Running head: Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 1

Grid connected Solar Power in Pakistan

Submitted By

The Brainiacs
Emad Ul Hameed Siddique 2017103

Eisha Jawad 2017102

Danyal Hakeem Jokhio 2017101

Daniyal Akram 2017100

Danish Sajjad (Team Leader) 2017099

Danish Hassan 2017098

Muhammad Ali Safdar 2017097

Braikhna Afridi 2017096

Supervisor

Ms Sabeen Hayat

Course Instructor HM102- GIK Institute

Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 2

Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 5

1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Energy crisis .......................................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Sustainable solar energy ........................................................................................................ 6

2. NEED ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Imbalance energy mix ........................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Pricing Policy ........................................................................................................................ 9

2.3 Consequences of Energy Crisis ............................................................................................. 9

3. SOLAR ENERGY: CURRENT POSITION ............................................................................ 10

3.1 Geographical Potential of Solar Energy in Pakistan ........................................................... 10

3.2 Market Potential .................................................................................................................. 11

4. WORKINGS OF A PHOTO VOLTAIC SYSTEM ................................................................. 12

4.1 Components of a grid connected Solar Photo Voltaic system ............................................ 12

5. PRACTICALITY ...................................................................................................................... 14

5.1 Economic Practicality ......................................................................................................... 14

5.1.1 About Net Metering in Pakistan ................................................................................... 14

5.1.2 Economic incentives ..................................................................................................... 16

5.2 Availability of manufacturing materials ............................................................................. 18

5.3 Macro Level Economics...................................................................................................... 19

6. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 20

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 21
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 3

LIST OF TABLES
Figure 1: Pakistan’s electricity supply relative to time. .................................................................. 8
Figure 2: Generation of electricity vs Consumption Chart. According to the Board of Investment
Pakistan, the installed power capacity is 22,797 MW. However, current generation stands
between 12,000 and 13,000 MW per day, against peak a demand of 17,000 to 21,000 MW.
Figure 2 shows the average annual demand of electricity, which is increasing at a constant rate of
8–10 % annually. .......................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3: Pakistan’s Direct Normal Solar Radiation .................................................................... 11
Figure 4: Operations of a PV Solar System .................................................................................. 12
Figure 5: Rise in purchasing power- Lahore- against years ......................................................... 15
Figure 6: Cost incurred for a Solar Panel - Pakistan 2018 ............................................................ 16
Figure 7: Electricity Consumption Per Capita Pakistan ............................................................... 17
Figure 8: The FAQ section on Pantera Energy’s website to guide customers in details .............. 18
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work would not have been possible without our project advisor, Miss Sabeen Hayat, and
Graduate Assistant, Mir Zataullah, who have mentored us provided us with all the required
resources and necessary knowledge. Special thanks to Miss Sabeen Hayat who has taught us
more than we could give her credit for.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report provides an analysis on the usage of photo-voltaic cells (solar cells) as a means to
overcome the current shortage of electricity by providing sustainable and renewable energy
source. The report is divided under four main sections as follows:

1. Need analysis
2. Current position of Pakistan’s electrical grid and the need to look forward to solar energy
3. Working of a photovoltaic system
4. Practicality

This provides an insight of the energy crisis which has been on a rise in Pakistan for the last
decade. There has been an imbalance in the supply and demand of electricity in the country for
which the energy crisis is on the verge of getting worse every year. In addition to this, the
problems in the affordability of the developing country to overcome the crisis has led to a point
where there is a need to look forward to a solution which does not burden the economy in a long
run.

To get a clear understanding of how beneficial the following solution can be, the current position
of solar energy utilization in the power sector of Pakistan is analyzed with discussion on
geographical and market potential of solar energy in Pakistan.

This report also covers the technical operations and working of a solar photovoltaic system
briefly. In order to understand the feasibility of the system, it is essential to get an insight of the
equipment required to operate safely under standard operating procedures. It also helps
understanding the cost of a single domestic Solar PV system of a capacity within 10kWh.

The last portion of the report discusses the practicality of the whole project on a large scale and
the benefits that can be gained from its implementation. The advantages include reduced
electricity bills and returns on the investments in a fairly short time period which is often
overlooked.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 6

1. INTRODUCTION
Over a century back, innovative revolution took place with the revelation and utilization of fuel
in households and industries which enhanced the lifestyle of the man by numerous ventures in
one go. Quick methods for transportation, electrical gadgets and an enhanced industrial
proficiency met the evolving needs of the man in day to day activities. As time passed by,
rapidly dying fuel reservoirs and exponential ascent of fuel request congested the industrial yield,
causing a critical shortage in supply in fuel.

1.1 Energy crisis

Pakistan is facing serious energy crisis for nearly past two decades. Despite harboring extensive
reserves of oil and gas, Pakistan has been unable to overcome the crisis of power deprivation due
to lack of advanced technology and poor budgetary arrangements. Fuel costs have risen by 175%
from 1996 to 2014. Consequently, power costs have hiked approximately 200% from 2010 to
2014. In spite of the fact, that the administration of Pakistan is attempting its best to cope with
the crises, no noteworthy positive results have been seen. Business conditions have and are
deteriorating because of short fuel supplies and rising costs. A vast majority of households are
unable to afford electricity due to fluctuations in cost which manifests itself into economic
dissatisfaction among the countrymen. There is a prominent increase in energy demand in view
of:

1. Increase in population
2. Enhancement in way of life
3. Industrial and rural development
4. Greater transportation needs

1.2 Sustainable solar energy

In these circumstances, there is a need to select a financially smart and sustainable alternate
energy source to power the industrial and economic market of Pakistan that is susceptible to
great prosperity under the right impetus. This report aims to analyze the effectiveness of
capitalizing on solar energy and bridging the gaping margin between energy demand and supply.
Taking into account the average household affordability in some of the major metropolitan areas
of Pakistan, the cost of purchasing a solar panel and any and all hindrances of miscellaneous
nature like the need to import raw material for PV cell manufacture the report concludes on the
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 7

effectiveness of resorting to net metering. The idea being that surplus energy from Solar panels
can be redistributed in areas by directing said energy to the national grid. The report offers a cost
benefit analysis as well for individual consumers and the pros of investing in solar panel by
arguing on merits and demerits of reimbursement in the form of reduced electricity bill.

The severity of the issue and hence the significance of this report can be well understood by the
government’s active plans to build more power stations. However, due to the tangible harm of
emitting greenhouse gases the report sways towards effective use of solar panels simultaneously
with the current established system i.e. Hydroelectric and thermal.

2. NEED ANALYSIS
For the last decade there has been reasonable shift in strategy for tackling the ever-growing
demand for energy by the Government of Pakistan by investing in alternate energy sources. The
motive is to fulfill energy’s supply and demand gap for present and future planned or unplanned
outages in the country. The volatile status quo is well explained by the trend of electricity
consumption that featured a sharp increase from 96.2 Terawatt/h in 2008 to 110 Terawatt/h in
2015. The time period between 2008 to 2012 featured a rather steady increase amounting to just
4% but with the advent of industries and newer establishments in the region, the next three years
saw a cumulative increase of 10.7% in consumer electricity consumption.

This sudden and abrupt rise in demand of electricity has forced Pakistan to rely heavily on
imported fuels, especially from the Middle East, to power its energy houses. Rising costs of
fossil fuel, political instability in the gulf and increased hefty costs of border scrutiny such as
tariffs has left the energy sector in shambles.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 8

Multiple initiatives have been taken by the government in the hopes of coping with this dilemma.
Numerous agreements have been signed that have seen the culmination of many coal power
plants, the likes of Sahiwal Coal Power plant (inaugurated in 2017) and the recently
commissioned Quaid-e-Azam Solar power plant in Bahawalpur, Punjab. These plans, although

Figure 1: Pakistan’s electricity supply relative to time.

of utmost significance, fail to bridge the discrepancy between the supply and demand of
electricity for innumerable reasons, the most important ones mentioned further.

2.1 Imbalance energy mix

The cumulative energy of the country is derived from two primary sources- 34% is hydro while
61% is thermal. Nuclear power amounts to just 5% whereas Solar and wind have a bare
minimum input at this stage. Despite the need of the hour calling for active usage of
hydroelectric power, Pakistan has chosen to invest in thermal power plants accounting for the
lower aforementioned number even though hydroelectric has a capacity of generating 60,000
MW at its full potential. The current distribution, however, harms the economy in two ways:

a) Cost of running thermal power plants is relatively much higher straining the government
and in turn the consumer.
b) Renewable energy sources are either limited and have to be imported or untapped in
Pakistan to ensure a continued supply of energy.

Renewable energy from hydroelectric power stations is the most economical and most
environment friendly solution we currently have, but the current setup only allows for just 7115
MW- 12% of the total amount.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 9

2.2 Pricing Policy

The Pakistani government has historically set some not so acceptable pricing for the electricity
that it provides to the consumers. Having already established that most of the energy comes from
Thermal power, it is imperative to understand that the price of raw non-synthesized oil continues
to fluctuate based on various factors. This means that the price per domestic unit for electricity
varies in synchrony with these fluctuations. The government, to account for this change,
subsidized electricity which created a gap between the actual cost of generating energy and the
recovered cost in terms of consumers paying their bills. The difference between the two, is
recovered by either taking loans from monetary bodies or halting new developments in the
energy sector.

2.3 Consequences of Energy Crisis

a) Monetary Factors: Energy is significant for running every other cog in the economy and
crisis of any sorts, hinders the progress in financial advancement to a great extent. This
creates disruption in the agriculture sector and major industries that are present. A
substantial drop in GDP and/or deviations from the norm in exports is almost always
attributed to power losses within the country.
b) Industrial Sector: Breakage in energy supply causes significant issues for the Industrial
units' yield and development. The profits for any factory are contingent on maintaining a
balance between the earnings and the expenditures that are incurred on an annual basis.
Blackouts in this case disrupt the planned flow of product manufacturing and in turn
harm the industry significantly per se by allowing a smaller time window to manufacture
the same number of products.
c) Joblessness: If for the aforementioned reasons some industries seize to exist, majority
of people working there are at a risk of losing their jobs. In an already developing world
where factories aim to maximize their production by using machines, a decrease in job
availability would exacerbate the situation to higher orders.
d) Social Issues: This factor is principally identified with the local utilization of vitality
(cooking, warming and water arrangement). Load shedding cause distress and
dissatisfaction among the general population and results in fomentation against the
administration.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 10

Generation vs Consumption (MW)

70000

60000 5448
4386
50000 2822
1143
3285 30881
40000 2977
26133 28408
3683 24041
30000 22116
20345
18715
20000

22898 23311 24022 25433

10000 17378 18831
15032
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Power generation Power consumption Power Deficit

Figure 2: Generation of electricity vs Consumption Chart. According to the Board of Investment Pakistan,
the installed power capacity is 22,797 MW. However, current generation stands between 12,000 and 13,000
MW per day, against peak a demand of 17,000 to 21,000 MW. Figure 2 shows the average annual demand of
electricity, which is increasing at a constant rate of 8–10 % annually.

e) Destitution: Declination in financial development bring down rural efficiency and

joblessness. Shackling industrial development brings about expanding neediness. At
present, around 40% of our population is living past destitution line and this proportion is
expanding step by step

3. SOLAR ENERGY: CURRENT POSITION

Till 2011, solar energy had a low profile in Pakistan due to very limited activities regarding solar
energy installation and awareness. Pakistan missed its target of accomplishing 10% of all its
energy requests from sustainable power sources by 2010. However, substantial steps have been
taken by the GoP like Quaid-e-Azam and Wah Industries sunlight-based power parks:

1. Geographical Potential: This segment will audit the geographical places of Pakistan that are
most appropriate for sunlight-based establishments.

2. Market Potential: This area will talk about the market potential, adoptability and
reasonableness of solar energy.

3.1 Geographical Potential of Solar Energy in Pakistan

Pakistan has a one of a kind geographical area, being situated at a point where it gets most of the
solar radiations. A few regions of southern Pakistan like Quetta, zones of focal and southern
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 11

Punjab like Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Bahawalpur, and Rahimyar Khan get the most of solar
radiations consistently. Pakistan more often gets 6.8 to 8.3 kMJ/m2 every year and normal
daylight has a span of nearly 7-9 hours. There are certain regions of the south, Quetta valley and
Central Punjab that receive maximum solar radiation. The Annual Direct Normal Solar Radiation
for CSP is in the range of 7-7.5 kWh/m2/day in many parts of Balochistan and between 6.5-7
kWh/m2/day in other parts of Balochistan. 5-5.5 kWh/m2/day in Southern Punjab and Northern
Sindh and around 4.5-5 kWh/m2/day in rest of Pakistan.

Pakistan has an enormous potential for converting over the solar energy into valuable and helpful
means. This solar energy can be gathered to deliver power to tackle the energy emergency of
Pakistan. As indicated by Energy Book Pakistan 2004-2005, the 0.25 % of solar irradiance
falling just on Balochistan area will be adequate to meet the current energy emergency of the
nation.

3.2 Market Potential

Being a developing nation, Pakistan is a market of evolving patterns. The market is sharp of
embracing and adjusting to new advancements. Contrasted with domestic units, solar based
arrangements are practically more slanted to business, modern and agricultural areas because of
their high rate of return and shorter payback periods. For domestic units, the payback period is a
bit long yet the government finds prospect in enabling households to be self-sufficient so that
industrial development may attain higher growth rate by fulfilling energy needs.

In 2006 AEDB issued a SRO which absolved the duties on solar energy items and helped support
the innovation. In the light of SRO.575 (1)/2006 government deferred off the 32.2% duties on
import of sun-based boards to make it more Figure 3: Pakistan’s Direct Normal Solar Radiation
moderate for the overall population.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 12

4. WORKINGS OF A PHOTO VOLTAIC SYSTEM

Photo Voltaic (PV) cells convert solar energy into electrical energy. Solar panels utilize arrays of
such PV cells connected in series to produce a reasonable voltage between 12 to 24 volts and
produce a Direct Current (DC). Power harnessed from PV panels is neither stable nor suitable for
daily use. They are further connected to control units which convert it to 220V or 110V
Alternating Current (AC) of frequencies 50Hz or 60Hz respectively based on locale. These PV
systems can be configured as a standalone power source or connected to your local grid for
redistribution of energy based on the user’s needs. This report particularly aims at Grid
Connected PV systems. An average domestic Solar PV system can produce up to 10 kilowatts of
power which meets the needs of most domestic consumers.

4.1 Components of a grid connected Solar Photo Voltaic system

Solar Systems can sometimes produce more electric power than the consuption in a given
scenario. For instance, during the long summer evenings when you are not home, the surplus
energy would be wasted in a conventional solar system. However, if a grid connected (also
known as “grid tied”) solar PV system is used, it can either store or feed the extra energy back
into the grid. In that case, the grid tied systems are connected through an inverter to the public
grid. The inverter converts the DC power to AC power and steps it up to your local voltage level.
In addition to the solar panels, the
most basic component of the
system, following components
are also required to connect your
solar system to the grid:

• Inverter: The inverter is the

second most basic and
integral part of such a
system. The inverter is
responsible for converting
DC power from solar panels
to AC power and step it up to
110/220 V AC. The
Figure 4: Operations of a PV Solar System
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 13

frequency is maintained at 60/50 Hz respectively based on the regional standard. If the

system is designed to store energy in batteries, a battery management system is also
incorporated into the inverter. Smart power management systems connected to the inverter
calculate the amount of energy to be stored or fed back based on the trends of power
requirements learned over time. Another safety system incorporated in an inverter is an anti-
islanding system. In case power to the grid is shut by the distribution company for
maintenance or failure, the solar system from any domestic facility should stop feeding
power to the lines. In the absence of such a system, the power lines would become live even
when power from the distribution company is cut. It has a potential hazard of electrocuting
the maintenance workers.
• Electricity Meter: The electricity meter also called a Kilowatt hour (kWh) meter is used to
maintain record of the energy used or sent back into the grid. A combination of two
unidirectional meters can be used to calculate the net flow of power or a single bi-directional
meter is used to calculate the net energy consumed or sent back to the grid. The local
distribution company records the net consumption and bills the consumer accordingly.
• AC Breaker Panel and Fuses: Electricity service panel is always installed at every
domestic facility that consumes electric power. When a solar system is installed at that
facility, additional isolation breakers and fuses are required for the system. These can be
used to isolate and shut down the system for maintenance. They also protect domestic and
public equipment in case of failure from any end.
• Safety Switches and Cabling: In addition to safety switches installed in electrical service
panel, fuses and circuit breakers are installed separately between solar panels and inverter to
cut power for periodic maintenance or replacement of equipment. Under the standard
operating procedures of many electrical companies, additional earthing and thunder
shielding is a compulsory requirement. It saves the user and equipment in case the system
becomes live due to any malfunction or thunder strikes.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 14

5. PRACTICALITY
5.1 Economic Practicality
5.1.1 About Net Metering in Pakistan
Net metering is a policy under government organizations which states the essential laws if people
want to produce electricity from their own renewable source like wind or solar and feed the
surplus to the national grid. It dictates the tariffs and pricing policy applicable during peak and
off-peak hours. The consumer will either pay a reduced electricity bill or get paid for the excess
energy fed into the grid in case the company isn’t able to meet the consumer load.

According to Net-metering reference guide for electricity consumer (Wahid, 2016):

NEPRA announced the official National Electric Power Regulatory Authority

(Alternative & Renewable Energy) Distributed Generation and Net Metering
Regulations on September 1, 2015. As per these regulations, any customer of the
national grid (having three-phase connection) can avail net-metering facility for
small-scale (1kW to 1MW) Renewable Energy installations. In Pakistan, net-
metering is the first policy mechanism of the Policy for Development of Renewable
Energy for Power Generation 2006, which has been fully implemented. Section 8.4.2
of the Renewable Energy Policy provides that subject to technical considerations and
without discrimination and upon request by distribution end-users, distribution
companies shall enter into a net-metering agreement with qualified end-users,
interested in installing the renewable energy system. (1)

Although Solar Power technology has seen a sluggish start when introduced to the Pakistani
market, it was recently met with an overwhelming response as general purchasing power tripled
in over a decade. However, the cumulative cost of installing the complete setup-including
batteries, inverters and the network of wires- still is well over the average income per household
estimated at 1,535 US$.

Due to this constraint, we intend to start the project in some of the wealthier communities of
major metropolitans in the country namely Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. The progression rate
of increased consumer spending, general infrastructure improvement and greater contribution to
the national GDP, concurs to the said claim.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 15

Taking Lahore as an example

Rise in Purchasing power (Lahore)

depicted as a percentage
8.8 9
8.2 8.4
8
7.3 7.5
7.1
6.3 6.2
5.5 5.5 5.5
4.9
4.3

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Figure 5: Rise in purchasing power- Lahore- against years

With an economy that valued at 977.6 billion dollars in 2015 and at over 1 Trillion dollars
towards the end of 2016 [1], Lahore’s affluent 25% upper quartile is well above the minimum
threshold baseline of “solar panel affordability”. Similar and even a stronger upward trajectory
can be seen for other metropolitan cities as well. For the project itself, we will assume that all
households, given the variation of purchasing power, will not be able to afford for themselves the
same type of solar panels. This demarcation will be reflected in the overall power production of
the system, in watts, the number of appliances it would power and subsequently the surplus
energy made that we aim to harness via national grid redistribution.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 16

The following is a breakdown of the cost incurred for purchasing a Solar Panel in Pakistan,
categorized based on the watts of power generated and the additional fee for installation.

Figure 6: Cost incurred for a Solar Panel - Pakistan 2018

5.1.2 Economic incentives

The upper 25% quartile, the potential market that we are targeting, has the incentive to invest
money into the solar panel installation system for two reasons:

1. Reduced electricity bill:

According to statistics gathered in 2014, the average power consumption per capita was
471.04 kWh. This number gradually rises every year to account for purchase of more
power consuming appliances in households and the establishment of industries on a macro
level.
Using this set value, we can calculate that a household consumes approximately
Total consumption = 471.04 x 24 hr. = 11,304.96 KW in a day
Assuming that the 25% quartile we have been referring to purchases a 1000-Watt Solar
panel that charges within 4 hours of being exposed to sunlight. A minimum of 3000 KW is
supplied daily assuming a safe sunlight time span of 6am to 6pm in majority of areas in the
country. This reduces the average consumption to Reduced power utilized
Reduced Power Utilized = 11,304.96 – 3000 = 8,304.96 kW.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 17

Which manifests itself to a decrease of an estimated bill of at least PKR 2000/Month.

Figure 7: Electricity Consumption Per Capita Pakistan

2. Return on investment:

The average life expectancy for a solar panel is stated to be 20 years with the guarantee
that towards the end of this time period, at least 80% energy, of the cumulative capacity,
will be generated. Given that constraint, consumers would have, under our model,
purchased 25% of their annual electricity bill for the forthcoming 20 years or more.

The installation cost is reimbursed in around 3.35 years assuming that the 3800-Watt panel
is purchased.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 18

5.2 Availability of manufacturing materials

Having analyzed the practicality of initiating a project of this scale, economically-that is, let us
scrutinize the possibility in terms of the availability of materials for manufacturing a solar panel.
Back in 2010 most of the reliable equipment had to be imported which created multiple
hindrances for domestic consumers. For one, the additional fee the likes of customs tax, tariffs,

Figure 8: The FAQ section on Pantera Energy’s website to guide customers in details

border checks and the actual cost of shipment meant that it was never a safe gamble for most
purchasers.

However, a recent shift in trend towards solar energy meant that new industries and companies
have been established in Pakistan to cater to the needs of an average consumer whilst providing a
complete setup that is of comparable quality, if not better, then those of multinational
corporations.

Some of the most reputed names in the industry include:

1. Nizam Energy
2. Pantera Energy Pvt Ltd
3. Sun life Solar
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 19

5.3 Macro Level Economics

The idea of net metering, channelizing surplus energy to the national grid, is widely practiced in
the west majorly the US with prominent application in California. The world is well accustomed
to the success of the plan. However, net metering was only approved in Pakistan until recently
(2017). The ministry of power and electricity predicts that through net metering and additional
renewable energy initiatives, Pakistan will remove approximately 4.2 Million tons of Carbon
dioxide, equivalently, for its set goals for 2030.

The total cost saved through this plan cannot accurately be gauged because of a lack of
standardization of coal price in the international market which ensures that the cost incurred for
burning coal for fuel is highly inflated. However, it is highly agreed upon that the money saved
through not burning the required coal would range from 15 Million US Dollars to 23 Million US
Dollar using the standard metric of Cost of burning 1 kg of coal = 0.06 USD.

Although major concerns have been raised with regards to the carbon footprint that occurs when
a solar panel is manufactured. Most of the crucial components of the PV cell require rigorous use
of processes that release carbon dioxide. However, it is worth noting that a solar panel is
manufactured once within a twenty-year time period and hence will not incur the same level of
greenhouse emissions as regular coal power plants. Moreover, the scale of the project, given its
economic status quo, will not be as grand as some of the well-established net metering projects.
During the process of manufacturing of a PV Cell the chemical silicon tetrachloride is made
during the refinement of silicon to turn it into its purest form. However, it is worth noting that
this chemical can easily be recycled and efforts to do so have already been well underway in
major PV cell manufacturing countries. China for example, towards the end of 2011, required all
factories to recycle 98.5% of Silicon tetrachloride. The task is seemingly incredibly easy to
execute as long as the right equipment are installed and the law enforced to its fullest. That said,
the issue of Carbon dioxide emissions will not be a hassle for Pakistan for at least 30 years down
the road, a time sufficiently long enough to find better ways to make solar panels.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 20

6. CONCLUSION
If the above discussed measures and the factors taken into account it is clear that Solar Panels
and net metering will bring about a positive change in Pakistan. The measures won’t necessarily
at this stage free the country from energy crises but will definitely play the role of a helping hand
to the current system in place. It is worth noting that the effects will not be visible instantly after
the application of net metering but will require a few years to harvest its benefits as the model
gradually expands to accommodate greater number of households and in turn benefit Pakistan at
a mass level.
Grid Connected Solar Power in Pakistan 21

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