Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system developments: Critical

review and findings
Aeidapu Mahesh n, Kanwarjit Singh Sandhu
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Renewable energy sources are certain to play a key role in the future energy generation due to the rapid
Received 18 September 2014 depletion of conventional sources of energy. The solar and wind energy are the major renewable energy
Received in revised form sources which have the potential to meet the energy crisis to some extent. However, such sources when
10 June 2015
explored independently are not completely reliable because of the unpredictable nature. Whereas their
Accepted 1 August 2015
use as hybrid energy systems seems to be more reliable and cost effective, due to the complementary
nature of these two resources. In this paper an attempt has been made to discuss a systematic review
Keywords: related to hybrid PV/wind energy systems with battery storage. The work as presented in the manuscript
Hybrid energy systems will help the researchers to explore such hybrid energy systems for further improvements in terms of
Size optimization
designing, analyzing and integrating such systems into the power network.
Wind
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Photovoltaic

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
2. Unit sizing of PV/wind HRES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136
2.1. Meteorological data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137
2.2. Load profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137
2.3. Modeling of photovoltaic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137
2.4. Modeling of wind energy system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137
2.5. Modeling of battery storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138
2.6. Constrains for optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138
2.7. Reliability analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138
2.8. Economic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
2.9. Optimization techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
3. Converter and controller design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141
4. Performance assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142
5. Software tools for hybrid systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143
6. Location specific studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143
7. Critical review and observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143
7.1. Review points and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143
7.2. Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144
8. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145

1. Introduction

Conventional fuel resources which are rapidly depleting day by

day do not seem to be capable to meet the future increasing load
n
Corresponding author.
demand. In addition to that the pollution caused by such resources
E-mail addresses: mahesh.aeidapu@gmail.com (A. Mahesh), is also alarming the environmental concerns. Thus, it necessitated
kjssandhu@rediffmail.com (K.S. Sandhu).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.008
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1136 A. Mahesh, K.S. Sandhu / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147
the search for the alternate energy sources in order to generate
more sustainable and non-pollutant energy. As far as the available
alternate energy sources are concerned the solar energy and wind
energy systems are widely used and the others include biomass,
geothermal, tidal and wave energy. Due to the nature of omnipre-
sence and ease of availability solar and wind energy systems are
considered as the most promising of all alternate energy systems
and use of solar and wind power has become very significant and
cost effective [1].
However, the common problem of solar and wind energy
systems the dependence on weather and climatic changes and
the unpredictable nature. Due to this nature, there is always a
mismatch between the generated energy and the load demand.
This will make the system less reliable and arises need for storage
or other source in the system.
But, the optimal mix of two or more sources can overcome the
drawbacks completely or partially due to the complementary
nature of these sources. This optimal mix of the resources emerges
as new field of study can be called as the hybrid energy system.
In general a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) can be
defined as an energy system, which consists of two or more
renewable sources, such that the power generated is more reliable
and cost effective. It can be connected to grid or work in isolation
and it may or may not have the storage capability or a conven-
tional source in it.
Typically the size of the HRES varies form few kW to hundreds
of kW depending on the load it is serving. The HRES, with the
capacity less than 5 kW can be treated as the small systems, this
kind of systems are generally used to serve the loads of a remotely
located home or a telecommunication relay systems. Then the
systems with the capacity more than 5 kW and less than 100 kW
can be treated as the medium systems, these are used to power
remotely located community which contains several homes and
other required amenities. The medium systems in most cases work
in stand-alone mode and sometimes may be connected to utility
grid, if it is nearby. The other type of the system, which is capable
to power a region, with the capability of more than 100 kW can be
called as the large system. These systems are generally connected
to grid, to enable the power exchange between the grid and the
system in case of surplus or deficiency. The HRES based on
different sizes can be summarized by using Table 1.
Table 1
Classification of the HRES based on size.
Type Size Typical load
Small Less than 5 kW Remote home or a telecommunication system
Medium 5 kW to 100 kW Remotely located community
Large More than 100 kW Regional loads
Fig. 1. Research areas for hybrid energy systems.
The major areas of research in the HRES according to the recent
trends can be classified into the categories of size optimization,
controller design, converter design and performance assessment
as shown in Fig. 1.
Presently there are few review articles [2–5] available in the
literature regarding the HRES. They have mainly concentrated on
the various optimal sizing methodologies, configurations and
control strategies used in the context of the HRES. But, there is a
need for an article which presents the comprehensive review of
the entire PV, wind energy systems which includes some of the
important areas in the HRES research like performance assessment
and converter design. This article is aimed at filling the gap by
incorporating these areas to present the reader with the complete
review of the various facets of research in the field of HRES.
For any hybrid system sizing of various systems is very much
necessary to ensure the reliability of the supply while keeping the
cost of the system low. The next section of this work includes the
various size optimization techniques which are available in the
literature and may be employed.
For the proper operation of system a controller is required and
converters play an important role in improving the power quality
by reducing the effect of harmonics. Different controllers and
converters for this purpose are discussed in Section 3.
Any system which is designed needs to be assessed for
checking the proper functioning. As the sources are not predict-
able the system should work in the environment for which it may
not be prepared to. Numerous assessment methods available in
the literature are given in Section 4.
Various software packages available for analyzing the hybrid
energy systems from cost, reliability and design aspects have been
presented in Section 5 and a brief overview of various locations
where, these studies have been carried out is given in Section 6.
Later in Section 7, the critical review points and observations of
the following review have been presented with the concluding
remarks.
2. Unit sizing of PV/wind HRES
A hybrid PV/wind system consists of a wind energy system,
solar energy system, controllers, battery and an inverter for either
connecting to the load or to integrate the system with a utility grid
as shown in Fig. 2. Here, the solar and wind sources are the main
energy sources, and the battery gets charged when the generated
power is in surplus. And when the power demand is more than the
actual generation the battery discharges and provides support for
meeting the load demand. The performance of hybrid systems is
mainly dependent on the performance of its individual compo-
nents. For analyzing the system performance these components
need to be modeled individually. The accuracy of individual
component’s model decides the accuracy of the entire system.
 A. Mahesh, K.S. Sandhu / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147
Fig. 2. PV/wind hybrid system representation.
Along with the models of the components, an understanding of
local weather patterns and load patterns are very much important
in optimal sizing of hybrid system.
2.1. Meteorological data
The climatic conditions play a major role as the entire power
generation is dependent on this. For every different location the
weather conditions will be different. So, for a feasibility study or
for optimal sizing of the hybrid systems, weather data is a very
important tool for analyzing the climatic conditions thoroughly
before setting up a plant. Such data is mostly available at the local
meteorological stations, for some potential sites the space research
agencies like national aeronautics and space administration
(NASA) have made the data available through the web resources.
The solar radiation, ambient temperature and the wind speed are
the relevant parameters required for such study. As per the
literature the data is collected for an interval of 2 years to 30
years in various articles for getting a clear understanding of the
patterns at that particular site. In some areas the data might not be
available for entire required duration of study; in this case the data
can be generated by using statistical methodologies [6]. If the data
is available for a nearby location, then it can be extrapolated for a
particular site by making necessary adjustments [7]. The data
which is generated synthetically generally saves time and can be
easily used in simulations. The analysis of the data for several
years is a cumbersome task and more error prone. There are few
techniques which are employed for simplifying this job. Arabali
et al. [8] have used fuzzy C-Means to group the days with similar
patterns of solar irradiance, wind speed and load data. Celik [9]
has divided the total year into three groups namely: wind-biased
months, solar-biased months and even month. The concept of
typical metrological year (TMY) the year which represents the best
characteristics of the weather patterns of the selected region has
been used in [10,11]. A typical day of the month also found based
on hourly average power generated is presented in [12]. Based on
only the data patterns and also mismatch in energy concept Heide
et al. [13], have found the share of solar and wind energy for
hundred percent renewable Europe.
2.2. Load profile
In addition to the weather data profiles, the local electrical load
profiles are also required to find whether the generated energy is
matching the load demand. The hourly average load demand is
required for the purpose of this study, which is generally available
1137
at local load dispatch centers. In case it is not available it can also
be generated synthetically. Pillai et al. [14] have attempted a
method for generating the load profiles and weather data patterns
synthetically by using ANN. Arabali et al. [8], proposed a method in
which, the hourly load variation was modeled by using a Gaussian
distribution with specific lower and upper limits. The statistical
methods are also widely used for the prediction of the residential
energy consumption. Few authors [15–17] have used liner, non-
linear and multiple linear regression analysis for the prediction of
the residential energy consumption.
2.3. Modeling of photovoltaic system
Systematic literature review reveals that a lot of research has
been carried out in modeling of photovoltaic systems. Overstrae-
ten and Mertens [18] have introduced an equivalent model of a
solar cell, which was considered as the basis for any advanced
study. Zhou et al. [19] presented a simulation model based on the
I–V curves of a solar cell. There are various mathematical models
available for simplifying the analysis. Xu et al. [20] have consid-
ered a simple model of a solar cell with one useful approximation
that they have considered is the effect of tilt angle at the time of
calculation of solar radiation itself. This has reduced the complex-
ity of the system model while maintaining its accuracy. Arabali
et al. [8] have taken the PV output as a function of sky clearness
index. Mohammed Alsayed et al. [21] have used a model in terms
of open circuit voltage and short circuit current to find out the
power output of solar models. Wang and Yang [22] used HDKR
model which considers the effect of diffused, scattered, reflected
and incident radiation on an inclined surface to estimate the
power output of PV panels. Diaf et al. [23] found out that the solar
generator efficiency can be calculated in terms of overall heat loss
coefficient as stated in [24,25]. To estimate the diffused solar
radiation on any tilted surface Perez model [26] has been used by
Yang et al. [1]. This model offers the reduced brightness coeffi-
cients to estimate the radiation on the surface.
2.4. Modeling of wind energy system
Mathematical modeling of wind energy system includes the
dynamics of wind turbine and the model of wind generator.
Different wind turbines have different power curves as per the
available literature there are several assumptions regarding the
power curves: some authors [27–30] have considered the power
curve to be linear, quadratic and cubic form, and some consider it
as a piece wise linear function with few nodes. Diaf et al. [23]
1138 A. Mahesh, K.S. Sandhu / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147
considered the model based on the data provided by the manu-
facturers the wind power is estimated through interpolation and
the approximation used is a cubic spline interpolation. A wind
turbine model is based on Weibull distribution was presented in
[8], [22]. Mohammed Alsayed et al. [21] modeled the wind system
based on wind speed distribution later on using the standard
model. Abbes et al. [31] considered a wind turbine model interms
of rotor swept area. Giuseppe Marco Tina and Gagliano [32]
considered the power generated in a HRES is sum of power
generated by PV and wind power, and by an assumption of both
the powers are statistically independent the total power is
considered to be the convolution of both the powers. The limits
for the convolution are taken from [33]. The wind turbine curve
doesn’t actually represent the exact characteristics of the wind
turbine as they are modeled with the average wind speeds. But the
instantaneous wind speed variations can cause a considerable
effect on the performance of the wind turbine. Zamani and Riahy
[34] proposed a new methodology for calculating power of a wind
turbine by considering the effect of instantaneous wind speed
variations. They have introduced two factors namely energy
pattern factor (EPF) and turbine controllability (Ca) for modifying
the power curve to track the instantaneous changes in wind speed.
Based on the electric load, average wind speed and the wind
turbine power curve a methodology of modeling wind energy
system was presented in [35]. A detailed review of various
statistical, parametric and non-parametric and reference models
of predicting the wind and the power are presented in [36].
2.5. Modeling of battery storage
As the PV and wind systems are completely dependent on the
climatic conditions, which are intermittent in nature. This causes a
great deal of reliability concern. To improve the system reliability
and to store the excess energy batteries are much needed in any
HRES. To analyze the battery performance various models have
been developed by the researchers. The battery can be modeled in
the form of an equivalent circuit with components as the resis-
tances of internal components of the battery [37]. Some research-
ers have adopted Kinetic battery model (KiaNM) which gives the
amount of energy stored/released at each time step by the battery
[20,22]. In KiaNM modeling method the battery is modeled as a
two tank system one with readily available energy which can be
converted to dc output and the other is a bound energy which
cannot be converted instantly. Another empirical approach for
PV Wind
•Array capacity •Wind capacity
•Panel tilt angle •Area
•Area •Installation
•complementary height
characteristics •Complementary
characteristics
Fig. 3. Constraints for HRES optimization.
modeling the battery is by using the parameter called the state of
charge (SOC) of a battery [38], [23]. The battery can be modeled in
terms of instantaneous state of charge (SOC), which is a function of
SOC at the previous instant, self-discharge rate and efficiency of
battery while charging and discharging [39]. They have also
considered battery floating point voltage as a polynomial. The
coefficients are found using the least square fitting of the battery
performance data. In Zhou et al. [40] adopted a simple mathema-
tical model for a lead-acid battery to predict its SOC in a hybrid
system. The semi-empirical Shepherd Model of battery has been
adopted by Kaiser in [41]. This model gives the accuracy upto 2% in
case of stand-alone systems. Effect of the charge controller
performance and columbic efficiency on the off grid hybrid system
have been presented in [42]. An effective probabilistic modeling of
battery states to evaluate the system reliability in an effective
manner has been presented by Priyanka et al., in [43]. Different
models for the prediction of the lifetime of the lead-acid batteries
have been presented in [44,45], and a review of such methods has
been presented by Dufo-Lpez et al. in [46].
2.6. Constrains for optimization
For any optimization study, the constraints are always going to be
the key part in determining the optimal solution, as these are going to
define the boundaries for the search space. Each constraint included in
the problem specifies a parameter and there are several constraints
used for the optimal sizing of HRES by various researchers. Fig. 3
shows the info-graphic of the constraints used for different systems.
For the PV system, Number of PV panels or the installation capacity, PV
panel tilt angle and the area of PV installations are the main
constraints in many of the studies. As far as the wind systems are
concerned, the main constraints are the wind capacity, wind turbine
installation height and installation area. There are several constraints
associated with the battery in order to improve its life span, like depth
of discharge (DOD), SOC, number of charge/discharge cycles and
power. The environmental constraints include the emissions and
social acceptance. There are few grid integration factors also included
such as the fluctuations of power injected and cost of line extension.
2.7. Reliability analysis
Due to the unpredictable nature of the power produced by a PV
and wind energy system an analysis for the reliability plays a vital
role for a hybrid system design.
Battery Environmental Grid integration
•State of charge factors •flucuations of
•Depth of •Pollutant power injected
discharge emissions •Cost of line
•Charge/discharg •Social extension
e power and rate acceptability
•No. of cycles
 A. Mahesh, K.S. Sandhu / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147
There are various methods for carrying out the reliability
analysis; the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) is one of
the widely used methodologies for this purpose. LPSP can be
defined as the probability that loss of power supply occurs [26].
Which means the combined hybrid system is unable to supply the
power to the load. The mathematical form of the LPSP is given by
eq. 1.
PTn  
time if P supplied o P demand
LPSP ¼ n ¼ 1 ð1Þ
Th
There are numerous publications [1,10,12,20,22,23,31,38-
,58,59,62,69] available, in which they have incorporated LPSP for
the reliability analysis. The loss of load probability (LOLP) is also
another important parameter for the study [48,57,64,65,70]. It can
be defined as the probability that the system load demand has
exceeded the system capacity. There are other methodologies for
the analysis of the system reliability, such as loss of load risk
(LOLR) [52], deficiency in power supply probability (DPSP) [56]
and expected energy not supplied (EENS) [31,71]. The system
autonomy level [11] is also considered as a reliability index in
some of the optimization studies.
2.8. Economic analysis
The system cost analysis also plays an important role in
analyzing a hybrid system. There are several ways of performing
system cost analysis; Levelised cost of energy (LCE), sometimes
referred to as Levelised unit electricity cost, can be defined as, the
ratio of total annualized system cost to the annualized energy
generated by the system, given by
C A_total
LCE ¼
Etotal
Several authors, [1,2,20,23,38,56,58,59,64] have used LCE for
the cost analysis. Another important parameter used by the
researchers is the annualized life cycle cost as presented in
[72,73], given by
ALCC ¼ CRFnLCC
where LCC is the life cycle cost, which is the total cost of
equipment purchase and maintenance over its useful life by
considering the influence of cost increment on the annual main-
tenance and running costs and CRF is called as the capital recovery
factor given by,
dð1 þdÞt
CRF ¼   ð4Þ
ð1 þdÞt  1
where d is the discount rate and t is the life time of the project.
The next parameter used most by the researchers is the net
present value (NPV) [64]. It can be defined as, the total present
value of all the time series cash flows, which include, the system
initial cost, replacement cost of spare parts and the maintenance
cost. The NPV compares the present value of money to the present
value of money in the future, so that the inflation is taken care of.
According to [74], the NPV can be defined as
"  1=q #q
P
NPV ¼ 1þ  1 1 ð5Þ
A
where q ¼ log ½1 þð1=NÞ= log 2, P is the payment amount, A is the
initial cost and N is the number of payments.
2.9. Optimization techniques
The size optimization is one of the key areas of the hybrid
energy system, to provide a balance between the system cost and
the reliability. The survey indicates that there are various methods
1139
adopted for achieving the optimal configuration of the systems
such as, iterative techniques, graphical methods, stochastic
approaches and artificial intelligent techniques.
Various studies [12,20,47,56], have reportedly used the iterative
techniques. An iterative technique to find out the deficiency of power
supply probability (DPSP) and LCE for reliability analysis and cost
analysis has been used by Kaabeche et al. [56]. The algorithm
developed allows calculating excess energy, which can be used to
create hydrogen by using an electolyzer for the long-term storage.
Another iterative technique was presented by Kellogg et al. [47] to
optimize the hybrid system, with the constraints being; wind turbine
size and number of PV modules required to minimize the objective
function, which is the difference between power generated and
power demanded. Several combinations of the PV and wind sizes
are obtained and the combination with the less overall system cost is
chosen to be the best system. In addition to these they have also
analyzed whether a line extension or a new installation of hybrid
system is going to be more cost effective. To find out the optimum
mix of renewable system components another iterative technique has
been used by Borowy and Salameh [12]. Another iterative approach
has been used by Diafa et al. [58], the main objective of this study is to
optimize the system for the given load pattern, for the sites which are
located near the Corsica islands. In this study the wind power output
has been fed through the uninterruptable power supply, due to which
the wind energy generated cannot be sent to the load directly.
A simple graphical method has been presented by Markvart [49]
to identify the optimal mix of the PV and wind generation. The least
squares method is used to find number of PV panels and wind
turbines required to achieve an optimal solution is presented in [50].
By using the local weather data a suitable hybrid system comprising
PV and wind energy resources was suggested in [51]. Simulated
ð2Þ annealing has been used to optimize the total system cost [65].
ARENA 12.0 software was used to fit the available meteorological data
to the PDFs. Various combinations of the possible hybrid energy
systems, have been listed in the order of the net present value for
electrifying a remotely located community in Ethiopia by Bekele and
Palm in [61]. An optimization method to optimize the hybrid energy
ð3Þ system with wind rotor swept area, solar panel area and battery bank
size as the constraints was presented in [64], along with this a break-
even analysis has been performed to analyze whether a line extension
from an available utility grid or a new hybrid system is cost effective.
Diafa et al. [59] presented a comparative study between two
system configurations for the sites located in Corsica islands. Yang
et al. [1] have optimized the system based on 1 day, half day and
3 days storage battery banks to find out the optimum solution.
While sizing the hybrid system components it is a common
practice to consider the worst month scenario [57] in order to
make system more reliable. But, this practice has been found to be
less cost effective and considerable oversizing has been done. This
scenario was addressed by a new method of incorporating a third
energy source; the system has become more cost-effective [66]. An
analysis of choosing between a hybrid and a single PV or a single
wind system has been carried out by Celik [9]. The analysis is
carried out by using two ratios namely; energy to load ratio (ELR)
and battery to load ratio (BLR) and they have found the hybrid
system to be more cost effective. A convolution approach to
combine the solar and wind model is presented by Karaki et al.
[75], and also in order to access the EENS a methodology to
combine hybrid model to load model was presented.
Artificial intelligent techniques are extensively used in optimiz-
ing the hybrid renewable systems. The genetic Algorithm (GA) is
the most preferred algorithm among the other methodologies
[8,20,21,31,53,54,60,62]. The main advantage of the GA is the
algorithm execution technique doesn’t depend on the error sur-
face, which makes it more suitable for the multi-criteria optimiza-
tions. Xu et al. [20] proposed a method, in which size optimization
1140 A. Mahesh, K.S. Sandhu / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147

Table 2
A Summary of recent optimal sizing studies.

Ref. Parameters Main objectives Method Stand- Description

optimized alone/grid
connected

[79] PV, wind and battery Cost, renewable energy GA SA The optimization has been done using genetic algorithm, according
capacity and diesel penetration, pollutant to different modes of operation of the system described in the work
generator emission
[80] PV, wind and battery Cost and reliability Iterative method SA A new software tool has been presented in this work to optimize the
capacity PV, wind and battery system techno-economically
[81] PV, wind and battery Cost and reliability Iterative method SA New optimization strategy has been proposed based on critical
capacity period LPSP, so that the loss of power supply can be made uniform
throughout the year
[82] PV and wind capacity Reliability Analytical method GC A MATLAB based program has been developed to analyze the effect
of available water resources on the sizing of PV and wind hybrid
systems
[83] PV and wind capacity Total energy deficit, total Iterative method SA The combinations PV/wind/DG/battery and PV/wind/battery are
net present cost and compared and the optimality between the battery storage and DG
energy cost set has been found out in terms of cost and pollutant emissions
[84] PV, wind and battery NPC, Cost of Energy and HOMER based SA A pre-feasibility study has been carried out for a remotely located
capacity reliability island using HOMER software and sensitivity analysis has been
performed on load variations and renewable sources
[85] Battery energy storage Total system cost Improved bat algorithm GC An efficient algorithm has been proposed for optimizing the size of
BESS and also for efficient energy management in the micro-grid
[86] PV, wind and Fuel cell Total system cost PSO, Taboo search, SA Performance of various algorithms for optimizing the size of PV,
harmony search and wind, FC systems has been analyzed in this work
Simulated Annealing
[87] PV, wind and battery 20-year system cost GA SA Optimal combination of PV, wind and battery has been found using a
new approach called Differential flatness approach.
[88] Battery energy storage Total system cost Enhanced gravitational GC Efficient utilization of BESS have been achieved through the EGSA. A
system (BESS) search algorithm (EGSA) rainflow method has been used to relate the increase in cost to
battery life expectancy
[89] PV, wind and fuel cell Cost and LPSP Artificial bee swarm SA The system has been optimized using ABSA, to find out the better
algorithm combination between PV/wind/FC and WT/FC at different levels of
LPSP
[90] PV, wind battery and Cost and LPSP Iterative method SA A MATLAB code has been developed for optimizing the PV, wind and
DG battery system. The results have been compared with the HOMER
results. Effect of adding DG on the LPSP and cost has been presented
[91] PV, wind Total cost Ant colony optimization SA A strategy based on ACO for continuous domains (ACOR) and LP has
(ACO) based linear been proposed. The total cost for various combinations like solar
programming alone, wind alone and both combined together have been presented
[92] PV, wind and battery Cost and reliability Sequential Monte Carlo SA The uncertainties in load and sources have been modeled using auto
simulation(SMCS) regressive moving average (ARMA) model and optimization model is
developed using SMCS. The effect of load shifting on the
performance of the system has been investigated
[93] Battery storage Minimizing the battery Electricity system cascade SA A new optimization strategy has been developed by using ESCA
storage analysis
[94] PV, wind Cost of energy and LPSP Iterative method SA A combination of PV, wind and a pumped hydro system has been
investigated
[95] PV, wind and battery Cost and EENS Non-dominated sorting GC The optimal allocation of PV, wind and energy storage in the micro
genetic algorithm II grid using NDSAII have been presented
(NDSA II)
[96] PV, wind, battery and Reliability, social factors PSO SA An analytical model has been developed to identify the optimal
DG and cost resource mix for the particular location. Various storage criterions
have been analyzed for proper sizing
[97] PV, wind Minimize the energy loss Modified Big bang-big GC Optimal size and placement of PV and wind generation in the
crunch distribution network have been found using the models of stochastic
dependence between PV and wind
[98] PV, wind, battery and Cost and emissions Improved fruit fly SA A multi-objective optimization problem has been formulated and
DG algorithm (IFFA) solved using IFFA
[99] PV, wind and battery System cost Biogeographic based SA Instead of using the past data patterns the solar irradiation and wind
algorithm (BBO) speed are forecasted using ANN. Then the system has been
optimized using BBO
[100] PV capacity, Wind Life cycle cost and PSO SA An optimization algorithm using PSO has been formulated and
rotor swept area, reliability different variants of PSO algorithms have been used and compared
battery capacity
[101] PV and wind Power loss, voltage Weighted aggregation GC Optimal placement of renewable sources in the distribution has
stability PSO been done through WAPSO to improve the distribution network
performance
[102] PV, wind and battery Cost and reliability iHOGA SA An assessment of the hybrid renewable power sources in Malaysia
has been performed and optimal sizing is performed for a location
using iHOGA software tool
[103] PV, wind and battery Capital annualized cost Iterative method SA A deterministic approach has been formulated to find the optimal
mix of the renewables. A break-even analysis has been performed
for wind only, PV only and PV/wind hybrid systems
[104] PV, wind and battery Cost and reliability A-Strong SA An efficient optimal sizing method using a meta-model based
algorithm has been developed to find the optimal mix
 A. Mahesh, K.S. Sandhu / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147
Table 2 (continued )
Ref. Parameters Main objectives Method
optimized
[105] PV, wind and battery Cost and reliability Non-dominated sorting
genetic algorithm II
(NDSA II)
is done using GA, taking the cost as the objective, extra objectives
included are the operating reserve capacity, battery discharge/
charge rate and cycles, as these parameters have a great impact on
the power supply reliability and the lifetime of the battery [76].
Arabali et al. [8] used a GA based optimization approach together
with a two-point method is used.
A novel optimization technique based on multi criteria decision
analysis (MCDA) to find out the optimal size by ranking the various
alternatives available is presented in [21]. This MCDA gives the
flexibility to add any extra constraint to see the effect of it in sizing
the system. In addition to the standard LPSP analysis they have
included parameters to include the effect of the complementary
characteristics of wind and solar, for grid connected system the
fluctuations of power injected into the grid and total cost of the
system. GA is applied to minimize the 20-year total system cost
with the constraint of zero load rejection [53]. Emphasis has been
given on different storage schemes based on the net present cost
for a solar/wind/diesel system by Khan et al. [54]. They have found
the wind/diesel/battery system was more cost effective, but if the
fuel cell cost was reduced by 15% then wind/fuel-cell system
become more cost effective. Yang et al. [62] have used GA with
the objective function, total cost of the system should be mini-
mum; the concept of a TMY is used to model the system. Abbes
et al. [31] have used two different optimization techniques for
achieving optimal configuration, non-linear SQP algorithm for
single objective optimization and genetic algorithm for multi-
objective optimization. A methodology to optimize the size of a
HRES for residential purpose has been presented by Senjyu et al.
[60].
The particle swarm optimization (PSO) was also used by some
researchers [22], [48]. Wang and Yang [22] used improved particle
swarm optimization method by taking the total cost of the system
as the objective function. They have included restart and distur-
bance to avoid the trap in the local maxima by including the taboo
list with the PSO. Without incorporating system uncertainties a
grid connected hybrid system is designed and by accounting for
equipment failures, energy sources whose output is time depen-
dent and stochastic generation/load variations have been analyzed
by an adequacy evaluation using PSO [48]. A fuzzy analytic
hierarchy process associated with benefits, opportunities, costs
and risks, to help select a suitable solar–wind power generation
project has been presented in [77]. A review of artificial neural
networks used for PV wind systems has been presented by
Karabacak et al. [78]. A summary of the most recent studies
related to the optimal sizing of HRES is presented in Table 2.
3. Converter and controller design
Such renewable resources of intermittent nature, if not monitored
properly may cause severe problems of power quality and stability.
For this purpose several supervisory controllers have been proposed
by the researchers. The first step in the control part is the maximum
power extraction, which is generally done by a dc–dc converter, and
then the power can be transmitted to the load or a grid by means of
proper circuitry.
1141
Stand- Description
alone/grid
connected
SA Different types of PV panes and wind turbines and batteries have
been considered and a multi-objective optimization has been carried
out
A controller has been proposed by Cheldid and Rahman [68], for a
hybrid system, which gives the state of the system such as unit cost,
unmet or spilled energies and state of all generating units and the
battery discharge or charge losses. A novel controller for the hybrid
system was designed by Valenciaga et al. [106], which use both
passivity and sliding mode control, with the objective of complement-
ing the wind system with the solar system. And a dynamic model for
the system was also developed in the rotor reference frame for the
purpose of designing the controller. An intelligent energy manage-
ment scheme using fuzzy logic has been proposed by Lagorse et al.
[107]. This controller was designed based on a multi-agent system
which considers the entire system as various small blocks working for
a global maximum. The advantage of this system is whenever there is
a change in the system it can be done very easily without any change
in the control strategy. A supervisory predictive control method for
optimal management and operation of hybrid system is proposed in
[108]. An optimal controller for efficient energy management for a
hybrid PV, wind and battery system has been proposed in [109]. The
control strategy and the hybrid system have been programmed in
MATLAB/Simulink environment for different load scenarios have
found to be working efficiently. An energy dispatch model based on
the Model Predictive control techniques for the management and
control of the energy flow in the PV/wind/battery/DG system have
been developed by Tazvinga et al. in [110]. An open loop and closed
loop models have been developed and the closed loop model is found
to be giving better results when the system is subjected to the
uncertainties and disturbances. A model predictive control based
energy management strategy for a HRES employing hydrogen and
battery storage has been presented in [111].
Daniel and Ammasaigounden [112] have proposed a scheme of
integrating the PV array with an induction generator through a simple
three-phase square wave inverter. And in addition to that a dynamic
mathematical model in synchronous reference frame has been
developed for the hybrid system. The disadvantage of this method
is it cannot perform any efficiency optimization because of inevitable
copper loss in the rotor of an induction machine. A supervisory
control system has been designed for the hybrid system comprising
solar and wind energy system with a battery bank as well as an ac
load has been given in [113]. The main objective of this control system
is to maintain the continuity of power and also maintaining the SOC
of batteries. A dc/dc converter has been used for the MPPT of PV
output and also another dc/dc converter was used for the maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) of wind power in combination to a 3-
phase bridge rectifier. Liu et al. [114] have Developed an efficient
hybrid system by incorporating a permanent magnet brushless
machine instead of an induction machine by improving the draw-
backs of the methodologies presented in [112,113]. The wind side
MPPT was performed by the flux control of the PM machine, and the
PV side MPPT was done by the duty cycle control of a single-ended
primary inductance converter (SEPIC). The system given by Kim et al.
[115], employs a three-phase space-vector PWM ac/dc converter to
achieve a maximum power output from the wind system by regulat-
ing the d-axis and q-axis currents.
The two individual converts for both PV and wind systems is bulky
and less cost-effective, due to the fact that the extra converter always
increases the system size and also it needs extra control mechanism
1142 A. Mahesh, K.S. Sandhu / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147
which will increase the cost. To avoid the use of two converters the
following works [116–119] have used the concept of multi-input
converter. A multi-input inverter for connecting the hybrid PV/Wind
system to the grid has been proposed by Chen et al. [116]. In this
topology the MPPT was used for both solar and wind systems and the
power can be delivered to grid independently or simultaneously. The
authors claim that as the even though solar insolation and wind
speed are variable this topology can accept wide range of voltage
variations. An effective way of integrating the PV and wind systems to
the grid has been presented in [117] by Rupesh and Aggarwal. This
method uses a single rotor side converter to integrate the power of
both PV and wind power into the grid. The proposed scheme also
prevents the circulating currents during the sub synchronous speed of
operation of wind turbine. Also the converters utilization has been
improved due to the complementary nature of PV and wind sources.
A semi-isolated multi-input converter for a stand-alone PV/wind
hybrid system for the battery charging application has been presented
in [120]. This converter can support the MPPT of both PV and wind
systems and also it can operate well even though the voltage
difference between PV and wind output is large due to the semi-
isolated nature. A multi-input dc–dc buck boost converter using the
sliding mode control strategy has been presented in [119]. This will
reduce the cost of an extra converter and controller.
Another configuration of a stand-alone hybrid system has been
given by Lin et al. [121], in which Artificial Neural Network has been
used for the MPPT for both wind as well as PV sides. A radial base
function network (RBFN) was used to extract maximum power form
the solar side and an Elman neural network was used for wind side.
The superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) was used as an
energy storage medium for a hybrid system in [122]. As the SMES
have the characteristics of high energy density and the very quick
response it can be used to improve the dynamic security of the
distribution system under abnormal conditions by maintaining the
levels of current or the reactive power fluctuations. A spiral spring as
the auxiliary energy generating system has been used in [118]. For
smoothing the power fluctuations in the hybrid system battery
energy storage station (BESS) is a necessary requirement. The analysis
by incorporating such station to the hybrid system is presented by Li
et al. [123]. The control strategy for the smoothing of the fluctuations
was also proposed and the results are also verified through simula-
tions under normal operating conditions. Kabalci [124] designed a
complete hybrid system by using simulation, which comprises of
wind and PV resources with MPPT schemes as well as inter-phase
Table 3
Summary of few software tools for HRES.
Software Developed by Key features
HOMER NREL , USA in✓ Can perform optimal sizing with all renewable sources
1992 along with diesel generators, battery or hydrogen storage
and both electrical and thermal loads✓ Both technical
and economic analysis can be performed
RETscreen National ✓Can perform technical, financial and environmental
Resources analysis✓ Also performs risk and sensitivity analysis✓
Canada in 1996 Can compare the proposed case to the base case to show
the benefit
HYBRID2 RERL, ✓ Can perform size optimization, Technical and financial
University of evaluation✓ Inter time-step variations are accounted
Massachusetts, using probabilistic methods
USA
iHOGA University of ✓ Single/multi-objective problems can be solved✓ Low
Zaragoza, Spain computational burden✓ Technical, economical and
environmental analysis can be performed
Hybrids Solaris Homes ✓ Can simulate the particular combination at a time✓
Design can be improved
transformers to connect the both systems to a three-phase full bridge
inverter. The inverter was controlled by SPWM modulation technique.
A current source multiple input dc–dc converter to integrate the
renewable system to the grid was proposed in [125]. A permanent
magnet synchronous generator with a controller has been to extract
maximum power for the wind speed below rated speeds. Various
multilevel converters and their control strategies for integrating the
renewable sources into the electric grid are presented in [126–132].
They have mainly concentrated on the active and reactive power
control, reduction in harmonics and voltage recovery post fault
conditions.
4. Performance assessment
Any hybrid system must be assessed properly in order to know
its real time performance. Hence, the performance assessment of a
hybrid system is also emerging as a research area for the research-
ers. A hybrid system which was set up in Lowell, MA has been
assessed by Giraud and Salameh [70]. The system was assessed on
the basis of 2-year actual system data, on the parameters of LPSP,
actual energy generated, sufficiency of battery storage and actual
cost of the energy per unit generated and the optimal sizing. Also
the fluctuations in the power on the grid side were also assessed.
Instead of time step simulations a statistical approach for the
performance assessment has been given by Tina et al. [71]. The
energy index of reliability (EIR) has been taken as a parameter for
the sake of reliability analysis, which is directly related to energy
expected not supplied (EENS). The result of the case study
presented shows a good agreement between the results of the
method and the time step simulations. A megawatt assessment
model was developed using a stochastic approach by Subhadarshi
and Venkataramana [133]. This model can be used to observe the
effect of varying wind speeds, ratings of the generator, efficiencies
of various components in the system and the ratio of rating of the
system to the maximum load on the system. An economic analysis
of a hybrid system based on payback period of the initial capital
cost and life cycle savings was presented by Bakos and Tsagas
[134]. A feasibility study for having a hybrid system installed at a
location named Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, comprising a wind, PV and
a diesel backup system has been carried out by Elhadidy [135]. The
energy generated by the hybrid system was estimated mathema-
tically by using the local meteorological data.
Limitations Availability Case study
✓ Cannot perform Multi-objective 30-Day free trial is [54],[63],[61]
optimization as the only objective is available from www.
minimizing the NPC.✓ Battery DOD is homerenergy.com
not considered
✓ No provision for time-series data Free Can be [142], [143]
import✓ The effect of temperature on PV downloaded from
module performance is not considered www.retscreen.net
✓ Less flexible✓ Large data set is Free [144]
required Can be downloaded
from www.ceere.
org/rerl/
rerl_hydripower.
html
✓ No sensitivity analysis✓ No probability Edu version is free and [145]
analysis✓ Limitation on the daily load. Pro version is priced.
Can be downloaded
from www. Unizar.
es/rdufo/grhyso.htm
✓ No optimal sizing Commercial –
 A. Mahesh, K.S. Sandhu / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147 1143

The performance of the hybrid system by changing different
combinations of PV array sizes as well as storage has been
presented on monthly basis and the energy which needs to be
produced by the diesel generator was also estimated. By taking the
outages caused by hardware failure and primary energy fluctua-
tions into consideration a probabilistic model was developed to
assess the hybrid system by Karaki et al. [75]. This model considers
various capacities of PV panels and different storage capacities for
assessment. A simple model to evaluate the performance of a
stand-alone hybrid system was presented by Hashem et al. [35] by
making use of weather data. This work presents a computer
simulation approach for the assessment of hybrid system; so that
it can be assessed even before it was built. The water heating
system has been used as a dump load to make use the excess
power available. As there is no internationally accepted standard
for the assessment of hybrid system an attempt was made to
create some standards by Arribas et al. [136]. Those standards
were created by modifying the existing standards for PV system
(IEC-61724) by adding a wind system. Yang et al. [38] have
analyzed the parameters of a telecommunication relay system
for one year by using an iterative approach which uses GA, and
they have found a good complementary characteristics between
solar and wind power systems and the battery state of charge was
also within the specified limits.
Bekele et al. [137] introduced a numerical model which
estimates the power output of the hybrid system under variable
weather conditions. This model is a combination of various
mathematical models of PV, wind, battery as well as energy
balance. The local database of meteorological data and load data
can be used to estimate the power output of the system on
monthly as well as yearly basis. A hybrid power system with
active/reactive power control and dump power control was
proposed by Hirose et al. [138]. The advantage of this scheme is
without actually applying a dump load the dump power control is
achieved. The performance of a HRES has been evaluated by
varying the tilt angle of the PV cell at different time periods of
the day, which will expose the different radiation patterns has
been presented in [139]. A method of estimating the reliability of
the HRES using a probabilistic model for the battery has been
proposed by Priyanka et al. [43].
5. Software tools for hybrid systems
The simulation is the most common practice, which saves more
time and cost for the analysis and the assessment of hybrid systems.
Various software tools are available for this purpose such as, HOMER,
AEOLIUS, BALMOREL, BCHP Screening tool, COMPOSE, E4cast, EMCAS,
EMINENT, EMPS, EnergyPLAN, energyPRO, ENPEP-BALANCE, GTMax,
H2RES, HYDROGEMS, IKARUS, INFORSE, invert, LEAP, MARKEL/TIMES,
MesapP PlaNet, MESSAGE, MiniCAM, NEMS, ORCED, PERSEUS, PRIMES,
ProdRisk, RAMSES, RETScreen, simREN, SIVAEL, STREAM, TRNSYS16,
UniSyD3.0, WASP, WILMAR Planning Tool. A detailed review about
these softwares about their applicability, abilities and short comings
are presented by Connolly et al. [140] and Sinha et al. [141].
The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables
(HOMER) is a tool developed by National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, USA, which is a most used tool for the system
optimization by the researchers [54,61,63]. ARENA 12.0 is the
other tool used in [64,,65]. Other tools are also being used by the
researchers are; RAPSODY [68], GAMS [8].
A short summary of the few of the simulation tools is presented
in Table 3.
6. Location specific studies
The hybrid system studies are presently going worldwide, some
specific locations where the studies are being carried out include,
Montana [47], Turkey [65], Corsica-Islands [58,59], Hong Kong
[10,146,147], Newfoundland, Canada [54], Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
[67,135], Greece [134], India [55], China [38], Addis Ababa [61], Algeria
[56], Spain [136]. A short summary of few studies have been reported
in Table 4.
7. Critical review and observations
7.1. Review points and discussion
1. From the available literature it can be seen that, the research-
ers have started initially with the graphical and iterative

Table 4
Summary of few location specific studies.

Case Location Parameters optimized Load type Description

study

[47] Montana PV capacity, wind capacity and battery Remotely located A simple numerical algorithm has been developed to optimize the system
capacity residential load including PV/wind/DG systems and also a break-even analysis is being carried
out
[65] Turkey PV capacity, wind capacity and battery GSM base station An optimal sizing method using simulated Annealing has been proposed and
capacity the results are compared to the results form ARENA software
[58] Corsica Islands PV capacity, wind capacity and battery Residential load For three different locations, the optimal sizing is being done with different
capacity storage capacities have been tested. An iterative method has been proposed for
this purpose
[10] Hong Kong PV capacity, wind capacity and battery Telecommunication The sizing method based on LPSP has been developed and also the
(surrounding capacity system complementary characteristics for PV and wind are considered
islands)
[54] Newfoundland, Wind capacity, battery capacity and Remotely located It is a HOMER based study to find out the optimal combination of renewable
Canada diesel generator house sources including wind source, battery bank, hydrogen storage and fuel cell
[67] Dhahran, Saudi PV capacity, wind capacity and battery Residential load The optimal combination is found out using the previous meteorological data
Arabia capacity parameters
[134] Greece PV capacity and wind capacity Residential load The optimal sizing has been done using Monte-Carlo simulation and the closed
cycle natural gas power plant has been used as the third source
[55] India PV capacity, wind capacity and battery Residential load Several combinations of PV and wind systems have been tried and found the
capacity optimal combination based on the local meteorological data
[38] China PV capacity, wind capacity, battery Telecommunication A genetic algorithm based optimal sizing method has been applied to find the
capacity, PV tilt angle and wind turbine relay system optimal sizing of the PV, wind and battery combination
height
1144 A. Mahesh, K.S. Sandhu / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147
methods for solving the optimal sizing problems. But, as the
constraints and the number of objectives have increased, the
researchers shifted their focus towards the multi-objective
optimization algorithms to help in solving the problems.
2. Even though, there are several optimization strategies avail-
able, the researchers have clearly chosen the artificial intelli-
gent algorithms. Table 2 gives the strong evidence to this fact
that, the majority of the optimal sizing studies in recent times
have used algorithms like GA, modified GA called as NDSA II,
PSO and its variants, Ant colony optimization, artificial bee
colony and improved bat algorithm.
3. The reason behind this is the fact that, these algorithms are
heuristic/metaheuristic in nature. One of the main advantages
of using the metaheuristic algorithms is their ability to find the
near-optimal solutions efficiently. Because the size optimiza-
tion problems deal with the situation, where there are many
solutions possible, but it is not required to find out the exact
optimal solution as the near optimal solution is also one of the
potential solution provided that it satisfies all of the
constraints.
4. Along with the size optimization, the allocation of the various
components in the microgrid at the optimal locations so as to
keep the entire system loss at the minimum level is also one of
the challenges that the researchers have taken up.
5. Most of the researchers have rightly pointed out the battery as
the most vulnerable source in the entire system due to the
issue of life time and cost. In a typical plant life cycle the
batteries have to be replaced at least 3–4 times and also they
require very frequent maintenance.
6. There are many studies that have included the battery life
constraints, like the number of charge or discharge cycles and
depth of discharge in the optimization process. By imposing
these constraints the batteries can be maintained in the
healthy charge and reduced number of cycles, which will
improve the life time of the battery. But these measures can
extend a little more, but a deep research in the field of
batteries is the need of the hour to reduce the cost and
replacements in the HRES.
7. Due to the above mentioned reasons, some of the studies have
considered a study that whether the battery or the diesel
generator is most cost effective third source in the HRES to
improve the reliability. The DG is found to be cost effective
solution but again this is going to cause the environment
pollution from the emissions.
8. There are different storage systems namely superconducting
magnetic energy storage (SMES), Compressed air energy sto-
rage (CAES), ultra-capacitors, flywheel storage, pumped hydro
storage and hydrogen storage. In which the CAES and pumped
hydro have more storage capacity but their applicability to the
systems is limited by the specific site. The greatest advantage of
SMES is that, it can store large amount of power with an
efficiency of around 98%, but the drawback is that it can store
only for shorter duration and the cost is also high. The use of
hydrogen storage requires high pressure hydrogen tanks, but
the efficiency is around 40–60%. Ultra-capacitors have long life-
cycle but they also can store for shorter duration.
9. There were several energy management strategies for the
HRES available in the literature. Most of them have addressed
the issues of flow and control of power in the system and
efficient battery utilization to increase its life. But, the analysis
of the literature gives us the idea that a comprehensive control
strategy which looks after all of the issues of energy manage-
ment is due in this field.
10. One of the key issues in the HRES is the intermittent nature of
the power generated. As far as the grid integration is con-
cerned, this kind of power fluctuations can be a serious issue
for the future, where the energy share of the renewables is
certain to increase. Very few researchers have identified this
issue of fluctuations of the power injected into the grid, which
requires more attention to be paid on.
11. The converters play a huge role in transferring power form one
side to the other side in the HRES. There are several converters
have been designed and employed for this purpose. Few of
them are individual converters for PV and wind systems and
some are single multi-input converters which are having their
own merits and demerits. For solving the issues of power
quality and grid integration there is a definite need for
efficient converters and their control strategies.
12. There is a need of local dc-micro grids to address the issues
like power quality, stability at the user end as they require less
number of converters in the system.
13. The cost of the electricity produced using the HRES is still way
above than that of the cost of power from the conventional
sources, there must be significant improvement required in
terms of efficiency and cost of the system components. The
governments have a key responsibility to encourage the
research in these areas and also encourage the power produc-
tion through the HRES as the renewables are the only
sustainable and pollution free sources of energy for the
empowered and clean tomorrow.
7.2. Observations
Extensive literature survey, as presented leads to the following
major outcomes:
 Several size optimization studies have been conducted world-
wide and mostly the locations were coastal areas where the
winds are high or remotely located hilly areas where the
transmission extension may not be feasible or cost-effective.
Out of all the available literature, 55–60% of researchers have
concentrated only on the size optimization, including PV, Wind
and battery storage. This indicates that the size optimization as
the one of the major research area in PV wind hybrid energy
systems.
 The constraints used for the optimization by most of research-
ers are the PV capacity, Wind capacity and battery bank
capacity. Some of the researchers used PV array area, PV tilt
angle and Wind turbine rotor swept area as additional and very
few people have also considered the environmental constrains
such are reduction in pollutant emissions and social accept-
ability factors.
 Only few studies considered a break-even analysis whether,
setting up a new plant or transmission line extension is going
to be a cost-effective solution. This may be considered as one of
the research area yet to be explored.
 Nearly 10% of the total studies have assessed the performance
of the existing plant over few years of operational data based
on reliability indices. This is also one of the major areas for
future research in hybrid wind and PV systems.
 A controller which is one of the major parts of the hybrid
system, but it has been paid a little less attention than other
areas of the field. Only 6% of the total studies have designed
novel controllers for effective power management, battery SOC
management and dump power control. Artificial intelligent
techniques like fuzzy logic have also been used for this purpose.
Also about 4% studies also considered modeling of battery for
analyzing its states.
 Multilevel converters play a key role in integrating the power
into the utility grid. About 10% of the works presented various
 A. Mahesh, K.S. Sandhu / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 52 (2015) 1135–1147
Hybrid System Review
6%
7%
7% Size optimization
Converter design
10% Controller design
Battery SOC
60%
Reviews
10%
tools and data analysis
Fig. 4. Graphical representation of research areas related to wind/PV/battery
hybrid systems.
converters and their control strategies for effective power
transfer.
Pie chart as shown in Fig. 4 gives the percentage distribution of
research areas as identified after extensive literature survey.
8. Conclusion
Hybrid renewable sources have been widely appreciated all
around the globe as the sustainable source for the future energy
needs. Keeping this in mind, an extensive literature review on the
stand-alone and grid connected PV/wind/battery hybrid energy
system has been presented in this work. More than 140 journal
articles have been considered in the areas of mathematical
modeling, size optimization, converter design for integration into
the grid, controller design and performance assessment to present
the reader with the comprehensive review of the research in the
field of HRES. In size optimization, the importance of meteorolo-
gical data, load profiles, modeling of various components in the
system and cost and reliability aspects have been covered in detail.
Different size optimization techniques used by the researchers:
analytical, iterative and artificial intelligent techniques have been
identified and discussed clearly. It is also observed that the
artificial intelligent techniques like GA, PSO and ACO reduce the
computational burden to achieve the global optimum solution.
Various converter topologies for integrating the HRES to the grid
and also different control strategies have been covered as per the
available literature. Along with the above mentioned areas various
computer tools for analyzing the HRES have been discussed and
their relative merits and demerits have been brought out. The
observations drawn and the critical review points as presented in
text makes this work helpful for any researcher interested to
explore the research related to the PV/wind/battery hybrid energy
systems.
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