Project

in
Physical Education
Factors causing abnormalities
in the Growth and Development of an individual

MEMBERS
Mary Joy J. Corrales
Carla Jane C. Buenafe
Bai Cairo Guiamad
Sahada R. Aman
Shielha Esmail
BSPSYCHOLOGY-1A

Submitted to: Instr.Sukarno S. Abas

 Reference
 /int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?&enc=0&n=7857a70f&p2=%5EBYU%5Exdm243%5ETT
AB03%5Eph&pg=AJimage&pn=1&ptb=3118AE25-98CF-48B7-9F9B-
206A39505AE0&qs=&searchfor=What+is+Down+Syndrome&si=62662704959&ss=sub&st=tab&tpr=sbt
&trs=wtt&imgs=1p&filter=on&imgDetail=true
 https://media5.picsearch.com/is?UYeXj4bK7m18i29uMsDROP_lxP7esMN9j8wtUtQhCo8&height=240
 https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?&n=7857a70f&p2=%5EBYU%5Exdm243%5ETTA
B03%5Eph&pg=AJimage&pn=2&ptb=3118AE25-98CF-48B7-9F9B-
206A39505AE0&qs=&searchfor=albinism&si=62662704959&ss=sub&st=tab&tpr=sbt&trs=wtt&ots=155
3685450137&imgs=1p&filter=on&imgDetail=true
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/albinism/symptoms-causes/syc-20369184
 nt.search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?n=783aa927&p2=%5EBSB%5Expt034%5ES24022%5Eph
&pg=AJimage&pn=1&ptb=74ADA00D-A1C2-45F5-8264-
EA43391A0404&qs=&searchfor=hemophilia&si=1171720&ss=sub&st=sb&tpr=sbt&ots=155368615635
 https://www.albinism.org/information-bulletin-what-is-albinism
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11477198
 https://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?n=783aa927&p2=%5EBSB%5Expt034%5ES24022
%5Eph&pg=AJimage&pn=7&ptb=74ADA00D-A1C2-45F5-8264-
EA43391A0404&qs=&searchfor=Genetic+Disorders+of+Neonatal+Respiratory+Function&si=1171720&
ss=sub&st=sb&tpr=sbt&ots=1553687468394
 https://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?n=783aa927&p2=%5EBSB%5Expt034%5ES24022
%5Eph&pg=AJimage&pn=7&ptb=74ADA00D-A1C2-45F5-8264-
EA43391A0404&qs=&searchfor=Genetic+Disorders+of+Neonatal+Respiratory+Function&si=1171720&
ss=sub&st=sb&tpr=sbt&ots=1553687468394
 https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-asphyxia-definition-causes-symptoms.html
 https://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?&enc=0&n=783aa927&p2=%5EBSB%5Expt034%5
ES24022%5Eph&pg=AJimage&pn=1&ptb=74ADA00D-A1C2-45F5-8264-
EA43391A0404&qs=&searchfor=jaundice&si=1171720&ss=sub&st=sb&tpr=sbt&imgs=1p&filter=on&im
gDetail=true
 https://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?&n=783aa927&p2=%5EBSB%5Expt034%5ES2402
2%5Eph&ptb=74ADA00D-A1C2-45F5-8264-
EA43391A0404&qs=&si=1171720&ss=sub&st=sb&tpr=sbt&enc=2&searchfor=TvmpfmVE8BwgC6rqNs
q-
ZjC3Kovr71fUlxjUSqaTDyymXRKDUN81gjBFt34nYmxC7LB3pRPWVAYUMrW16vPmX4GjweQKz9fsC
cW60lsCnjNlLk8ub_vnO4O0Gk4AGKWzADT4y9cda8wnpSc9JbsoxtAaeH-
_f7hkVNvmlnw8oLBNK7hv3QDtkXxbkYUvrAJQQ4G0KUHlSynHzhoFkSwVvZBZUA8L4xS4lNymMBEx
DMXLPTT1s1tK4f3jvXfsSDMeftKEE6iBBPrR37KiNRGqjNhZAlkKZvk7mnIO2oXzUZiviHnHnYRwpywah
DNOx1JBo95rlDteuPZGdCaUtciv5w&ts=1553689423166&imgs=1p&filter=on&imgDetail=true
 http://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?&n=7857a70f&p2=%5EBYU%5Exdm243%5ETTAB
03%5Eph&pg=AJimage&pn=2&ptb=3118AE25-98CF-48B7-9F9B-
206A39505AE0&qs=&searchfor=Deformities+of+fingers&si=62662704959&ss=sub&st=tab&tpr=sbt&trs
=wtt&ots=1553694773266&imgs=1p&filter=on&imgDetail=true
 https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/obesity-and-hormones
 https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?n=7857a70f&p2=%5EBYU%5Exdm243%5ETTAB
03%5Eph&pg=AJimage&pn=3&ptb=3118AE25-98CF-48B7-9F9B-
206A39505AE0&qs=&searchfor=Growth+hormone+in+obesity&si=62662704959&ss=sub&st=tab&tpr=
sbt&trs=wtt&ots=1553695297796
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086165
 https://www.webmd.com/children/dwarfism-causes-treatments#1
 https://www.webmd.com/search/search_results/default.aspx?query=gigantism
 https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?&n=7857a70f&p2=%5EBYU%5Exdm243%5ETTA
B03%5Eph&pg=AJimage&pn=3&ptb=3118AE25-98CF-48B7-9F9B-
206A39505AE0&qs=&searchfor=dwarfism+pictures&si=62662704959&ss=sub&st=tab&tpr=sbt&trs=wtt
&ots=1553697060874&imgs=1p&filter=on&imgDetail=true
 https://int.search.myway.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?&n=7857a70f&p2=%5EBYU%5Exdm243%5ETTA
B03%5Eph&ptb=3118AE25-98CF-48B7-9F9B-
206A39505AE0&qs=&si=62662704959&ss=sub&st=tab&trs=wtt&tpr=sbt&enc=2&searchfor=nJM9nRsr
cIDt_OyttTNNaViBpKi_C2lVoRoNLN5CkBPIlwIzJyjnZu3QVJi9x9OW8oGihLT71KIqPkg2R1nrONwQzy
qQUMAgtDjUqO80VVrecmVjVB-ulRTpaJKERs6ZYFRuWdj-
VtPaT_aIqic1UdIx041tUEWbiTYmOZxuaBuE8gybh3tb3qEaCDiZhp4tySX4Zy8HaLtd9zRafXslIs0XkiKjh
uXFSUdhuKcrgIcu-Ghn4iTFLwKBOOaq44Iduj-
d5gad5_H73GTIV2jp6kcCI_tBl_dVwO3kaBv5G_lb9nXo4VYgtTRaPSzgpPpFjoMqfnZGZZpuhoWWBwr
gng&ts=1553697259748&imgs=1p&filter=on&imgDetail=true
Genetic Make-up
1. Down Syndrome

What is Down Syndrome?

In every cell in the human body there is a nucleus, where genetic material is stored in genes.
Genes carry the codes responsible for all of our inherited traits and are grouped along rod-like
structures called chromosomes. Typically, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of
chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each parent. Down syndrome occurs when an
individual has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21.

This additional genetic material alters the course of development and causes the
characteristics associated with Down syndrome. A few of the common physical traits of Down
syndrome are low muscle tone, small stature, an upward slant to the eyes, and a single deep crease
across the center of the palm – although each person with Down syndrome is a unique individual and
may possess these characteristics to different degrees, or not at all.

What Causes Down Syndrome?

Regardless of the type of Down syndrome a person may have, all people with Down syndrome have
an extra, critical portion of chromosome 21 present in all or some of their cells. This additional genetic
material alters the course of development and causes the characteristics associated with Down
syndrome.

The cause of the extra full or partial chromosome is still unknown. Maternal age is the only factor that
has been linked to an increased chance of having a baby with Down syndrome resulting from
nondisjunction or mosaicism. However, due to higher birth rates in younger women, 80% of children
with Down syndrome are born to women under 35 years of age.

There is no definitive scientific research that indicates that Down syndrome is caused by
environmental factors or the parents’ activities before or during pregnancy.

The additional partial or full copy of the 21st chromosome which causes Down syndrome can
originate from either the father or the mother. Approximately 5% of the cases have been traced to the
father.
 2. Albinism

The term albinism typically refers to oculocutaneous (ok-u-low-ku-TAY-nee-us) albinism (OCA)

— a group of inherited disorders where there is little or no production of the pigment melanin. The
type and amount of melanin your body produces determines the color of your skin, hair and eyes.
Melanin also plays a role in the development of optic nerves, so people with albinism have vision
problems.

Signs of albinism are usually apparent in a person's skin, hair and eye color, but sometimes
differences are slight. People with albinism are also sensitive to the effects of the sun, so they're at
increased risk of developing skin cancer.

Although there's no cure for albinism, people with the disorder can take steps to protect their skin and
eyes and maximize their vision.

3. Hemophilia

Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which your blood doesn't clot normally because it lacks
sufficient blood-clotting proteins (clotting factors). If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer
time after an injury than you would if your blood clotted normally.

Small cuts usually aren't much of a problem. The greater health concern is deep bleeding
inside your body, especially in your knees, ankles and elbows. That internal bleeding can damage
your organs and tissues, and may be life-threatening.

Hemophilia is an inherited (genetic) disorder. Treatment includes regular replacement of the

specific clotting factor that is reduced.
2. Neonatal Disorder
1.Respiratory

Genetic risk for respiratory distress in infancy has been recognized with increasing frequency
in neonatal intensive care units. Reports of family clusters of affected infants and of ethnic- and
gender-based respiratory phenotypes point to the contribution of inheritance. Similarly, different
outcomes among gestationally matched infants with comparable exposures to oxygen, mechanical
ventilation, or nutritional deficiency also suggest a genetic risk for respiratory distress. Examples of
inherited deficiency of surfactant protein B in both humans and genetically engineered murine
lineages illustrate the importance of identifying markers of genetic risk. In contrast to developmental,
inflammatory, or nutritional causes of respiratory distress that may resolve as infants mature, genetic
causes result in both acute and chronic (and potentially irreversible) respiratory failure. The
availability of clinically useful genetic markers of risk for respiratory distress in infancy will permit
development of rational strategies for treatment of genetic lung disorders of infancy and more
accurate counseling of families whose infants are at genetic risk for development of respiratory
distress at birth or during early childhood. We review examples of genetic variations known to be
associated with or cause respiratory distress in infancy.

2. Asphyxia
It is the condition where the body either doesn’t get enough oxygen to continue normal function
or has too much carbon dioxide to function properly. Without adequate oxygen, nerve cells in the
brain begin to die in about 2-4 minutes, and cell death is irreversible. When Stephen inhaled water,
the water in his lungs blocked the lungs' uptake of oxygen. Drowning or near drowning can cause
asphyxia, but so can a number of other conditions.

Causes of Asphyxia
Asphyxia can occur when the airway is physically blocked or as a side effect of an injury or other
medical condition.
Examples of the airway being physically blocked can include:

 Choking
 A foreign object lodged in the respiratory system or throat
 Suffocation
 Strangulation
 Drowning
 The tongue blocking the airway when a person is unconscious
 3. Jaundice

Jaundice causes your skin and the whites of your eyes to turn yellow. Too much bilirubin
causes jaundice. Bilirubin is a yellow chemical in hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen in
your red blood cells. As red blood cells break down, your body builds new cells to replace them. The
old ones are processed by the liver. If the liver cannot handle the blood cells as they break down,
bilirubin builds up in the body and your skin may look yellow.

Many healthy babies have some jaundice during the first week of life. It usually goes away.
However, jaundice can happen at any age and may be a sign of a problem. Jaundice can happen for
many reasons, such as

 Blood diseases
 Genetic syndromes
 Liver diseases, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis
 Blockage of bile ducts
 Infections
 Medicines

Treatment

Treatment will depend on the underlying cause.

Jaundice treatment targets the cause rather than the jaundice symptoms.

The following treatments are used:

 Anemia-induced jaundice may be treated by boosting the amount of iron in the blood by either taking
iron supplements or eating more iron-rich foods. Iron supplements are available for purchase online.

 Hepatitis-induced jaundice requires antiviral or steroid medications.

 Doctors can treat obstruction-induced jaundice by surgically removing the obstruction.

 If the jaundice has been caused by use of a medication, treatment for involves changing to an
alternative medication.

Prevention

Jaundice is related to liver function. It is essential that people maintain the health of this vital organ by
eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and not consuming more than the recommended
amounts of alcohol.
 4. Disorder of the nervous system like paralysis,
seizures and others.

What is paralysis?

Paralysis is a loss of strength in and control over a muscle or group of muscles in a part of the body.
Most of the time, this is not due to a problem with the muscles themselves. It is more likely due to a
problem somewhere along the chain of nerve cells that runs from the body part to your brain and
back again. These nerve cells deliver the signals for your muscles to move.

There are many types and degrees of paralysis. The condition can be:

 Partial- when you still have some control of your muscles (sometimes called paresis).
 Complete- when you can’t move your muscles at all.
 Permanent- when muscle control never comes back.
 Temporary- when some or all muscle control returns.
 Flaccid- when the muscles get flabby and shrink.
 Spastic- when the muscles are tight and hard and jerk around oddly (spasm).

Paralysis can occur in any part of the body and is either localized, when it affects only one part of the
body, or generalized, when it affects a wider area of the body.

What is seizure?
In seizure disorders, the brain's electrical activity is periodically disturbed, resulting in some
degree of temporary brain dysfunction.
 Many people have unusual sensations just before a seizure starts.

 Some seizures cause uncontrollable shaking and loss of consciousness, but more often,
people simply stop moving or become unaware of what is happening.

 Doctors suspect the diagnosis based on symptoms, but imaging of the brain, blood tests, and
electroencephalography (to record the brain’s electrical activity) are usually needed to identify
the cause.

 If needed, drugs can usually help prevent seizures.

5. Physical deformities (lack or addition of fingers,

limbs and others).
 Differences in a child’s physical appearance – such as hand differences – are noticeable at
birth, which can be distressing to the parents. In some cases, feelings of anger and guilt develop,
especially in the mother, who may blame herself for some "failure" during the pregnancy. Parents
may also become angry with health care providers for not detecting the problem during routine
prenatal care. In fact, no one is at fault. Most hand differences are not hereditary (do not run in
families) or preventable, and many cannot be detected before birth.

3. Human Growth Hormone

1. Obesity

The pituitary gland in our brain produces growth hormone, which influences a person's height
and helps build bone and muscle. Growth hormone also affects metabolism (the rate at which we
burn kilojoules for energy). Researchers have found that growth hormone levels in people who are
obese are lower than in people of normal weight.

2. Hypothyroidism

Congenital hypothyroidism should be identified and treated early to avoid potentially profound
cognitive deficits. On the basis of strong clinical evidence, the dose of levothyroxine is higher at
early ages and progressively decreases into adulthood. On the basis of observational studies and
consensus, children with congenital hypothyroidism and a eutopic thyroid gland should
discontinue levothyroxine treatment at age 3 years to determine whether their hypothyroidism was
transient. On the basis of observational studies, most patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis present
with a goiter and without hypothyroidism. On the basis of observational studies,
subclinical hypothyroidism is more common among obese children. On the basis of strong clinical
evidence, children with central hypothyroidism should have other pituitary hormone deficiencies
ruled out.
3. Diseases
1. Impair growth and development (Dwarfism)

It is a condition of short stature. It is defined by the advocacy group Little People of

America (LPA) as an adult height of 4 feet 10 inches or under, as a result of a medical or
genetic condition. Although other groups may extend the criteria for certain forms of
dwarfism to 5 feet, the average height of an adult with dwarfism is 4 feet.

Dwarfism can be caused by any of more than 200 conditions. Causes of

proportionate dwarfism include metabolic and hormonal disorders such as growth hormone
deficiency.

2. Fast growth and tall stature

(Gigantism)

It is a growth hormone problem. if the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone, a
child's bones and body parts may grow abnormally fast.

It is also a rare condition of accelerated growth and increased height as a result of too
much growth hormone secretion during childhood or adolescence. It is almost always the
result of a growth hormone secreting pituitary tumour.