THERMODYNAMICS

 The study of heat, work and its relationship with the system’s properties such as
pressure, volume and temperature.
 It is also known as the study of 3E’s
I. Equilibrium
II. Energy
III. Entropy

TYPES OF THERMODYNAMICS

 CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS
o The study of matter in macroscopic approach.

 STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS
o The study of matter in microscopic approach.

THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM / SYSTEM

 It is defined as a quantity of matter or region in space upon which attention is

focused to analyze different problems.

Universe

System

Surroundings Boundary
SURROUNDINGS

 Everything external to the system

BOUNDARY

 The layer or envelope which separates the system from its surrounding

UNIVERSE

 System and surrounding together is known as universe

UNIVERSE = SYSTEM + SURROUNDINGS

TYPES OF SYSTEM

i. Open system – mass and energy can transfer across the system boundary.

ii. Closed system/Control mass system/ Fixed mass system – no mass transfer but
energy can transfer across the system boundary.

iii. Isolated System – no mass and energy transfer across system boundary.

TYPES OF BOUNDARY

i. Boundary may either be fixed or movable.

ii. It may be either real or imaginary.
iii. It may be either diathermic ( allows heat) or adiabatic (does not allow heat).

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES

 Characteristic of a system which is used to define its physical condition.

 i.e. Pressure, Volume, Temperature.

 When all the properties have a definite value, then the system is said to exist
in a definite state. Properties are the coordinates to describe the state of a
system.
TYPES OF PROPERTY

 Intensive Property – independent on mass or size.

i.e: Pressure, temperature , Density , viscosity

 Extensive Property – dependent upon or which depends upon mass or size.

i.e.: volume, enthalpy, entropy, energy

SPECIFIC PROPERTY

 Extensive property per unit mass

 i.e: specific volume, specific enthalpy, specific entropy

 The ratio of two extensive properties is an intensive property.

 Specific extensive property is an intensive property.

STATE

 It is the condition of a system as defined by the value of the properties of the system.

(P1 , V1 )

(P2 , V2 )

V
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS

A passage of a thermodynamic system from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic

equilibrium.

REVERSIBLE PROCESS

a process whose direction can be "reversed" by inducing infinitesimal changes to some

property of the system via its surroundings.

IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS

In an irreversible process, finite changes are made; therefore the system is not at
equilibrium throughout the process.

THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

In thermodynamic equilibrium there are no net macroscopic flows of matter or of energy,

either within a system or between systems.

QUASI-STATIC EQUILIBRIUM / QUASI EQUILIBRIUM

A process is said to be in quasi equilibrium if the deviation/departure of the state from

thermodynamic equilibrium is infinitesimally small.