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Summary: The criteria for estimating the asymmetry of arc furnace circuit impedances, refer- Key words:
ring to the theory of symmetrical components, have been presented. In contrast to the criteria Arc furnaces
recommended as yet by IEC and CENELEC, they give homogeneous estimation of asymmetry of Current unbalance
circuit impedances, heating powers and unbalance of arc currents. Moreover they make it Impedance asymmetry
possible to take into account functional dependences among them and, consequently, to improve Power asymmetry
the analysis of unbalanced operation states of EAF, as well as their balancing.
Janusz BIA£EK, Andrzej W¥SOWSKI: Advantages of Changing 3-phase Arc Furnaces Asymmetry Estimation Criteria... '!
X j = X + WX cos α Xj treated as equivalent. However in the case of asymmetrical
(3)
circuit, the criteria proposed by the authors, apart from esti-
mation of circuit impedance asymmetry, make it possible to
The values of WX and aX can be calculated from the formulas
carry out a detailed analysis of current unbalance and he-
ating power asymmetry generated during furnace operation.
X B − XC
WX cosα X = X A − X , WX sinα X = (4a)
3
3. FUNDAMENTAL DEPENDENCES
Additionally, the differential coefficient of reactance asym-
metry kX =WX/X can also be introduced. Similarly, we have R, For the circuit presented in Figure 1 full circuit phase vol-
WR, kR, aR for circuit resistances and r, Wr, kr, and ar for tage in phase j equals:
heating resistances.
The mean value of supply circuit impedances can be defi-
ned from the obvious formula
(
U fj = I j Z j + r j = I j Z fj) (9)
jδ "f (11b)
D j@ = D" e jδ + Wr e − jα r
"
kZ = kZ e j@ = e (7a) D"f = D"f e
Z
One can generalize this proposition also in the case of we obtain the following two equations from (9):
phase sequence A,C,B (apart from A,B,C). Then some cor-
rections should be accepted: differential angle aX= aX U f 1 = I 1 Z f + 0 ,5I 2 D"f (12a)
instead of aX (for each phase aXj= aXj ), determined from
formulas:
0 = 0 ,5 I 1 D f + I 2 Z f (12b)
X B − XC
WX cosα X " = X A − X ; WX sinα X " = − (4b)
3 From equation (12b) we obtain the relation determining
current unbalance generated in the circuit:
(similarly aR= aR and ar= ar), and consequently:
ψ I2 jϕ
k i = ki e i = = −0,5(De jδ + Wr e jα r )/(Z f e f )
j
(13)
D = D" e jä" = WR e jα R " + jWX e jα X " (6b)
"
I1
P = I12 r[1 + ki2 + ki kr cos (yi ar)] (17) It seems that a convincing argument for the acceptance of
the proposed criteria for the estimation of supply circuit im-
It follows from the formulas above that operation with pedance asymmetry of 3-phase EAF is their connection, by
equal heating resistances will lead to generation of heating functional relations, with parameters defining current unba-
power asymmetry defined by differential modulus WP = lance and heating power and resistance asymmetry (if neces-
2I12rki or differential coefficient kP = 2ki/(1+ki2 ) and diffe- sary, also voltage unbalance or asymmetry of other conve-
rential angle aP = yi. Whereas operation with current balan- nient parameters), so they would be more useful indeed for
ce will be connected with heating power asymmetry defined arc furnace users, than the criteria currently recommended in
by WP = I12D or kP=D/r and aP = d +180o. International, European and National Standards.
Formulas (16), (17) and (13) make it possible also to deter- An additional argument is a possibility to extend these
mine operation conditions ensuring the symmetry of heating criteria on other 3-phase receivers and arrangements for
powers or, if necessary, their favourable asymmetry (e.g. to instance they make considerably easier the choice of trans-
decharge preheated phase A it is recommended to decrease formation ratios in each phase of a transformer supplying
power in this phase: PA<PB=PC, it corresponds to condition asymmetrical 3-phase receivers in order to decrease voltage
aP =180o). An iteration method [15,17], has been proposed unbalance in power supply systems (EMC problems) [16].
to solve this and similar problems.
6. LIST OF SYMBOLS
4. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED CRITERIA
The proposed method for the estimation of the asymme- a 120o turn operator
try of 3-phase circuit parameters is connected with the tradi- A, B, C phases of furnace
tional method of symmetrical components, in effect, they give D, D differential modulus of supply circuit phase
similar and compatible criteria for the evaluation of asymme- impedance asymmetry (phase sequence ABC
try of circuit impedances and heating powers and unbalance or ACB)
of arc currents (also asymmetry of other parameters if ne- Df, Df differential modulus of full circuit phase
eded). The need for this homogeneity is confirmed by asym- impedance asymmetry (phase sequence ABC
metry factors in the form analogical to formulas (1) and (2), or ACB)
recommended in various publications, concerning phase in- Ij current of any phase (j = A, B, C)
ductances [11], heating powers [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], RMS values I1, I2 positive and negative sequence components
of arc currents and voltages [6], and even the values of ne- of currents
twork voltages [12]. j quadrature operator
The essential advantage of the acceptance of the new criteria ki unbalance coefficient of currents
would be obtaining functional dependences among parameters kP differential coefficient of heating power asymmetry
defining circuit impedance, heating resistance and power asym- kr, kR, kX differential coefficient of heating resistance and
metry and current unbalance see formulas (16) and (13). In of supply circuit resistance and reactance
effect, the furnace user can quickly perform a preliminary analy- asymmetry
sis of furnace unbalanced operation states in a more simple and kz, kz differential coefficient of supply circuit impedance
clear way than it is possible using previous criteria. asymmetry (phase sequence ABC or ACB)
Janusz BIA£EK, Andrzej W¥SOWSKI: Advantages of Changing 3-phase Arc Furnaces Asymmetry Estimation Criteria... '#
Kas-z, Kas-x asymmetry factor of supply circuit 10. O b e n a u f N . - D .: Regelung für Drehstrom Lichtbogenoefen
bei die Lichtbogenspannungen und unsymmetrisch einstellbare
impedances and reactances Transformatorspannungen. Dissertation. T. U. Clausthal 1992.
Pj, P heating power in any phase j and their mean 11. S w i n d e n D . J . : The arc furnace. Monograph, The Electrici-
ty Council. London 1980.
value 12. T s a y M . T . , C h a n S . Y.: Improvement in system unba-
rj, r heating resistance in any phase j and their mean lance and loss reduction of distribution feeders using transfor-
value mer phase rearrangement and load diversity. Electrical Power
and Energy Systems. 25, 2003.
Rj, R supply circuit resistance in any phase j and 13. UIE: Guide to Quality of Electrical Supply for Industrial Instal-
their mean value lations. Part 4. Voltage Unbalance. Power Quality UIE Wor-
king Group. Edition 1998.
Ufj phase voltage of any phase j 14. W ¹ s o w s k i A . : Current and voltage unbalance balancing
Uf1, positive sequence component of phase operation of arc or arc-resistance furnaces. ETEP, 3, 1999.
voltages 15. W ¹ s o w s k i A .: Déséquilibre des courants assurant la répar-
tition désirable de la puissance aux arcs dans un four a arc UHP.
WP differential modulus of heating power IEEE Conference MONTECH86. Montréal 1986.
asymmetry 16. W ¹ s o w s k i A . : Choice of the phase transformation ratios of
a Yd11 transformer with the view of symmetrizing the load of a
Wr, WR, WX differential modulus of heating resistance and mains by a carbide furnace (in Polish). Przegl¹d Elektrotech-
of supply circuit resistance and reactance niczny. 8, 1995.
asymmetry 17. W ¹ s o w s k i A .: Possibilities of heating power increase of an
arc furnace at operation with a current unbalance (in Polish).
Xj, X supply circuit reactance of any phase j and Archiwum Elektrotechniki, 3/4, 1985.
their mean value 18. W ¹ s o w s k i A . , B e n g h a l e m K . , K r e k o r a H .: De-
creasing of unit power losses in EAF operating with current im-
Xmax, Xmin maximal and minimal value of supply circuit balance. 3rd European Electric Steel Congress. Bornemouth 1989.
reactances 19. W ¹ s o w s k i A . , B i a ³ e k J . : Advisability of changing the
criterion of assessment on a three-phase arc furnaces in Polish
Z mean value of supply circuit impedances Standard PN-93/E-06204 (IEC676(1980)). Przegl¹d Elektro-
Zfj, Zf impedances of full circuit in any phase j and techniczny, 4, 1999.
their mean value 20. W ¹ s o w s k i A . , B i a ³ e k J . , K ³ o d z i ñ s k i L . : Me-
thods of balancing of arc furnace operation. 2nd European Elec-
Zmax, Zmin maximal and minimal value of supply circuit tric Steel Congress. Florence 1986.
impedances 21. W ¹ s o w s k i A . , B i a ³ e k J . , N o w o c i e ñ A .:
Begründung eines Anderungsvorschlags für des Kriterium zur
aP differential angle of heating power asymmetry Beueurteilung des Asymmetrie von Lichtbogenöfen in den inter-
ar, aR, aX differential angle of heating resistance and nationalen Normempfehlungen. Elektrowärme International. B4,
of supply circuit resistance and reactance 1988.
22. W ¹ s o w s k i A . , T r i f i N . : Choice of phase transforma-
asymmetry tion ratios of a furnace transformer with the aid of formalized
d, d differential angle of supply circuit impedance Jablonskis method. Przegl¹d Elektrotechniczny, 4, 1994.
asymmetry (phase sequence ABC or ACB)
df, df differential angle of full circuit impedance Acknowledgement
asymmetry (phase sequence ABC or ACB) The authors would like to thank Mr. Eugeniusz Wilusz for
yi angle of phase shift between positive and revising the manuscript.
negative sequence components of currents
Dr Janusz Bia³ek (1947-2003)
_ , _* (under symbol) complex value, complex was senior assistant at the Faculty of Transport of
conjugate value. Politechnika Radomska in Radom/Poland. He rece-
ived his Doctors degree in Electrical Engineering
from Politechnika Warszawska in Warsaw in 1981.
7. REFERENCES His field of interest were balancing of arc furnace
operation, measurement of unbalanced and distor-
ted electrical sizes in 3 phase circuits, application of
1. B i a ³ e k J . : Method of heating power symmetrising in arc
furnace (in Polish). Thesis. Politechnika Warszawska. Warszawa computers for control of EAF operation. In the years 1987-88 he
1980. worked as Gast-Dozent at Technical University Clausthal-Zellerfeld
2. B i a ³ e k J . : Measurement of current and power asymmetries where, under the guidance of Professor K.- H. Bretthauer, he develo-
with the aid of a minicomputer. 3rd Conference Sources and ped and studied the model of 50-ton EAF. He was a member of the
Effects of Power Systems Disturbances. London 1982. Polish Committee on Electroheat. He died in Radom in May 2003.
3. B i a ³ e k J . , W ¹ s o w s k i A .: Some remarks on the method
of arc furnace asymmetry estimation in IEC Standard Recom-
mendations. Elektrowärme International. B5. 1984. Dr Andrzej W¹sowski (1935)
4. B r e t t h a u e r K . - H . , F a r s c h t s c h i A . A . : Symmetrie- is Professor at the Faculty of Transport of Poli-
rung der elektrischen Groessen von Lichtbogenoefen. Elekro- technika Radomska in Radom/Poland. He received
warme International. B5. 1976. Doctors degree in Electrical Engineering from Po-
5. H e r i n g M .: Fundamentals of Electroheat, part I (in Polish). litechnika Warszawska in Warsaw in 1965. His main
Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne. Warszawa 1992.
6. I g n a t o v I . I . , C h a i n s o n A . V .: Matematiceskoe mode- fields of interest are voltage flicker and unbalance
lirovanie elektriceskich rezimov dugovych staleplavilnych pecej, in power systems, estimation of arc power of EAF
Elektricestvo. 8, 1985. in real operation conditions as well as rationaliza-
7. K o w a l s k i Z . : Asymmetry in electric power systems (in Po- tion of the performance of arc furnaces taking into account their
lish). Pañstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warszawa 1987. asymmetry. He is a member of the Polish Committee of Electroheat,
8. K r u c z i n i n A . M . , S a w i c k i A .: Arc furnaces and ap- and member of the Electroheat Section of Electrotechnical Commit-
pliances (in Polish). Serie MONOGRAPHS No. 74. Wydawnic-
two Politechniki Czêstochowskiej. Czêstochowa 2000. tee in the Polish Academy of Science.(Politechnika Radomska, Wy-
9. K u r b i e l A . : Electroheat arc appliances (in Polish). Wydaw- dzia³ Transportu, ul. Malczewskiego 29, PL 26-600 Radom, tel.:
nictwa Naukowo-Techniczne, Warszawa 1988. +(4848)3617717, Fax: +(4848)3617075, E-mail: a.wasowski@pr.ra-
dom.pl).
'$ Electrical Power Quality and Utilization, Journal Vol. XI, No 1, 2005