MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

EIT-M
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STREAM OF COMMNICATION ENGINEERING
Semester Project on:
Modeling and Analysis of cell zooming and cell contraction in
heterogeneous cellular networks
Group Members Id

1. Fiseha Hagos 82251/07

2. Guesh Berhe 82377/07

3. Meles G/tsadkan 82780/07

4. Tadele Gebru 83191/07

5. Tesfay Hagos 83262/07

Supervised by: Wegahta K. (Msc)

Submission date: June/06/ 2018
 Declaration
We, the undersigned below declare that the work which is being presented in this paper entitle,
“Modeling & Analysis of Cell zooming and Cell contraction in Heterogeneous cellular
Network”. The requirements of the bachelor degree of engineering in electronics and
communication submitted to electronics and communication stream chair in school of electrical
and computer engineering, Mekelle University, is an authentic record of our own work carried
out under supervisor of Wegahta Kiros (Msc).

Submitted by

Name of Students Signature

Fiseha Hagos _________________

Guesh Berhe ___________________

Meles G/tsadkan ___________________

Tadele Gebru ___________________

Tesfay Hagos ___________________

Advisor name: Wegahta K (Msc) ___________________

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 Acknowledgement
First of all we would like to thank to our almighty GOD for enabling us to finish our project.
Without his support the work may not have seen the light of the day. Secondly we would like to
thank to our adviser instructor Wegahta Kiros for his help and guidance. Next we would like to
thank to our friends who support us by moral, giving Materials (Laptop) and they have been
beside us in all the time we want to work. At the last we want to pass our grateful
acknowledgement for our family who give us valuable assistance in moral and financial support.

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 Abstract
In the present day, mobile based data services have become increasingly popular among end
users & businesses. Thus are considered as one of the important issues in the telecommunication
network, because of its high demand. The most common used cellular network topologies are
macro cell, micro cell and heterogeneous network configurations. In heterogeneous networks,
small cells are overlaid in the macro coverage area with uniform density.

In general, the size and capacity of a cell are usually fixed based on the estimation of peak traffic
load done by network planners. However, traffic load in cellular networks can experience
significant spatial and temporal fluctuations due to user mobility. Cell zooming, which adjusts
the cell size according to traffic conditions, is a potential solution to this problem. Cell zooming
has the potential to balance the traffic load and reduce the energy consumption. In cell zooming,
the central cell can respectively “zoom in” or “zoom out” depending on the traffic loads. Cell
size can be adjusted by: Increasing or decreasing the transmit power when traffic load is
respectively low or high in the cell or physically adjusting the cell size by the mean of the
antenna height and tilts adjustment.

The main contribution of this project is Modeling and Analysis of cell zooming and cell
contraction in heterogeneous cellular networks.

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 Table of Contents
Declaration ..................................................................................................................................................... I
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ II
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ III
List of table .................................................................................................................................................. VI
List of figures ............................................................................................................................................... VI
List of Acronym .......................................................................................................................................... VII
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Literature review ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Statement problem .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.4.1 General objective ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.2 Specific objective ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Project out Line ................................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 5
CELL ZOOMING AND CELL CONTRACTION IN HETEROGENEOUS CELLULAR NETWORK ... 5
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Present Day Mobile Communication ........................................................................................... 6
2.2 Cellular Concept ................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2.1 Cellular System Architecture ....................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Cells .................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Frequency Reuse ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.5 homogeneous cellular networks .......................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Heterogeneous cellular network........................................................................................................ 10
2.6.1Macrocell .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.6.2 Small cell: .................................................................................................................................. 12
2.7 Types of small cells .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.7.1 Femtocell.................................................................................................................................... 14
2.7.2 Picocell....................................................................................................................................... 15
2.7.3 Microcell .................................................................................................................................... 16
2.8 Fundamentals of Cell Zooming......................................................................................................... 16
2.8.1 Cell zooming in homogeneous cellular network ........................................................................ 17
IV
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 18
SYSTEM MODEL...................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 18
3.2 Procedures Steps for Setting Simulation Parameters in Atoll ........................................................... 18
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 21
SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 21
4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 21
4.2 Simulation Results for the Generated sites ....................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 Coverage prediction by signal level ........................................................................................... 22
4.2.2 Coverage prediction by overlapping zone.................................................................................. 23
4.2.3 Coverage prediction by C/(I+N) ................................................................................................ 24
4.3 Results of cell zoom out configuration ............................................................................................. 25
4.3.1 Coverage prediction based on Signal level ................................................................................ 26
4.3.2 Coverage prediction based on overlapping zone ....................................................................... 27
4.3.3 Coverage prediction based on C/(I+N) ...................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................... 29
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ................................................................................................... 29
5.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 29
5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 29
Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 30

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 List of table
Table2.1Typical cell radii and TX power levels for each cell type. [6] ...................................................... 11

List of figures
Figure 2.1Cellular network with its basic system components. .................................................................... 5
Figure2.2 Method of locating co-channel cells in a cellular system. ............................................................ 6
Figure2.3: The basic radio transmission techniques: (a) simplex (b) half duplex and (c) full duplex. ...... 7
Figure2.4: Seven cell cluster [8] ................................................................................................................... 9
Figure2.5: Frequency re use technique of a cellular system [7] ................................................................... 9
Figure2.6: Frequency re-use technique of a cellular system [8] ................................................................. 10
Figure2.7: Heterogeneous Network utilizing mix of macro, micro. [8] ..................................................... 12
Figure2.8: General Overview of Femto- Cell [8] ....................................................................................... 13
Figure2.9: Typical Femtocell [4] ................................................................................................................ 14
Figure2.10: Typical Picocell [4] ................................................................................................................. 16
Figure2.11: cell zooming in homogeneous cellular network [6] ................................................................ 17
Figure2.12: zooming out of central cell in homogeneous cellular network [6] .......................................... 17
Figure2.13: zooming out of neighboring cell in homogeneous cellular network [6] .................................. 17
Figure3.1: digital map of selected area in atoll ........................................................................................... 19
Figure3.2: configuring the propagation model ........................................................................................... 19
Figure4.1 Area in zoom in configuration having 18 sites ........................................................................... 21
Figure4.2: Coverage prediction based on signal level for the generated sites ........................................... 22
Figure4.3 Histogram of prediction based on signal level for the zoom in configuration............................ 22
Figure4.4 zoom out configuration based on overlapping zone ................................................................... 23
Figure4.5 Histogram of overlapping zone for zoom in configuration ........................................................ 23
Figure 4.6 zoom in configuration based on C/(I+N) for ............................................................................. 24
Figure4.7 Histogram of C/(I+N) for zoom in configuration ....................................................................... 25
Figure4.8 the generated sites for the particular area of study in zoom out configuration ........................... 25
Figure4.9 zoom out configuration based on signal level ............................................................................ 26
Figure4.10 histogram of signal level for zoom out configuration .............................................................. 26
Figure 4.11 zoom out configuration based on overlapping zone ................................................................ 27
Figure4.12 histogram of overlapping zone for zoom out configuration ..................................................... 27
Figure 4.13 zoom out configuration based on C/(I+N) ............................................................................... 28
Figure4.14 histogram of C/(I+N) for zoom out configuration .................................................................... 28

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 List of Acronym
3GPP……………………….Third Generation Partnership Project
4G, 3G, 2G, 1G ……….…...Fourth, Third, Second and First Generation respectively
AM…………………………..Amplitude modulation.
BS…………………………..Base Station
CDMA …………………......Code Division Multiple Access
C/(I+N)……………..………Carrier to interference plus noise ratio.
CSFB …………………….....Circuit Switched Fall Back,
CSG ...……………………….Closed Subscriber Group
eNBs………………………….evolved Node base station
E-UTRAN…………………....Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
FDM………………………....Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDMA…………………….…Frequency Division Multiple Access
FFR …………………….……Fractional Frequency Reuse
FM……………………….….Frequency modulation.
GSM…....................................Global Systems for Mobile Communications
HeNBs…………………….…Home eNBs
HetNet………. ………….…..Heterogeneous Network
ICT ……………………….......Information communication technology
IEEE……………………….…Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
IMT…………………………...International Mobile Telecommunication
IMT-A………………………...International Mobile Telecommunication -Advanced
ITU…………………………...International Telecommunication Union
LOS…………………………..Line Of Sight
MIMO………………………...Multiple Input Multiple Output
MTSO ………………………...….Mobile Telephone Switching Office
NLOS………………………...Non Line Of Sight
OFDM……………………...…Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA……………..…….….Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
PDC ……………………..…... Personal Digital Cellular
PSTN……………………..…...Public switching telephone network
QoS ……………………..……Quality of Service

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SC-FDMA…………………...…Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
SINR…………………………....Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
SMS……………………………..Short Message Service
TDM…………………………….Time Division Multiplexing
TDMA ……………………...…. Time Division Multiple Access
UMTS…………………..……….Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

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I
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Network providers are doing their best to fulfill user requirements economical. The cell size in
a cellular network is said to be the area where mobile users can get the common control signals
and data signals transmitted from the base station. Cell size and capacity are generally static at the
phase of network planning, pertaining to the estimated value of peak traffic load. But, persuasive
spatial and temporal fluctuations are always there due to the mobile nature of users and
transmission of data in short sudden bursts. Usually for a cellular network in the urban at daytime
the traffic load is comparatively heavy in workplaces and light in housing areas and it is just the
conflicting during the task. If the network capacities are specified pertaining to the peak traffic
volume of every cells, load distribution will not be appropriate i.e., there are always some traffic
load imbalances. Specific cells are under lighter load and some are heavy loaded. Because of this
static cell deployments couldn‟t be an optimum solution as traffic loads experiences fluctuation.

The problem of traffic load fluctuations makes certain MUs incapable from getting service. For
example, traffic loads become high in some cells over the scheduled capacity, making some MUs
left without getting service from that particular BS. In the same instant neighboring cells are left
with lighter traffic load. Suitable load balancing schemes could be used to resolve this problem to
certain extend.

In the exponentially growing world energy consumption is becoming a vital issue, also usage of
energy sources are creating larger negative impact on the environment with global warming
because of the carbon emission. For example, a standard 3G base station to produce 40W of
output RF power requires 500W of input power, with 12,000 base stations it consumes more than
50GWh of input power every year in a network. The carbon foot print from the base stations is
also growing exponentially because of the diesel power generators that are used as backhaul for
electrical grids. This evidently indicates the biggest power issue that is concerning cellular
networks is the power consumed by base stations. This shows that “Green cellular network”
deployment needs a primary focus on power consumption reduction in base stations.
Green Communications has to facilitate the global environment and help the telecommunication
operators economically giving profitable and sustainable business. This is possible by finding a
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radio networking solution that could be energy-efficient and also resource-efficient without
compromising the quality of service. In order to achieve green communication by saving power in
base stations, green base stations have to be implemented. Some of solutions to green base
stations are switching off base stations periodically by some power saving protocols, and
improving the power amplifiers which is the maximum energy consumption part in base stations,
using renewable energy resources, networks elf-organizing techniques (SON), etc.
Cell zooming technique is realized by cell zooming in, to reduce the cell size while a cell is
congested and cover only users present in the smaller area. Hence releases itself from the
congestion while other users are provided coverage by cell zooming out the neighboring cells
avoiding coverage hole. When a cell is less congested it can also be switched off and the users in
the switched off cell‟s region is covered with cell zooming out the neighboring cells. This cell
zooming is done by relaying, or by altering the transmission power of BS, else with BS
cooperation.
1.2 Literature review
A lot of researches have been made on cell zooming and cell contraction. A.SELES MONIKA et
al, has presented a survey report on cell zooming for energy efficient in cellular network and
attained the result of reduction in energy consumption by base stations, but has a limitation of
Quality of Service (QoS) which results in coverage hole [1].
In [2 & 3], the author has done on the minimization of the power of the base station by cell
zooming technique, and got the result of 25% reduction in power consumption of the base station,
but has limitation in which the base stations are switched off, which reduces the quality of
service.
In[4 & 5], the author has presented on a technique called cell zooming to reduce energy
consumption at base stations in which base stations dynamically adjust their coverage radius and
hence their transmit powers based on user locations. He gets the result of reduction in the energy
consumption of base stations by up to 40% without compromising the quality of services (QOS)
for users compared to traditional static coverage area base stations.
In [6 & 7] the author has done about reduction in energy consumed by base stations by
introducing various algorithms and techniques, but has limitation in which it requires replacement
of existed planned network. In [8 & 9] the focused on green cellular networks, thus presents a

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number of appropriate challenges and solutions, maintaining coverage, enabling cooperation
between operators.
1.3 Statement problem
The increasing attention on LTE, together with the shift in mobile consumer habits from voice
calls only to IP-based data services such as web browsing, video streaming & conferencing and
social networking, are causing a growing interest in the performance of LTE networks.
Increasing number of base stations increases the power consumption. To reduce the power
consumption one possible solution would be to deploy homogeneous cellular network with cell
zooming principle. Cell zooming in homogeneous cellular network may also produce coverage
holes. When cells zoom in or zoom out, some areas in the network are possible with no coverage.
This can be overcome by cell zooming in heterogeneous cellular networks.
1.4 Objective
1.4.1 General objective
The general objective of this project is Modeling and Analysis of cell zooming and cell
contraction in heterogeneous cellular networks.
1.4.2 Specific objective
The specific objectives are:
 To model the network traffic, digital terrain model of the geographic structure,
clutter heights, clutter classes, population and environmental traffic of the specific
study area.
 To develop LTE Radio Network plan for the area considering coverage, capacity
and radio resource requirements.
 To investigate effect of cell zooming and cell contraction in heterogeneous cellular
networks.
1.5 Methodology
The methodologies to be used to achieve the objectives of the work include:
 Literature review
 Data collection
 Data analysis
 System modeling
 System analysis
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  Result and discussion
 Conclusion
1.6 Project out Line
In chapter one statement of problem, and literature review are identified, objective defined, and
methodology followed stated. In chapter two the theory part related to the specific topic is
reported. In chapter three system model and analysis is informed. In chapter four the result and
discussion are reported. In chapter five conclusion and future scope are explained.

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 CHAPTER 2
CELL ZOOMING AND CELL CONTRACTION IN
HETEROGENEOUS CELLULAR NETWORK
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the theoretical concepts related to the work will be presented. Specifically,
cellular system, cell, frequency re-use, homogeneous cellular network, cell zooming in
homogeneous cellular network, heterogeneous cellular network elements (types) are presented.

A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless
and the medium used to transmit data from the transmitter to the receiver is natural medium like
air and water. The network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one
fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. This base station provides the cell
with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data and others. A cell
might use a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide
guaranteed service quality within each cell. When joined together these cells provide radio
coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g.
mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and
telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are
moving through more than one cell during transmission. In the previous year‟s there was macro
cells only which are long in size, use high power and more frequency range but now a day there
are new type of cells which use small power and frequency range and they are called
heterogeneous cells. [3][4]

Figure 2.1Cellular network with its basic system components.

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The design aim of early mobile wireless communication systems was to get a huge coverage area
with a single, high-power transmitter and an antenna installed on a giant tower, transmitting a
data on a single frequency. Although this method accomplished a good coverage, but it also
means that it was practically not possible to reuse the same frequency all over the system, because
any effort to reuse the same frequency would result in interference. The cellular concept, which is
a system-level idea in which a single high-power transmitter is replaced with multiple low power
transmitters, and small segment of the service area is being covered by each transmitter. It is a
major breakthrough in order to solve the problems of limited user capacity and spectral
congestion so; cellular system provides high capacity with a limited frequency spectrum without
making any major technological changes. [1] This concept leads us to the implementation of
heterogeneous cellular network. Frequency reuse concept helps us to reuse the frequency which is
used in another cell by selecting proper distance from the cell to prevent co-channel interference.

The rule to determine the nearest co-channel

neighbor of a particular cell is
1. Move „i‟ cells along any chain of
hexagons
2. Then turn 60 degrees counter-
clockwise and
3. Move „j‟ cells.

Figure2.2 Method of locating co-channel cells in a cellular system.

When the phone in call progress is moving away from the area covered by one cell and entering
the area covered by another cell the call is transferred to the second cell in order to avoid call
termination when the phone gets outside the range of the first cell this process is called hand off.
In heterogeneous this process is performed by using umbrella concept which considers the macro
cell in the cell as MSC for the small cells in side it. [3]
2.1.1 Present Day Mobile Communication
Since the time of wireless telegraphy, radio communication has been used extensively. Our
society has been looking for acquiring mobility in communication since then. Initially the mobile

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communication was limited between one pair of users on single channel pair. The range of
mobility was defined by the Transmitter power, type of antenna used and the frequency of
operation. With the increase in the number of users, accommodating them within the limited
available frequency spectrum became a major problem. To resolve this problem, the concept of
cellular communication was evolved. The present day cellular communication uses a basic unit
called cell. Each cell consists of small hexagonal area with a base station located at the center of
the cell which communicates with the user. To accommodate multiple users Time Division
multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) and their hybrids are used. Numerous mobile radio standards have been
deployed at various places such as AMPS, PACS, GSM NTT, PHS and IS-95.

Figure2.3: The basic radio transmission techniques: (a) simplex (b) half duplex and (c) full
duplex.

2.2 Cellular Concept

Cellular telephone systems must accommodate a large number of users over a large geographic
area with limited frequency spectrum, i.e., with limited number of channels. If a single

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transmitter/ receiver is used With only a single base station, then sufficient amount of power may
not be present at a huge distance from the BS. For a large geographic coverage area, a high
powered transmitter therefore has to be used. But a high power radio transmitter causes harm to
environment. Mobile communication thus calls for replacing cell. These techniques of
substituting a single high powered transmitter by several low powered Transmitters to support
many users are the backbone of the cellular concept. The high power transmitters by low power
transmitters by dividing the coverage area into small segments, called cells. Each cell uses a
certain number of the available channels and a group of adjacent cells together use all the
available channels. Such a group is called cell. As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their
conversation are “hand off” between cells in order to maintain seamless service .channels
(frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in another cell some distance away.
2.2.1 Cellular System Architecture
Increases in demand & the poor quality of existing service led to mobile service providers to
research was to improve the quality of service & to support more users in their systems .in
modern cellular system, rural & urban regions are divided into areas according to specific
provisioning guidelines. Deployment parameters, such as cell splitting & cell sizes, are
determined by engineers experienced in cellular system architecture. [8]
2.3 Cells
A cell is the basic geographical unit of a cellular system. The term cellular comes from the
honeycomb shape of the areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base stations
transmitting over small geographical areas that area represented as hexagonal. Cell size varies
depending on the land scape. [8]
2.4 Frequency Reuse
Frequency reuse, or, frequency planning, is a technique of reusing frequencies and channels
within a communication system to improve capacity and spectral efficiency. Frequency reuse is
one of the fundamental concepts on which commercial wireless systems are based that involve
the partitioning of an RF radiating area into cells. The increased capacity in a commercial
wireless network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the fact that the
same radio frequency can be reused in a different area for a completely different transmission.
Frequency reuse in mobile cellular systems means that frequencies allocate to the service are

8
reused in a regular pattern of cells, each covered by one base station. Group of cells are called
clusters. No channel can reuse in cluster.

Figure2.4: Seven cell cluster [8]

2.5 homogeneous cellular networks

Homogeneous cellular network is a cellular network which has uniform (same) coverage area. i.e
each base stations with in the service area provide uniform coverage. In each cell the base stations
transmit common control signal and data signal to users, and the cell size is defined as the area in
which the mobile users receive control signal from base stations. However the cell size and
capacity are fixed due to peak traffic load estimation by network designers. [6]

Figure2.5: Frequency re use technique of a cellular system [7]

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 Figure2.6: Frequency re-use technique of a cellular system [8]

2.6 Heterogeneous cellular network

The word heterogeneous network is also used in wireless networks using different access
technologies. For example, a wireless network which provides a service through a wireless LAN
and is able to maintain the service when switching to a cellular network is called a wireless
heterogeneous network .a HetNet often indicates the use of multiple types of access nodes in a
wireless network. HetNet consists of multiple types of access nodes in wireless network such as
macro cell and small cells (i.e. micro cells, pico cells, and femto cells). Small cells are deployed
under laid of macro cell in order to improve spectral efficiency per unit area and per link. The
macrocell is responsible for providing the overall cellular network coverage. [5]

A Wide Area Network can use macrocells, picocells, and/or femtocells in order to offer wireless
coverage in an environment with a wide variety of wireless coverage zones, ranging from an open
outdoor environment to office buildings, homes, and underground areas. Mobile experts define a
HetNet as a network with complex interoperation between macrocell, small cell, and in some
cases Wi-Fi network elements used together to provide a mosaic of coverage, with handoff
capability between network elements. The idea of HetNets is that to deploy several smaller cells
under the coverage of macro cells to extend coverage or boost capacity in certain high-demand
areas. HetNets refers to multi-access network when different radio access standards are accessed
with the same UE (i.e., LTE with Wi-Fi), and can refer to hierarchical cell structures where
multiple cell classes with a same radio access standard is used (macro cells with Pico cells). [1]

The main idea behind a HetNet is to improve spectral efficiency per unit area with the
deployment of a diverse set of non-conventional, low-power nodes such as Pico BSs, femto BSs
and relays within the areas covered by the existing macro cellular infrastructure, over the same

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frequency spectrum. Heterogeneous networks, utilizing a diverse set of base stations, can be
deployed to improve spectral efficiency per unit area. Consider the heterogeneous cellular system
depicted in Figure 2. This cellular system consists of regular (planned) placement of macro base
stations that typically transmit at high power level (~5W - 40W), overlaid with several Pico base
stations, femto base stations and relay base stations, which transmit at substantially lower power
levels (~100mW - 2W) and are typically deployed in a relatively unplanned manner. Due to their
lower transmit power and smaller physical size, Pico/femto/ relay base stations can offer flexible
site acquisitions. Relay base stations offer additional flexibility in backhaul where wire line
backhaul is unavailable or not economical. [2]

Table2.1Typical cell radii and TX power levels for each cell type. [6]

2.6.1Macrocell
A macro cell is a cell in a mobile phone network that provides radio coverage served by a high
power cell site (tower, antenna or mast). Generally, macrocells provide coverage larger than
microcell. The antennas for macrocells are mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops and other
existing structures, at a height that provides a clear view over the surrounding buildings and
terrain. Macrocell base stations have power outputs of typically tens of watts. Macrocell
performance can be increased by increasing the efficiency of the transreciever. [1]

The term macro cell is used to describe the widest range of cell sizes. Macro cells are found in
rural areas or along highways. Over a smaller cell area, a microcell is used in a densely populated
urban area. Pico cells are used for areas smaller than microcells, such as a large office, a mall, or
train station. Currently the smallest area of coverage that can be implemented with a femto cell is
a home or small office.

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2.6.2 Small cell:
Small cells [1] are low-powered cellular radio access nodes that operate in licensed and
unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. They are "small"
compared to a mobile macro cell, partly because they have a shorter range and partly because
they typically handle fewer concurrent calls or sessions. They make best use of available
spectrum by re-using the same frequencies many times within a geographical area. Fewer new
macro cell sites are being built, with larger numbers of small cells recognized [2][3][4] as an
important method of increasing cellular network capacity, quality and resilience with a growing
focus using LTE Advanced.

Figure2.7: Heterogeneous Network utilizing mix of macro, micro. [8]

2.7 Types of small cells

Small cells may encompass femtocells, picocells, and microcells. Small-cell networks can also
be realized by means of distributed radio technology using centralized baseband units and remote
radio heads. Beam forming technology (focusing a radio signal on a very specific area) can
further enhance or focus small cell coverage. These approaches to small cells all feature central
management by mobile network Operators. Small cells provide a small radio footprint, which can
range from 10 meters within urban and in-building locations to 2 km for a rural location. Pico
cells and microcells can also have a range of a few hundred meters to a few kilometers, but they

12
differ from femtocells in that they do not always have self-organising and self-management
capabilities. Small cells are available for a wide range of air interfaces including GSM,
CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, W-CDMA, LTE and WiMax. In 3GPP terminology, a Home Node B
(HNB) is a 3G femtocells. A Home eNode B (HeNB) is an LTE femtocell. Wi-Fi is a small cell
but does not operate in licensed spectrum therefore cannot be managed as effectively as small
cells utilising licensed spectrum. The detail and best practice associated with the deployment of
small cells varies according to use case and radio technology employed. The most common form
of small cells are femtocells. They were initially designed for residential and small business use.
[6] With a short range and a limited number of channels. Femtocells with increased range and
capacity spawned a proliferation of terms: microcells, metro femtocells, public access femtocells,
enterprise femtocells, super femtos, Class 3 femto, greater femtos and microcells. The term
"small cells" is frequently used by analysts and the industry as an umbrella to describe the
different implementations of femtocells, and to clear up any confusion that femtocells are limited
to residential uses. Small cells are sometimes, incorrectly, also used to describe distributed-
antenna systems (DAS) which are not low-powered access nodes. Purpose, Small cells can be
used to provide in-building and outdoor wireless service. Mobile operators use them to extend
their service coverage and/or increase network capacity.

Figure2.8: General Overview of Femto- Cell [8]

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2.7.1 Femtocell
In telecommunications, a femtocell is a small, low-power cellular base station, typically designed
for use in a home or small business. A broader term which is more widespread in the industry is
small cell, with femtocell as a subset. It is also called femto AccessPoint (AP). It connects to the
service provider‟s network via broadband (such as DSL or cable); current designs typically
support four to eight simultaneously active mobile phones in a residential setting depending on
version number and femtocell hardware, and eight to sixteen mobile phones in enterprise settings.
A femtocell allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors or at the cell edge,
especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable. Although much attention is
focused on WCDMA, the concept is applicable to all standards, including GSM, CDMA2000,
TD-SCDMA, WiMAX and LTE solutions. Use of femtocells benefits both the mobile operator
and the consumer. For a mobile operator, the attractions of a femtocell are improvements to both
coverage, especially indoors, and capacity. Coverage is improved because femtocells can fill in
the gaps and eliminate loss of signal through buildings. Capacity is improved by a reduction in
the number of phones attempting to use the main network cells and by the off load of traffic
through the user's network (via the internet) to the operator's infrastructure. Instead of using the
operator's private network (microwave links, etc.), the internet is used. Because 3G networks
breathe, offloading to femtocells extends a networks physical coverage distance from each tower.

Figure2.9: Typical Femtocell [4]

14
2.7.2 Picocell
A picocell is a small cellular base station typically covering a small area, such as in-building
(offices, shopping malls, train stations, stock exchanges, etc.), or more recently in-aircraft. In
cellular networks, picocells are typically used to extend coverage to indoor areas where outdoor
signals do not reach well, or to add network capacity in areas with very dense phone usage, such
as train stations or stadiums. Pico cells provide coverage and capacity in areas difficult or
expensive to reach using the more traditional macro cell approach. In cellular wireless networks,
such as GSM, the picocell base station [2] is typically a low-cost, small (typically the size of a
ream of A4 paper), reasonably simple unit that connects to a base station controller (BSC).
Multiple picocell 'heads' connect to each BSC: the BSC performs radio resource management and
hand-over functions, and aggregates data to be passed to the mobile switching Centre (MSC) or
the gateway GPRS support node (GGSN).Connectivity between the picocell heads and the BSC
typically consists of in-building wiring. Although originally deployed systems (1990s) used
plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) links such as E1/T1 links, more recent systems use
Ethernet cabling. Aircraft use satellite links.[3]More recent work has developed the concept
towards a head unit containing not only a Pico cell, but also many of the functions of the BSC and
some of the MSC. This form of picocell is sometimes called an access point base station or
'enterprise femto cell'. In this case, the Unit contains all the capability required to connect directly
to the Internet, without the need for the BSC/MSC infrastructure. This is a potentially more cost-
effective approach. Pico cells offer many of the benefits of "small cells" (similar to femtocells) in
that they improve data throughput for mobile users and increase capacity in the mobile network.
In particular, the integration of Pico cells with macro cells through a heterogeneous network can
be useful in seamless hand-offs and increased mobile data capacity.[4]Pico cells are available for
most cellular technologies including GSM, CDMA, UMTS and LTE from manufacturers
including ip.access, ZTE, Huawei and Air walk. Typically the range of a microcell is less than
two kilometers wide, a picocell is 200 meters or less, and a femtocell is on the order of 10 meters.

15
 Figure2.10: Typical Picocell [4]
2.7.3 Microcell
A micro cell is a device in a cellular network that is linked to a tower and is used to enhance or
extend the signal strength in a certain small area, often a public place. Different mobile network
companies have different ranges of micro cells attached to the towers, and the range can be
controlled by varying the power supplied. A micro cell provides a small range of coverage for a
cellular network in public places such as airports, malls and other crowded places where more
people are connected to a single tower or within a single cell. As opposed to a macro cell, a micro
cell provides a small region of coverage with a strong signal strength for more devices to connect
or where service is poor or non-existent. The range of a micro cell is a few hundred meters, and it
is controlled by the tower by changing the voltage value. High density areas are served by placing
more cells in the region to optimize capacity.
2.8 Fundamentals of Cell Zooming
As traffic load in cellular network has temporal fluctuation due to mobility of users .for example,
in urban areas there is high traffic load at office centers ,and light load at residential at day time,
and the reverse is true at evening. Therefore there are some cells at light load and others in heavy
load. In this Case static cell deployment is not an optimal solution, because this has problem in
terms of QOS (quality of service, and power consumption). This problem can be overcome using
cell zooming concept. Cell zooming is to mean the cell has to dynamically adjust its coverage
area and transmitted power based on The traffic load fluctuation. Thus cell zooming has the
potential to balance traffic load and reduce energy consumption of the base stations. [6]

16
2.8.1 Cell zooming in homogeneous cellular network
Considering the following figure in which one cell is surrounded by four other cells in which
each cell is served by the rectangular shape base station having randomly distributed mobile user.
if a mobile user is moved to the central cell which congests it, the central cell has to zoom in to
reduce its congestion. When the central cell zooms in the other users within its previous coverage
area has to get service by the neighboring cells. Thus the neighboring cells have to zoom out. [6]

Figure2.11: cell zooming in homogeneous cellular network [6]

Also when mobile user moves from the central cell to the neighboring cell, and congests the
neighboring cell. It has to zoom in to reduce its congestion and the central cell has to zoom out to
avoid the coverage hole.

Figure2.12: zooming out of central cell in homogeneous cellular network [6]

But if the neighboring cells are designed to have a maximum capacity, in which they cannot zoom
in the central cell has choose to sleep to preserve energy consumption. In this case the
neighboring cells has to zoom out avoid coverage holes as shown in figure below.

Figure2.13: zooming out of neighboring cell in homogeneous cellular network [6]

17
 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM MODEL
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The cell planning tool requires digital map data as input. This digital map data contains
information about, the land usage, about the height of obstacles and it should also contain so
called vector data. In this Project, digital map of Mekelle city is taken as a planning area in the
Atoll simulation software. The general over flow of the project is shown in the figure below.

3.2 Procedures Steps for Setting Simulation Parameters in Atoll

In this section, LTE dimensioning inputs used in the development of methods and models for
LTE dimensioning using ATOLL tool has been discussed.
A. Create the Project
 Go to File New From a Document Template.
 In the Project Templates, Choose LTE.
B. Setup the Coordinate System and Units
This defines the coordinate system and units that will be used in this thesis. The steps include:
Go to document properties.
C. Geographical Data
The geographical data is a digital map includes information of main airport, main road, secondary
road, street, railway and water.
Different geographic data types play different roles in the ATOLL document:
Geographic data used in propagation calculation:
 Digital terrain model: describes the elevation of the ground over sea level
 Clutter classes: describes land cover or land use
 Clutter heights: describe the altitude of clutter over the digital terrain map with one
altitude defined per pixel.
Geographic data used in dimensioning:
 Traffic maps: contain information on capacity and service use per geographic area.

18
 Figure3.1: digital map of selected area in atoll

D. Enter the Clutter Height Information

Clutter height maps describe the altitude of clutter over the digital terrain map. ATOLL uses its
clutter height information for calculations using propagation models.
E. Setup the Propagation Model
In this thesis the cost231-hata model is used as propagation model. Configuration of the
propagation model is shown in Figure below.

Figure3.2: configuring the propagation model

19
F. Set up the frequency bands
The LTE frequency bandwidth is 20MHz with frequency 1800 MHz will be selected in band
number 3 because it satisfies the selected frequency. This frequency is used for GSM planning
too, distinguishing with frequency point.
K. Create the Sites
Sites in ATOLL are just geographic point on the map and do not contain details about the
antenna or transmitter. Once the coordinate of the site entered the Altitude i.e. geographic point
where the site will be located, will be automatically populated base on the digital terrain model.

20
 CHAPTER 4
SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this section the simulations of each configuration of cell zoom out, and cell zoom in is
investigated. We will also discuss their performance In terms of overlapping zones, coverage by
C/(I+N) level, and coverage by signal levels.

4.2 Simulation Results for the Generated sites

Figure4.1 Generated 18 sites of the computational zone

From Figure 4.1, we notice that it is the target area of study with 18 sites which are micro cells
before any prediction is made.

21
4.2.1 Coverage prediction by signal level

Figure4.2: Coverage prediction based on signal level for the generated sites

Figure4.3 Histogram of prediction based on signal level for the zoom in configuration
From figure 4.3 It is clear that above 90% of the target area is covered by best signal level.

22
4.2.2 Coverage prediction by overlapping zone
Once it is insured that the target area has best signal level, whether there is an area left uncovered
or not has to be checked. This overcomes using the concept of overlapping zone.

Figure4.4 zoom out configuration based on overlapping zone

Figure4.5 Histogram of overlapping zone for zoom in configuration

From Figure4.5 we observe that more than 60% of the target area is covered by at least two sites
(transmitters), and also the remaining around 40% is covered by at least one transmitter. This
insures that there is no area left without coverage during site deployment.

23
4.2.3 Coverage prediction by C/(I+N)
As the target area of study has best signal level and is ensured that no area is left uncovered, As
there are particular area covered by more than two transmitters the occurrence of interference is
guaranteed by the concept of C/(I+N).

Figure 4.6 zoom in configuration based on C/(I+N) for

24
 Figure4.7 Histogram of C/(I+N) for zoom in configuration

From figure 4.7 we notice that the C/(I+N) is greater than 17db for more than 98% of the target
area. C/(I+N) is the ratio of predicted signal level from the best server to that of predicted signal
level from other cells(interferences). If signal level is below noise level, no use full information
can be recovered, which is undesired, but from the analysis we observe that it is good.

4.3 Results of cell zoom out configuration

Figure4.8 the generated sites for the particular area of study in zoom out configuration

From Figure 4.8 we notice that this is the particular area of study with 8 sites which are 3 micro
and 5 macros. In the zoom in configuration there were 18 sites which are micro cells, in this zoom
out configuration the 15 micro cells are replaced by 5 macros. When we mean replacement of the

25
13 micros by 5 macros it is achieved by adding the transmitted power which results in an
increasing the coverage area.

4.3.1 Coverage prediction based on Signal level

Figure4.9 zoom out configuration based on signal level

31.2
28.8
26.4
24
21.6
19.2
16.8
14.4
12
9.6
7.2
4.8
2.4
0
-95

-90

-85

-80

-75

-70

-65

-60
-105

-100

Best Signal Level (dBm)

Figure4.10 histogram of signal level for zoom out configuration

From figure4.10 we notice that around 90% of the target area is getting best signal level. Even if
this percentage is the same to that‟s of obtained in zoom in configuration, but there is a difference
in percentage coverage for the different signal levels. For example the area having signal level in
the range of [-95;-90] is covered by 29.559% in zoom out configuration while 37.01 in zoom in
configuration.

26
4.3.2 Coverage prediction based on overlapping zone

Figure 4.11 zoom out configuration based on overlapping zone

78
72
66
60
54
48
42
36
30
24
18
12
6
0
1

Number of Servers

Figure4.12 histogram of overlapping zone for zoom out configuration

From figure 4.12 it is clear that 23% of the target area is covered by at least two transmitters, but
which is 60% in zoom in configuration. Even though we are guaranteed no area is left uncovered.

27
4.3.3 Coverage prediction based on C/(I+N)

Figure 4.13 zoom out configuration based on C/(I+N)

18.2
16.8
15.4
14
12.6
11.2
9.8
8.4
7
5.6
4.2
2.8
1.4
0
-20
-18
-16

-9.6
-7.6
-5.6
-3.2
-1.2
0.8
2.8
4.8
7.2
9.2

28
30
32
-13.6
-11.6

11.2
13.2
15.2
17.6
19.6
21.6
23.6
25.6

PUSCH & PUCCH C/(I+N) Level (UL) (dB)

Figure4.14 histogram of C/(I+N) for zoom out configuration

From Figure 4.14 it is clear that 11.427% of the target area has C/(I+N) in the range of [16;17],
while it is 38.079% in the zoom in configuration. Generally we investigate that there is a
decrement by taking samples in each performance characteristics.

28
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
5.1 Conclusions
In this project the effect of cell zooming and cell contraction in heterogeneous cellular networks
has been investigated by using Coverage prediction by signal level, overlapping zones and
C/(I+N) metrics. From the simulation results obtained, there is a difference in performance
between the two cases and can be observed that cell zoom out configuration under goes a
decrement in performance of the aforementioned metrics. This decrement is as expected because
some of the base stations are getting in switched off mode. Although there is a decrement in
performance, the standard requirement has been satisfied.

5.2 Recommendations
While doing this paper we review some papers and we try to understand the effect of cell zoom in
and cell contraction in heterogeneous cellular network performance which is a good idea for
resource optimization which is important in reducing power consumption by the base stations.

29
 Reference
[1] Ranjini Guruprasad et al, “Power Efficient Base station Operation through User Qos Aware
Adaptive RF Chain Switching Technique‟‟ IEEE Green Communications, 2015.
[2] Payal Santosh Gundawar et al,‟‟ Implementation of Cell Zooming Technique to Optimize The Base
station Power‟‟ International Journal Of Innovative Research In Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation
and Control Engineering, Vol.3, No.3, pp. 65-96. March 2015.
[3] S. Mclaughlin, et al“ Techniques For Improving Cellular Radio Base station Energy
Efficiency,” IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 10–17, 2011.
[4] Ayad Atiyah Abdulkafi,‟‟ Energy Efficiency Of Heterogeneous Cellular Networks, ’’ asian Network
For Scientific Information, 2012.
[5] Ramapriya Balasubramaniam,“ Cell Zooming Techniques for Power Efficient Base
Station Operatio” A Thesis Presented To The Faculty Of San Diego State University, 2012.
[6] A.SELES MONIKA et al,”A Survey Report on Cell Zooming for Energy Efficient in Cellular
Network” International Journal Of Engineering research & Technology Vol.3, December-2014.
[7] Andrea Goldsmith, ‟‟Wireless Communications‟‟ United States of America by Cambridge University
Press, New York.
[8] Theodore S.rappaport ‟‟Wireless Communications Principles and Practice‟‟ Second Edition.
[9] R.vijayasarathi et al‟‟A survey Report on Cell Zooming For an Energy Efficient Cellular Network,
’’International journal of Engineering Research and Technology, Vol.3, No12, 2014.
[10] Ashock Hatwarl et al,‟‟ Novel Approach for Energy Efficient In Green Cellular Network Using
Heterogeneous Networks,‟‟ Journal of Computer Engineering, pp.42-46, 2016.

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