ANALYSIS & ENHANCEMENT OF

SATELLITE IMAGE PROCESSING AND

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF SALEM CITY

A SYNOPSIS

Submitted by

SANMUGA SUNDARAM

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION AND ENGINEERING
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI 600 025
JUNE 2018
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1 INTRODUCTION

The research work portrays the essential innovative parts of digital

image processing with uncommon reference to satellite image processing.
Essentially all satellite images processing data can be gathered into three
classifications.
 Image Rectification and Restoration.
 Image Enhancement.
 Information Extraction.
Digital Image Denoising is one of the best and testing procedures in
image research. Expelling noise from images is fascinating undertaking in
image processing issue, since edges which can likewise be shown as quick
force hops in an output line are exceedingly noticeable highlights for visual
thought. Along these lines, motivation noise removal is a focal necessity for
image denoising strategies .It should save huge image structures, for example,
edges and significant surface highlights. The objective of image denoising is
to enhance the visual appearance of an image. Satellite images are broadly
utilized as a part of the field of RS and GIS for arrive ownership, mapping use
for arranging and choice help. Numerous images like medicinal images,
satellite images, aeronautical images and even genuine photos influenced
from poor differentiation and noise.
It is expected to enhance the differentiation and expel the noise to
build image quality. A standout amongst the most fundamental stages in
satellite images detection and investigation is an image Denoising method
which recuperates the nature of images for human review, evacuating
obscuring and noise, expanding contrast, and so on. As of numerous Satellite
image having normal issue i.e. noise which hold undesirable data in an
images. The need of remote sensing image examination is as per NASA,
Temporal Resolution, and Weather Forecasting and Adjusting Contrast for
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Feature recognizable proof, Lagrangian, Animation, Channel mixture and

color enrichment.
Satellite images are typically debased by noise amid image
procurement and transmission process. The fundamental motivation behind
the noise lessening system is to expel drive noise by holding the vital
component of the images. For instance, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
imagery utilizes microwave radiation with the goal that it can enlighten the
earth surface. Engineered Aperture Radar gives its own brightening. The force
of motivation noise has the propensity of being either moderately high or low
in this way causing loss of image subtle elements. It is essential to dispose of
noise in images before utilizing them for other image processing procedures
like edge detection, segmentation, and enlistment.
Land cover mapping is a developing researches in urban scenes that
adjustment in condition. Remote Sensing was presented in 1960's for
information examination and it gathers immense measure of satellite
information. Remote sensing imagery covers huge geological region with
high recurrence when contrasted with other imagery. The satellite images are
helps in an assortment of utilizations; for example, research in water asset,
ecological administration and protection, inferring the data about land utilizes
and arrive cover districts, anticipating cataclysmic events, investigation of
climatic change advancement, soil quality and natural changes and so on.

Remote sensing is most utilized application in numerous areas. This

remote sensing utilizes diverse images like multispectral, hyper unearthly or
ultra-otherworldly. The remote sensing image arrangement is one of the
noteworthy strategies to order image. Remote sensing is a piece of
electromagnetic range and it records the vitality of electromagnetic wave
reflected or produced by the world's surface. Satellite imagery has numerous
applications in mapping of farming zone, arrive utilize and cover zones,
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ranger service territory, military perception, arrive cover changes, water

quality and urban development.

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Ajay, G. et al., (2014), depicted that the noised images from

different sensors can be consolidated into a solitary image by utilizing Fusion
algorithm. The impulse noise that impacts the intertwined image can be
expelled by utilizing Wavelet transform method.
Bhosale Narayan P et al., (2014) clarified the wavelet transform
in Denoising. The change permits portrayal of a flag onto an orthonormal
premise. Each term of the premise speaks to the flag at a given scale. Keeping
in mind the end goal to deteriorate the flag onto the premise, the calculation
created and which is connected to the flag. It comprises of emphasess of one-
dimensional high pass and low-pass sifting steps. The calculation makes a
pyramid of low-determination approximations and a wavelet pyramid in
which the points of interest a put away as wavelet coefficients.
Dimitri Van De Ville et al., (2003) portrayed the fuzzy image
channel can be connected iteratively to viably decrease overwhelming noise.
Specifically, the state of the enrollment capacities is adjusted by the rest of the
noise level after every emphasis, making utilization of the dispersion of the
homogeneity in the image.
Geeta Hanji et al., (2014) portrayed Noise Exclusion middle
channel. With a specific end goal to reestablish the broken pixels, the
proposed calculation utilizes the Noise Exclusive Median (NEM) which is
registered as the middle of effectively prepared pixels from the present
window.
Harikiran et al., (2010) clarified the image combination procedure
to expel motivation noise. It is the way toward joining at least two images into
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a solitary image while holding the vital highlights of each image. In light of
likelihood of pixel which can characterize as loud or noiseless pixel. At that
point sifted images are combined to get astounding image.
Jian-Feng Cai et al., (2010) portrayed a two-stage way to deal with
reestablish images debased by obscure and drive noise. In the primary stage,
we distinguish the anomaly hopefuls the pixels that are probably going to be
defiled by motivation noise. We consider that the rest of the information
pixels are basically free of exceptions. At that point in the second stage, the
image is hated and Denoised at the same time by a variety technique by
utilizing the basically exception free information.
Manohar Koli1 et al., (2014) proposed a calculation which contains
two stages, for example, recognizes the boisterous pixels and replaces
distinguished uproarious pixels by non-loud assessed qualities Restored Mean
Absolute Error (RMAE) is utilized to quantify and think about the execution
of the proposed calculation and furthermore to controls the stream of noise
flag and delivers reliable and excellent yield.
Pushpavalli et al., (2012) incorporating two choice based channels
with exchanging plan. This procedure is utilized to distinguish and decrease
the motivation noise on digital images. Tristate Switching Median Filtering
Technique is proposed for digital images which are corrupted by salt and
pepper noise.
Praveen Kumar et al., (2013) the fuzzy based channel which plays
out the most astounding PSNR rate as opposed to the next sort of channels.
The primary stage processes a fluffy subsidiary for eight unique headings.
The second stage utilizes these fluffy subsidiaries to perform fluffy smoothing
by weighting the commitments of neigh exhausting pixel esteem.
Richard Alan Peters et al., (1995) Morphological openings and
closings are valuable for the smoothing of dark scale images. Image noise
diminishment is constrained by their inclination to evacuate imperative, thin
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highlights from an image alongside the noise. The morphological image

cleaning calculation that jam thin highlights while expelling noise.
Suman et al., (2014) presents middle based channel for disposing of
boisterous pixels. The separating procedures are connected through a few
emphasess to guarantee that all the loud pixels have be identified for the
situation when the image is very ruined and the debased pixels have been
sifted utilizing versatile based middle strategy.
Trahanias et al., (1993) Vector directional filters (VDF) for
multichannel image processing channels to isolate the processing of vector-
esteemed signs into directional processing and greatness processing. This
gives a connection between single-channel image processing, where just
greatness processing is basically performed, and multichannel image
processing where both the bearing and the size of the image vectors.
Tao Chen et al., (2015) propose versatile administrator which
shapes gauges in light of the contrasts between the present pixel and the
yields of focus weighted middle (CWM) channels with fluctuated focus
weights. To use the inside weighted middle (CWM) channels that have shifted
focus weights to characterize a more broad administrator, which understands
the drive detection by utilizing the distinctions, characterized between the
yields of CWM channels and the present pixel of concern. A definitive yield
is exchanged between the middle and the present pixel itself. While as yet
utilizing a basic thresholding activity, the proposed channel yields better
outcomes than other exchanging plans in smothering the two kinds of driving
forces with various noise proportions.
Umesh Ghanekar et al., (2010) propose versatile edge to expel
noise from the images. The detection of uproarious pixels depends on a
versatile limit which is reliant on the neighborhood measurements in the
sifting window. The sifting technique remedies just the adulterated pixel
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esteems by thinking about the shine and shading data for reclamation of
uproarious images.
Vishnu Praksh.M et al., (2015) propose choice construct
calculation is reliant with respect to noise thickness. To start with figure the
noise thickness of undermined image at that point took after by noise
detection and sifting. Noise thickness an expansion, the window measure is
expanded which gives better outcomes. In that replaces the pixels with values
0 and 255 with the middle of the window considered if the window likewise
incorporates pixel esteems other than 0 or 255.
Zhou Wang et al., presents middle based channel. The dynamic
exchanging middle (PSM) channel is proposed to reestablish images ruined
by salt– pepper motivation noise. The calculation is created by the
accompanying two principle focuses: 1) exchanging plan—a motivation
detection calculation is utilized before sifting, along these lines just an extent
of the considerable number of pixels will be separated and 2) dynamic
strategies—both the drive detection and the noise sifting techniques are
logically connected through a few emphasess.
Ankayarkanni.B et al. (2014) depicted the relative examination on
various segmentation calculation. The execution and precision of calculation
have been analyzed as far as parameter pixel length. It introduce that the
moving KFCM is more exact for image segmentation.
The exhibitions of SVMs are contrasted and nonparametric
classifiers, for example, neural networks and K-closest neighbor classifier to
take care of a multiclass issue in hyper unearthly information. So the remote
sensing image was proficiently ordered have been produced by Farid Melgani
et al. (2004).
Faaria S. Kazi et al. (2015) built up the system of Mean Shift is
utilized for smoothing the nature of image and for image segmentation. Edge
Detection and Image Segmentation (EDISON) System is a product used to
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evaluate likelihood thickness work. It said that EDISON Mean Shift is less
when contrasted with Standard Mean Shift.
Kanika Kalra et al. (2013) think about the study of administered
image order strategies. Every one of the methods are contrasted and dissected
and best outcomes and greatest exactness. In this paper, Decision tree system
and Artificial Neural Network is utilized for satellite image segmentation and
arrangement individually and it grouped into arrive utilize and arrive cover
regions it was produced by Mahila.S.P et al. (2015).
Menaka.D et al. (2015) built up the Sparse SVM classifier that
enhances the grouping precision for multispectral satellite image. For
proficient characterization, preprocessing is finished with Gaussian channel
then it utilizes the fuzzy half breed to enhance the images and scanty SVM
classifier is utilized to arrange the satellite images.
Pooja A P et al. (2011) depicted the choice tree classifier
utilized for the order of satellite images into different districts, for example,
street, building, field, stream and so forth. It said that choice tree classifier
have more exactness than most extreme probability classifier.
The method is utilized to order the satellite images into fruitless
land, building territory and street zone. At to begin with, pre-processing is
done and afterward it portioned into different districts. The sectioned zones
are separated and after that last grouping is done utilizing fuzzy administer
classifier was produced by Prabhu.S et al. (2013).
The characterizations of satellite image have a few stages, at first it
gets pre-handled by utilizing middle channel and it given to sectioned part.
Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) calculation is to portion the image and it ordered
utilizing feed-forward neural network for the mapping of building and street
created by S.Praveena et al. (2014).
Prasad S.V.S et al. (2013) portrayed the satellite image
characterized into street zone and building territory by utilizing Fuzzy C-
 8

mean (FCM) grouping and segmentation is finished by one an excessive

number of SVM classifiers. The exactness was dissected and contrasted along
and neural network calculation.
In satellite image classification, the objective is to arrange
vegetation, farming, and water bodies‘ territories. The image is ordered
utilizing back proliferation calculation that decreases the misclassification.
This paper underlines on the grouping of IRS images utilizing neural network,
k-closest neighbor and k-closest neighbor with sub windows. The outcomes
demonstrate that the k-closest neighbor with sub windows has better
exactness when contrasted with neural networks created by Seetha.M et al.
(2012).
Sarath.T et al. (2014) built up the satellite image characterization
utilizing greatest probability grouping with fuzzy rationale. The fuzzy
rationale has diverse sub techniques like spatial, ghostly surface strategies are
utilized for image grouping.
Sandeep Kaur et al. (2015) depicted that base crossing tree and
fuzzy c implies is utilized for image segmentation. Furthermore, it thinks
about the different parameters like MSE, PSNR, exactness and proficiency.
Sayali M. Jog et al. (2016) portrayed that image enhancement,
segmentation, determination of preparing information and arrangement. For
image enhancement versatile histogram adjustment is utilized. Next, image
segmentation is done utilizing K implies and Fuzzy C Means (FCM)
bunching. Straight Multi-Class SVM (MCSVM) and KNN procedures are
utilized for order of remotely detected imagery.
Waseem Khan (2013) examined the review of different
segmentation strategies. A portion of the image segmentation strategies
incorporate Edge based segmentation, Fuzzy theory based segmentation,
Partial Differential Equation (PDE) based segmentation, and Artificial Neural
 9

Network (ANN) based segmentation, edge based image segmentation, and

Region based image segmentation.

3 OBJECTIVES OF THESIS

 The primary objective of this research work is to get enhanced

image, we present spatial non -linear filtering technique such as
Directional Filtering algorithm.
 To study the growth and status of urban sprawl in Salem city.
 To reduce noise and for region smoothing by mean shift filter and
by pre-processing.
 To improve visual quality, with the help of denoised image,
enhanced image obtained from histogram equalization.
 To measure the performance of enhancement using quantitative
performance measures such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR),
Mean Square Error (MSE) as well as in terms of visual quality of
the images using MATLAB.

4 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The information is the satellite image which is at first pre-prepared

by utilizing Mean move channel used to enhance the image and for locale
smoothing. After that K-implies grouping is utilized for segmentation of
images into Land Use and Land Cover areas.
A. Pre-processing
Pre-processing is critical and fundamental advance for the image
segmentation. It is performed to get uniform image for additionally
processing. This progression incorporates enhancement of information
satellite images and for area smoothing by applying mean move channel.
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The flow diagram for satellite image segmentation is given as.

Fig.1 Flow diagram of image segmentation in satellite image

1) Mean Shift Filter: A mean shift filter is an edge-protecting generally

utilized as a part of question following and image segmentation. It
additionally utilized as information bunching calculation in PC vision and
image processing in view of unsupervised learning systems. It is a
nonparametric calculation used to sum up the piece approach and thickness
inclination estimation. Mean move sifting can work with double, dark scale,
RGB and subjective multichannel images. Mean move image investigation
has wide utilizations in,
• Region segmentation
• Point feature tracking
• Equalize image
2) Preliminaries of Mean Shift Filter: This filter replaces every pixel in the
image with the mean qualities given as shading and spatial range. Mean move
regard the point as a likelihood thickness work. So the stationary focuses
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acquired by means of angle climb speak to the method of thickness. For each
point xi, mean move methodology is given as
1. To compute mean shift vector by m(xit)
2. Move the density estimation by m(xit)
3. Repeat till convergence
3) Applications of Mean Shift Filtering:
• Mean move don't expect any predefined shape on information
groups.
• It is an autonomous device reasonable for genuine information
examination.
• It is equipped for taking care of subjective element spaces.
• It utilized for visual following with single parameter transfer
speed.
B. Image segmentation
Images get fragmented into Land Use and Land Cover (LULC)
areas and concentrate the land utilize changes utilizing K-Means clustering.
1) K-Means Clustering: K-implies is the unsupervised learning calculations
that take care of the grouping issue. It utilizes the vector quantization strategy
from flag processing and it is famous in group investigation. It is a parceling
technique and it is utilized to allotments the information into k fundamentally
unrelated groups. The target of K-Means grouping is to limit the aggregate
intra-bunch difference or the squared blunder work. The mistake work is
given by,

Where, J-objective function, xi- Case i, ||xi-cj||2-Distance function

2) Algorithmic steps for K-Means clustering:
1. It segments the information into k bunches where k is predefined.
2. Select k focuses by irregular as group focuses.
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3. Relegate items to their nearest group focus as indicated by the

Euclidean separation work.
4. Figure the mean for all articles in each group.
Rehash stages 2, 3 and 4 until the point that similar focuses are
allocated to each group. K-implies is a period unpredictability O(KnT)
technique where k is the quantity of groups, n is the quantity of focuses and T
is the quantity of cycles.
3) K-Means Clustering Application: K-Means is quick, hearty and less
demanding to get it. It gives best outcome when informational index are
isolated from each other. It is utilized as a part of numerous applications as
takes after:
• Vector quantization is utilized as a part of PC illustrations,
shading quantization to lessen the shading palette of an image
into a settled number. At that point it incorporates non-irregular
examining, k-means can without much of a stretch pick the k
distinctive prototypical items from an expansive informational
index.

In cluster analysis, the k-implies calculation is utilized to parcel the

information informational collection into k segments with a few impediments.
At that point the bunching can't be utilized with subjective separation work,
so the k-implies deliver better outcome in image segmentation.

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The Performance of the proposed K-Means clustering plan is

approved with the MATLAB reproduction performed on satellite images.
After the pre-processing, K-Means grouping is utilized to portion the images
into Vegetation zone, building territory, Water body zone. Fig 3, 4, 5, 6,
7.ashows the Salem city in the time of 1973, 1981, 2001, 2012, 2014.Fig 3, 4,
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5, 6, 7.b demonstrates the LULC changes of Salem city in the year 1973,
1981, 2001, 2012, 2014. Fig 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.c, d, e demonstrate the divided
images of water body region, building zone, vegetation zone in the time of
1973, 1981, 2001, 2012, 2014.

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

Fig.2 (a) Salem city in the year 1973, (b) LULC changes of Salem city in the
year 1973, (c) Water body area, (d) Building area, (e) Vegetation area

(a) (b)
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(c) (d) (e)

Fig.3 (a) Salem city in the year 1981, (b) LULC changes of Salem city in the
year 1981, (c) Water body area, (d) Building area, (e) Vegetation area

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

Fig.4 (a) Salem city in the year 2001, (b) LULC changes of Salem city in the
year 2001, (c) Water body area, (d) Building area, (e) Vegetation area
 15

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

Fig.5 (a) Salem city in the year 2012, (b) LULC changes of Salem city in the
year 2012, (c) Water body area, (d) Building area, (e)
Vegetation area

(a) (b)
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(c) (d) (e)

Fig.6 (a) Salem city in the year 2014, (b) LULC changes of Salem city in the
year 2014, (c) Water body area, (d) Building area, (e) Vegetation area

7 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

In the following manner, the thesis is organized

Chapter 1 discuses about the introduction of satellite image

processing and resource management system. And also presents the
organization of thesis.

Chapter 2 presents a detailed literature review in the area of satellite

image, noise signal, transmission channel, image segmentation and classifiers.
Analysis of survey, Motivation of thesis and objective of thesis is discussed

Chapter 3 proposes about enhancement of satellite image using

hierarchical histogram equalization with denoising.

Chapter 4 presents image segmentation for satellite image, pre-

processing, mean shift filter and K-means clustering algorithm for
segmentation of satellite image into various zones.
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Chapter 5 presents a mapping & analyzing water resources in salem

city using GIS and remote sensing.

Chapter 6 proposes a urban sprawl classification analysis using

image processing technique in geo information system.

Chapter 7 concludes the research and summarizes the contributions

of the thesis. Suggestions for future work are also included.

8 CONCLUSION

In this research work, the proposed strategy is utilized to investigate

the land utilize and cover districts in Salem amid the time of 1973-2014.The
pre-processing strategies are utilized as a part of this technique at first the
image is enhanced by applying the Mean Shift Filter. It is better for district
smoothing contrasted with different procedures. Next, the segmentation is
finished utilizing K-Means Clustering and the outcome is gotten. The
proposed strategy is utilized to section the images into vegetation, building
and water body territories and has been effectively reproduced utilizing
MATLAB. Outwardly, contrasted and the accessible information it gives
better outcome. The proposed technique works well on both low and high
determination satellite images.

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