Create Circle 2
Name: wave_port

X: -5 dX: 1.6
Y: 0.0 dY: 0
Z: -5 dZ: 0


 Select wave_port> assign wave port and Excite it.
10. Create Air

 Create the Air of shape Box. Also create the Radiation Boundary and Radiation
Setup.
 Set Material: air
 Draw a Box with
 Name: Air

X: 50 dX: -100
Y: -45 dY: 90
Z: 0.0 dZ: 40
10.1 Create a Radiation Setup

 Select the menu itemHFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite
Sphere
 Far Field Radiation Sphere Setup dialog
o Phi:
Start: 0
Stop: 360
Step Size: 10
o Theta:
Start: -180
Stop: 180
Step Size: 2


have created.
o Sweep Type: Fast.

o Frequency Setup Type: Linear Step.
Start: 1.5 GHz

Stop: 3.5 GHz
Step Size: 0.001 GHz
12. Create Reports
o Create Modal S-Parameter Plot – Magnitude
o Create 2D Radiation Pattern
o Create 3D polar far field plot
13. Parametric Analysis
o Use parametric Analysis for the Radius for circular Patch and
observe the results

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /30
Viva /5
Report /5

LAB #12 Introduction to Microwave Trainer ED-3000 & Estimate the Wavelength, Q factor and Phase
velocity in Waveguide
LAB # 12: Introduction to Microwave Trainer ED-3000 &

Estimate the Wavelength, Q factor and Phase velocity in
Waveguide
1. Introduction
1-1 The model ED-3000

The microwave trainer ED-3000 1s developed to provide with the users a comprehensive way of
understanding the basic properties of microwave frequencies and also the easiest way of
performing a number of microwave experiments using the popular X-band frequencies (8.5-12.4
GHz).
The microwave radio communications network plays very important roll nowadays in our daily
life. For example, high quality long distance telephone calls, sometime via communications
satellites, are made possible using microwave telecommunications systems.
The superior characteristics of a microwave system comes from the fact that the microwave
frequencies have highly directional propagation properties which are similar to those of light.
Also, the high degree of noise immunity of the microwave frequencies in the atmosphere makes
the microwave communication the top choice in the long distance communications.
The ED-3000, a very effective learning tool on the properties of microwave frequencies, offers a
variety of experiments centered around the fol lowing key components involved in the
microwave frequency oscillation, transmission through antenna, and reception at the receiver.

1-2 Basic components
1. Gunn Oscillator 10. Hybrid Tee
2. Slide Screw Tuner 11. Wave to Coax Adapter
3. Slotted Line 12. Power Supply
4. PIN Modulator 13. Wave – Guide (2EA)
5. Crystal Detector 14. Reflector with Stand
6. Frequency Meter 15. Coaxial Cable with Connector
7. Variable Attenuator 16. Directional Coupler
8. Fixed Attenuator 17. Horn Antenna (2EA)
9. Terminator 18. 1kHz Square Wave Generator
+ Optional components available
1. Power Meter with Thermocouple 2. SWR Meter

2. Technical descriptions of components used in ED-3000
2.1 Gunn oscillator

A Gunn oscillator, named after Gunn
who discovered the Gunn effect 1n
1963, generates microwave
frequencies when a Gunn diode,
which is loosely coupled to a cavity,
is connected to an 8-10V DC power
source.
Fig:Gunn oscillator
The power output of the Gunn oscillator ranges from 5 to 20 mill watts, depending upon the
supply voltage, and other parameters of the oscillator. It is recommended that output frequency
of X-Band of this manual's experiment procedures should be fixed 10GHz.
2.2 PIN-diode Modulator

A PIN-diode modulator utilizes the property of a
PIN diode which 1s placed across a waveguide. If
the PI -diode is reverse biased, the insertion loss of
the diode is so small that it does not affect the
energy flow inside the waveguide. However, when
the reverse bias is removed, either fully or
partially, the diode begins to control the energy
flow, thus creating an amplitude or pulse
modulation effect. Fig:PIN-diode Modulator
Impedance matching is required to obtain the maximum power output. Leaving the diode
unbiased could be destructive to the diode when there is a signal flow in the system.

2.3 Frequency Meter

The basic working principle of the frequency meter
in ED-3000 comes from the high Q resonant
characteristic of the resonant cavity which is
attached to a waveguide. The microwave signal in
the waveguide is coupled to the resonant cavity
through a small slot between the cavity and the
waveguide. The effectivesize of the cavity, and thus
the resonant frequency of the cavity, is variable by
moving in and out an adjustable plunger which has Fig: Frequency Meter
a calibrated dial knob assembly.
When the resonant frequency of the cavity is equal to the frequency of the waveguide, there is a
maximum energy transfers from the waveguide to the cavity. This condition is indicated by a
large power drop on the power meter which is connected to the waveguide. The actual frequency
is obtained by reading the calibrated dial.
2.4 Thermocouple power meter (optional)

A high quality thermocouple (high frequency materials for the thermojunctions with low error
rate) can convert the microwave energy to a readily measurable DC voltage. The DC voltage can
be easily amplified then fed to a meter. The meter indication is calibrated.
Fig:Thermocouple Head Fig:Connection Cable Fig:Power Meter

2.5 Variable attenuator.

A variable attenuator provides an attenuation by
varying the degree of insertion of a matched resistive
strip into a waveguide. The variable attenuator is used
to control a power level, or to isolate a source from a
load.
Fig:Variable Attenuator
2.6 Fixed attenuator
The purpose of the fixed attenuator used in ED-3000 is
to provide a fixed attenuation of 20dB. The attenuation
is obtained by insertion of a straight portion of a
standard waveguide.
Fig:FixedAttenuator
2.7 Directional coupler
The directional coupler, which allows directional
coupling of energy in thewaveguide is basically a
sampling device of the microwave signal. A
directional coupler is consisted of two waveguides
combined together and coupler by holes at the
joining sect ion of the two. Fig:Directional Coupler
Directional couplers are very popular in microwave system where measurements of incident and
reflected power are needed to determine the Standing Wave Ratio or SIVR. The directivity,

which is a figure of merit of a directional coupler, is a measure of how well the power can be
coupled 1n the desired direction in the neighboring waveguide. Usually, one end of the
neighboring waveguide contains a matched load which absorbs the energy headed towards
undesired direction. Thedirectional coupler used in ED-3000 has a coupling factor of l0dB
(±3dB) and a directivity of 40dB.
2.8Slotted Line
In measuring the standing waves inside a
waveguide, a slotted line isused to probe the
amplitude and the phase of the standing wave
pattern. Obtaining the standing wave pattern
information allows us to determine the
wavelength, standing wave ratio and the
impedance of the transmission line. As the name
implicates, a slotted line has a slot along the

Fig:Slotted Line
center line of the broad side of the wall.
An assembly, consisting of a probe and a crystal detector, is designed to slide along the open slot
and as it does, the probe sample the field in the waveguide, while the crystal detector provides a
rectified signal. The depth of the probe into the waveguide is adjustable and the strength of the
detected signal is proportional to the depth. The user should be aware of an optimized depth in
use of a slotted line since too shallow depth would make the detected signal too weak and too
deep depth would substantially reduce the main signal power in the waveguide and may even
cause field distortion.
2.9 Slide Screw Tuner

The primary use of the slide screw tuner is to match
loads, detectors, or antennas to the waveguide. The
mechanical structure of a slide screw tuner consists of
a probe mounted on a carriage which slides along a
narrow and long slot on the feeding waveguide. When
the adjusting micrometer is turned, the depth of the
Fig:Slide Screw Tuner

probe varies. The combination of the depth and the

position of the probe causes reflection in the
waveguide at a specific amplitude and phase.
Relation between probe's depth and micrometer’s scale.[unit:mm]
Micrometer 3 7 9
Scale 5
Probe 7 5 3 0
Depth
2.10 Crystal detector

The crystal detector is located inside the waveguide walls
which is joined to a coaxial connector. The crystal
detector is basically a diode assembly which responds to
the electromagnetic field inside the waveguide. The diode
assembly is consisted of a small thin piece of silicon, a
thin tungsten wire and a case. One side of the silicon is
directly connected to the case and the other side is
connected to the tip of the tungsten wire.
Fig:Crystal Detector
The diode act ion is due to the different properties of silicon and tungsten; silicon has few
surplus electrons but there are many free electrons intungsten. Therefore, when a voltage is
applied across the diode in such a direction as to force electrons to leave silicon and enter
tungsten, a very small current results. In contrast, when the direction of the voltage is reversed, a
large current flows from tungsten into silicon. This is now the diode can be used for detect ion of
microwave energy. The diode is a fragile device; it can be easily damaged from an excessive
voltage. The characteristic of a crystal detector (or the relationship between the output voltage
and current to the input voltage) is such that the device follows a " square law " within a certain
range of input power. The square law characteristic means the output voltage is proportional to
the square of the input voltage. It can also be said that the output voltage is directly proportional
to the input power.
2.11 Matched terminator

The matched terminator is essentially a matched load to a

microwave transmission line. As the standing waves occur
due to impedance mismatches in the system, the matched
terminator is used to minimize the SWR in a system.
Fig:Matched Terminator
2.12 Coaxial adapter

Provides a match between a waveguide and a 50ohm coaxial
line. The power flow can be in either direction. However,
SWR in the adapter should be kept less than 1.2.
Fig:Coaxial adapter
2.13 Magi-Tee (or Hybrid-Tee).

A Magic-Tee is a four port device which is basically a
microwave version of a hybrid coil of the type commonly
used in telephone repeater circuits. It has the properties that,
when properly terminated in external impedances, power
incident on any arm splits equally between the two adjacent
arms, but there is no power coupled to the opposite arm. The
Magic-Tee is an essential device in balanced mixers.
automatic frequency control circuits andimpedance
Fig:Magic-Tee
measurement circuits.
2.14 Reflecting sheet

A mean of reflecting electromagnetic waves in free space when
measuring the wavelength of a signal
2.15 shorting plate.

When measuring the wavelength inside of a waveguide, a
shorting plate is used to create a short (zero impedance) at the Fig:Reflecting sheet
open end of a waveguide.

2.16 Waveguide straight section.

A 6-inch straight section of waveguide used in measurements of
the wavelength and the phase velocity inside a waveguide.
Fig:Waveguidestraight section
Task -1
Measurement of Free space and Guide wavelength
1. Experiment Procedure
Set up equipment as shown in figure below:
Frequency Measurement
1- Apply voltage to Gunn oscillator. Also apply 1 KHz, 2V p-p square wave to PIN modulator.
2- Adjust the variable attenuator to 10dB. Set the SWR meter such that the meter indicates
approximately the middle of scale.
3- Adjust the frequency of square wave generator so that the SWR indication is maximized.
4- Turn the frequency meter until there is a significant drop on the SWR indicator. Record the
frequency. De-tune the frequency meter.
Measurement of Free space and Guide wavelength
1- When the reflecting sheet is moved toward the open end of waveguide, with the reflecting
sheetoriented to the waveguide with the right angle, then the standing wave pattern should vary

due to reflections from the plate. This variance of the standing wave is detected by the probe in
the slotted line. Find the two adjacent positions where the two detected values are minimum. The
distance between these two points corresponds to half wavelength in free space. Record the
distance in Table - 1.
2- Cover the output of the slotted line with the shorting plate. Vary the slotted line and locate a
position where the detected output voltage is minimum. From that point, find another adjacent
point where a minimum is detected again. The distance between two points is the half of the
guide wavelength. Record the value in Table - 1.
Table 1: Record the values according to step 1 & 2
Frequency
Measured λ
Measured λg
Calculated λ
Calculated λg

Task – 2
Q factor Measurement
1. Q Factor of Resonant cavity
The Q factor (quality factor) of a resonator is a measure of the strength of the damping of its
oscillations, or for the relative line width. The term was originally developed for electronic
circuits, e.g. LC circuits, and for microwave cavities.
1.2 Relation between Q factor and Bandwidth
BW = f2 – f1
Q = f0 / BW

Experiment Procedure
Set up equipment as shown in figure below.
Q-factor Measurement
1- Apply voltage to Gunn oscillator. Set the range switch of power meter to x1mW.
2- Adjust the variable attenuator for maximum meter deflection. Refer this value as Po.
3- Adjust the frequency of square wave generator so that the SWR indication is maximized.

4- Turn the frequency meter slowly and find the power and frequency reading when the power
meter reading is minimized. Call these values 𝑃𝐵 for power and 𝑓0 for frequency.
5- Slowly rotate the frequency meter, find two frequencies (𝑓1 and𝑓2 ) where the power reading
is equal to ΔP/2.
Table- 2:
𝑓0
𝑓1
𝑓2

Lab Assessment
Pre Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /30
Viva /5
Report /5

Lab Manual: Antenna and Radio Wave Propagation EEE463

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Lab Manual: Antenna and Radio Wave Propagation EEE463

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

EEE463 Antenna and Wave Propagation

Antenna and Radio wave Propagation

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 1

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 2

Date of Issue Team Comments

January 26, Mr. LaeeqRiaz (Member) Parameterization and Optimization techniques

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 3

 Be calm and relaxed, while working in lab.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 4

LAB #01: Introduction to HFSS 3D Modeling, Properties, Commands & Attributes

LAB # 03: Dipole Antennas & Parametric Analysis

LAB # 04: Design Horn Antennas in HFSS & Creates Reports

LAB #07: Design Array Antenna in HFSS & Creates Reports

LAB #08: Design YAGI-UDA Antenna HFSS & Creates Reports

LAB #09: Propagation modes, Cutoff Frequency and Wavelength in waveguide

LAB # 10: Q Factor and Bandwidth of a Resonance Cavity

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 5

LAB #01: Introduction to HFSS 3D Modeling, Tools & Commands

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 6

Fig (1):Ansoft HFSS window.

Fig (2):Ansoft HFSS Project Manager.

Fig (3):Ansoft HFSS Message Manager.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 7

Fig (4):Ansoft HFSS Property Window.

Fig (5):Ansoft HFSS Progress Window.

Fig (6):Ansoft HFSS 3D Modeler Window.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 8

Fig (7a, 7b):3D Modeler Design Tree.

Fig (8):Design Window.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 9

Fig (9):Ansoft HFSS Toolbars.

Fig (10):Ansoft HFSS Panels and Toolbars.

Opening a HFSS project

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 10

Fig (12):Opening a HFSS project.

Fig (13):Solution Type.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 11

Fig (14): HFSS 3D Modeler window.

Fig (15): HFSS Property window.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 12

Fig (16): Status Bar/Coordinate Entry.

Point 1: Defines the start point of the base rectangle

Fig (17): Creating a Box using Status Bar/Coordinate Entry.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 13

Fig (18): Grid.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 14

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 15

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 16

Fig (23):Attributes& Commands.

Note: Visibility is not an object property.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 17

Fig (25): Material Selection.

Fig (26):User Defined Project Material.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 18

Fig (27):Predefined View Angles.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 19

1.1 Excitation Types

 Recommended only for surfaces exposed to the background

Figure 1: (a) Wave port ExcitationFigure 2: (b) Lumped port Excitation

 Perfect E – Forces the electric field perpendicular to the surface

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 20

 Model complexity–Reduced by eliminating conductor loss