Anti-Utopianism and Fredric Jameson’s

Archaeologies of the Future

Darren Jorgensen

It is most tempting to think of Fredric Jameson’s Archaeologies of the

Future (2005) in utopian terms, as a contribution to the history of utopian
philosophy represented by Theodor Adorno, Louis Marin and Herbert Mar-
cuse, if not Hegel, Marx and Jameson himself. 1 To trace the line of utopian
ideas in their works is to be seduced by Jameson’s own project, which has,
since Marxism and Form (1971), mapped the utopian continuities that exist
between an assortment of Marxist writers. 2 Marxism and Form stands as a
seminal beginning to Jameson’s utopian project, introducing the work of un-
translated German writers, including Walter Benjamin and Herbert Mar-
cuse, to a generation of Anglophonic scholars. One reviewer went so far as
to recommend the book to English-speaking Germans to clear up the
muddy phrases of Gyorgy Lukács and Ernst Bloch, claiming that Jameson
presented a much more articulate version of their ideas! 3 There is no better
demonstration of the recognition effected upon the Marxist corpus by
Jameson’s intellectual clarity than the conclusion to Aesthetics and Politics
(1980), in which the hostility between Lukács and Bloch is transformed into
two sides of the same politics. 4 Indeed, the very meaning of Jameson’s
Marxism comes about from just such theoretical sublimations as these, as
disparate European projects are unified both intellectually and politically.
The sheer synthetic power of Jameson’s writing makes it difficult to think

COLLOQUY text theory critique 14 (2007). © Monash University.

www.colloquy.monash.edu.au/issue14/jorgensen.pdf
46 Darren Jorgensen ░

about his writing in terms that aren’t Jamesonian, the range of his project
transforming Marxist literary criticism into a totality.
Thus it is that in Archaeologies Jameson addresses the disputed ter-
rain of the utopian imagination, and more particularly the anti-utopian situa-
tion of our own times, a situation that leads him to argue for an “anti-anti-
Utopianism.” 5 If there is a precedent for this manoeuvre it is Lukács, whose
shifting positions were constantly negotiating with the hard line Soviet left in
his native Hungary. Those things that many readers find repugnant in
Lukács, including the appeal to a popular front position and the unveiling of
the cognitive processes of capitalism in more and more areas of cultural
life, Jameson has turned on his own historical situation. The rhetorical use
of “we” in both Lukács and Jameson is exemplary of their unitary projects,
the reference to some imagined unity beyond the fragmentations of capital-
ism serving to build an alliance not only between themselves and their
readership, but also within the fragmented array of subject matter they treat
in their writings. From a utopian point of view, the “we” is an invitation to
collaborate with the author in building a shared platform from which a better
world might be glimpsed. From the other side of the utopian barrier – from
the point at which the contradictions of capitalism have resolved them-
selves – these contradictions assume their place in the struggle for social
change, and even become a necessary part of the renewed struggle for to-
tality. This is the temptation that Archaeologies offers to its reader, not only
as a work that oversees the history of work on utopias, but as a kind of
summary of Jameson’s own oeuvre, offering a fundamental and faithful key
with which to unlock his interpretive practice. As Perry Anderson notes, “No
intellectual thread has been more continuous in his work” than utopianism,
and it tempting to think of Archaeologies as the work of a major theoretical
figure who has at last put his methodology on the table. 6
To visualise Jameson’s utopianism, it is necessary to take a step back.
Some of the best critiques of Marxism, after all, have come from beyond
Marxism. Jean-François Lyotard and Jacques Derrida’s respective works
on the libidinal and spectral qualities of Marxism are exemplary, subjecting
it to a critique from beyond the popular front. 7 It is without such ambition
that I want to proceed here, but instead I want to begin to unravel some of
Jameson’s utopian project by interrogating its methodology. Many contem-
porary readers will be familiar with Jameson’s Postmodernism: The Cultural
Logic of Late Capitalism (1991), a book whose long influence has been due
to its making sense out of a diverse array of cultural practices. 8 The meth-
odology at work here was called “cognitive mapping,” an experimental yok-
ing together of texts that would render insights into the unconscious of their
historical moment. 9 Archaeologies, however, harks back to an earlier theo-
 ░ Anti-Utopianism and Jameson’s Archaeologies 47

retical strategy in Jameson’s career, that of “metacommentary,” whose as-

pirations to complexity and totality well prepared its author for his subse-
quent work on postmodernism. Metacommentary employs the dialectic to
think its literary and theoretical subjects onto a higher, more complex plane
of historical meaning. It is possible to divide Jameson’s oeuvre in two and
along the lines of these different methods for building textual histories. Both
metacommentary and cognitive mapping appear first in articles of the same
name, but are most comprehensively employed in Jameson’s book-length
works. So it is that, after the first appearance of the “Metacommentary” es-
say in 1971, it is possible to detect its operation, “a kind of mental proce-
dure that suddenly shifts gears, that throws everything in an inextricable
tangle one floor higher,” in the books that followed it, 10 including Marxism
and Form (1971), The Prison-House of Language (1972), Fables of Ag-
gression: Wyndham Lewis, the Modernist as Fascist (1979), but most es-
pecially in The Political Unconscious (1981). 11 Cognitive mapping, mean-
while, is the declared method of Postmodernism (1991), to which The
Seeds of Time (1994) reads as an addendum, and his works on cinema,
Signatures of the Visible (1990) and The Geopolitical Aesthetic (1992), are
companions. 12 During this latter period Jameson also produced metacom-
mentary, writing through the 1990s on theoretical as much as cultural sub-
jects in Late Marxism (1990), Brecht and Method (1998), and A Singular
Modernity (2002). 13 While within the flow of his sentences the distinction
between the two may sometimes blur, and tactics differ from the overall
strategy of these books, it is possible to make such a division within
Jameson’s oeuvre on the basis of their content, which is either literary-
theoretical or visual-cultural, and thus an instance of metacommentary or
cognitive mapping.
The literary-theoretical content of Archaeologies makes it an example
of metacommentary, as its chapters range from the utopian philosophy of
Bloch to the high science fiction of Stanislaw Lem and Ursula Le Guin. It
also lies in the reading experience of the book itself, which, in the manner
of Jameson’s other late metacommentaries, in particular Late Marxism
(1990) and Brecht and Method (1998), tends toward complexity on the level
of the sentence. If cognitive mapping is an attempt to clarify, to historicise
in the face of cultural surplus, then metacommentary resists reductive ex-
planations, its complexities instead produced from within theory’s infinite
self-reflexivity. The sheer range of material addressed by Archaeologies,
from theory to fiction, from Freud to Greimas, from spatial to historical uto-
pianism, can only complicate the individual texts and topics to which it ad-
dresses itself, weaving a tangle that the “Metacommentary” essay of 1971
argues should reveal the conditions by which its own interpretation is taking
48 Darren Jorgensen ░

place. The reading experience is vertiginous, a potentially infinite regress

that only finds its feet again by virtue of a dialectic that appeals to history
and politics as its ethical order. The debris of the last century is systema-
tised with a view to the ongoing utopian struggle for social change.
It is not so much to this programmatic 1971 essay that we should turn
to think through this system, but to its most ambitious realisation in The Po-
litical Unconscious. While today Postmodernism looms as Jameson’s most
famous and relevant text, in the 1980s The Political Unconscious was just
as influential on American literary studies. 14 It made spectacular use of
metacommentary, co-ordinating what appeared to be every contemporary
movement of interpretive practice within itself, and thus raising them to an-
other level of interpretive practice that Jameson famously declared to be
the ultimate horizon of Marxism. The Political Unconscious was contempo-
rary with several other works attempting to co-ordinate the different theo-
retical schools competing within the American academy at that time. Books
such as Michael Ryan’s Marxism and Deconstruction (1982), Frank Len-
triccha’s After the New Criticism (1980), Stanley Fish’s Is there a Text in
this Class? (1980), as well as the influential work of Hayden White, Edward
Said and Terry Eagleton addressed the fragmentation of the humanities
that had been brought about by the impact of French poststructuralism. 15
The Political Unconscious was by far the most influential of these works,
testifying to the success of metacommentary as an interpretive practice,
even if it may have only been Jameson who possessed the eidetic quality
of mind to put it to work.
For it is the quality of metacommentary not so much to argue with pre-
vious interpretive methodologies but to preserve them within the greater
argument that metacommentary makes, to encrypt them like antique com-
puter codes that have been surpassed by new levels of machinic intelli-
gence. In the 1971 essay, Jameson argued that it was “wrong to want to
decide, to want to resolve a difficulty.” 16 Instead, it was better to shift these
difficulties to a new theoretical level, to transform them dialectically into a
means for further thought. The Political Unconscious demonstrated how to
manage these levels of making meaning, co-ordinating three moments of
interpretive practice. The first of these moments is the bibliophilic, in which
author and text are placed in biographical and historical contexts that flesh
out the intended meaning of the work. The second is interpretation, in
which the representations of a text are reduced to what Jameson calls the
ideologeme, the smallest possible formation of class struggle. It is in this
moment that Jameson places those multiple means of reading texts that
have preceded him, including New Criticism, structuralism, poststructural-
ism and even previous versions of Marxism itself. The metacommentary
 ░ Anti-Utopianism and Jameson’s Archaeologies 49

succeeds these moments not only in the chronological development of lit-

erary theory itself, as it comes to self-consciousness (and this especially af-
ter poststructuralism), but in its capacity to both preserve and absorb these
earlier methods as moments in its own interpretive practice.
The ideologeme of metacommentary is the mode of production. While
in our own day the mode of production is predominantly capitalist, this
dominance does not exclude other modes that may well be simultaneous
with it. Nor is this mode historically inevitable. The immense shifts in
Europe from agrarian production to feudalism and capitalism are, then, not
so much exclusive of each other, but take place as a series of overlapping
and interpenetrating paradigms of economic organisation. Jameson’s fas-
cination with the transitions between these modes of production turn in
metacommentary into the simultaneity of historically contingent interpretive
practices. In The Political Unconscious such practices that were current in
the 1970s are both simultaneous and successive, as New Criticism gives
way to and is the condition for poststructuralism in American universities,
which is in turn the condition for the coming to maturity of Marxism. The
dialectical sublation that Jameson puts to work here, assimilating now one
and now the other interpretive practice, is also at work in Archaeologies.
The historical transitions between modes of production once again become
a means of thinking through the appearance of spatial utopias, which de-
scribe the possibilities of radical change just when such a change appears
historically immanent. 17 Not only utopian fiction writers but utopian theorists
are read against the historical cusps upon which they sit, whether this be
Thomas More living amidst the rise of a humanism that reacted to an early
modern capitalism, or Bloch and Adorno, whose move from Nazi Germany
to the US gave them insights into the culture of monopoly capitalism in the
twentieth century. Similarly, the novels of Le Guin and Samuel Delany
come to stand for different interpretive possibilities for utopianism that re-
volve around their own political situations. From its dialectical appearance
amidst the throes of early modern capitalism to the haunting of twentieth
century popular culture, from spatial to heterotopic narrative structures, the
figure of utopia comes to co-ordinate the metacommentary at work in Ar-
chaeologies.
If Archaeologies seems more heady than Jameson’s other works,
more obscure in its aims, this is because the utopian methodology of meta-
commentary is identical to the utopia of its subject. Utopia interprets utopia,
in a doubling that can be difficult to disentangle. In The Political Uncon-
scious, the utopian realisation of history was the absent totality to which
metacommentary aspired, and to which the interpretive modes of Al-
thusserian Marxism, New Criticism and poststructuralism were subject. In
50 Darren Jorgensen ░

Archaeologies, metacommentary coordinates a series of utopian positions,

threatening to regress into an unreflexive duplication of utopian ideas. The
seduction of Jameson’s utopianism, the utopian space from which it
mounts its critique, is identical to the object of this very critique. This dou-
bling of the utopian premises of Archaeologies is nowhere more evident
than in its Introduction, where Jameson proclaims his “anti-anti-
Utopianism.” 18 This dialectical doubling has the effect of a reversal as the
utopian subject is placed at a greater and greater distance, lost in the com-
plexity of a metacommentary that is itself predicated on the complexity of
the historical situation. Utopia is no longer identical to utopia because it
must occur twice, it must become the utopia within utopianism. The dou-
bling takes several forms throughout Archaeologies, whether the spatial
within the libidinal, the heterotopic within the systemic, or the personal
within the social. Such complicating manoeuvres are typical of the meta-
commentary, within which contraries are both preserved and placed in dia-
lectical relation to one another. Yet here utopia occupies all positions,
stands against and above itself, in a movement that is as irreconcilable as
an identity is with itself. The doubling of the utopian wants to move dialecti-
cally into a movement of cancellation, in which the synthesis of terms would
arrive at some higher plane, yet it is prevented from doing so because its
synthesis would only be more of itself.
To make sense of Jameson’s doubling of the utopian, in a metacom-
mentary that attempts to respond to those “structural ambiguities” of the
capitalism that created utopia to begin with, it is only necessary to re-read
critiques of The Political Unconscious. 19 While this book appeared to great
acclaim, those who made the most sophisticated critiques of it were not, as
one might expect, poststructuralists or New Critics, but Marxists them-
selves. John Frow, for example, accused Jameson of being a structuralist
in Marxist clothing, while Carl Freedman argued that The Political Uncon-
scious was a bourgeois intellectual history. 20 These criticisms follow Karl
Marx and Friedrich Engels’ criticisms of utopian fantasy in The Communist
Manifesto (1888), which constructs a popular front for the struggle against
capitalism, and almost incidentally takes an anti-utopian position against
the doodling of socialist fictions. 21 Jameson’s attraction to a future that had
not yet been realised is too impractical and allows the imaginative faculties
too much freedom from historical realities. 22 As Cornel West argues, the
utopianism of The Political Unconscious “rests upon no specifiable histori-
cal forces potentially capable of actualizing it or upon the notion that every
conceivable historical force embodies it.” 23 West accuses The Political Un-
conscious of having no political consequences, no praxis to accompany its
theory. Such a critique would rarely be launched at any other literary critic,
 ░ Anti-Utopianism and Jameson’s Archaeologies 51

yet politics is the very terrain that Jameson stakes out for metacommen-
tary, the revolutionary imperative shared by utopian and anti-utopian Marx-
ists alike. For West, it is not only the form of utopianism that is at fault, it is
also Jameson’s choice of critical object, this being a history of philosophy
and a bourgeois literature that is a poor substitute for actual history.
Jameson’s attraction to an immaterial history of philosophy, whether in
Hegel, Marx, poststructuralism, or in the novels of Balzac, Gissing and
Conrad, are for West seductions to be resisted. In adopting formalist strat-
egies Jameson is “breathing life” back into old, bourgeois texts. 24 Eagleton
echoes this critique of Jameson’s lack of praxis, arguing that the working
class movement is missing from The Political Unconscious. 25 For Eagleton,
Jameson’s style compensates for a utopian future that cannot yet be real-
ised. “Jameson’s style displays an intriguing ambivalence of commentary
and critique,” Eagleton writes, and “this springs from a similarly ambivalent
relation to bourgeois culture, at once over-appropriative and over-
generous.” 26 For Eagleton this is symptomatic of a Hegelian Marxism that
subordinates the political to aesthetics. 27
Jameson explicitly addresses the ambivalence of the utopian subject
in Archaeologies, as he turns through the book from antinomies of personal
and collective wish-fulfillment; to fancy and the architectonic imagination; to
the hobbyist and dictator; to finally arrive at the difference between the
Freudian subject and a Marxist equivalent. The ambivalence here lies in
the irreconcilability of these antinomies, which are in fact one and the same
– the chasm between one person’s vision of utopia and another’s reproduc-
ing itself over and over again. For Jameson this distance between the
dreamer and the dream is an invariable part of the utopian. For Marx and
Engels of The Communist Manifesto, such distance is a part of the utopian
malaise. West and Eagleton are similarly interested in returning to an older
Marxist class criticism so as to think utopia as part of the deterioration of
bourgeois culture. For these anti-utopian Marxists, Jameson’s declaration
of an anti-anti-utopianism only adds to the mystique of aesthetic culture, its
ambivalent subject symptomatic of the very problems it purports to solve.
This is nowhere more evident than in the chapters on incommensurable
worlds. Addressing the impossibility of thinking about a utopia that lies be-
yond the barrier of massive social change, Jameson turns to science fic-
tion. Example upon example of the obstacles put before utopia are taken
from Le Guin, John Brunner, Isaac Asimov and Lem, pointing as if directly
to the difficulty of social change. Jonathan Swift’s utopian Houyhnhnms are
perhaps the most extreme case described here, their utopianism constitu-
tionally unavailable as horses rather than people achieve the peaceable
life. 28 The doubled function of such descriptions of a utopia that lies un-
52 Darren Jorgensen ░

available to human society is to reveal this structural limitation of utopia it-

self, and to mystify the utopian form.
The problem sketched here lies in this ambivalence of utopian forms,
and in the metacommentary that encases this ambivalence in Archaeolo-
gies. It is only necessary to revisit the 1971 essay “Metacommentary” to
discover Jameson’s own early refusal of ambivalence. The emphasis on in-
terpretation in “Metacommentary” was a refutation of formalism for its own
sake, represented by Susan Sontag, Russian Formalism and the French
structuralisms. In 1971 Jameson embraces more of a materialist position
regarding the imagination as a whole, directing his concluding paragraphs
toward the fact of labour and its role in producing fiction. Freud’s wish-
fulfillment offers a way of thinking through those compensations for a life of
alienated and cognitive labour. The imagination of science fiction becomes
a way of imagining oneself doing “libidinally gratifying” work, a wish-
fulfillment that has its foundations in material life. 29 Herbert Marcuse’s
phrase helps to flesh out some of the changes in his position on utopianism
since this essay was published in 1971. For, in the Archaeologies of 2005,
Marcuse’s essay “The Affirmative Character of Culture” will become part of
an argument about the “deep-structural rather than apolitical” undecidability
of utopia and culture as such, this indecision being between its revolution-
ary potential and its ideological function in capitalism. 30 For Marcuse, uto-
pian culture was a kind of psychic compensation for the exploitations of
working life, an argument that Jameson’s “Metacommentary” took up in its
case against ambiguity.
If Archaeologies can be read as something of a meditation on the an-
tinomy of Freud and Marx, of the bourgeoisie subject with all the complexi-
ties of modern psychic life and the loss of this life in revolution, it is to Mar-
cuse that we can turn for an alternative dialectic. “The Affirmative Character
of Culture” puts forward Nietzsche in place of Freud, proclaiming a nihilistic
negation of culture in place of an ambivalence toward it. Here the affirma-
tion is of a thought that moves away from bourgeoisie coldness and toward
a life of passion. Marcuse’s version of Nietzsche points out the double-bind
that culture presents to this life, happiness only being possible when it is
freed of illusion. Marcuse finds an unexpected socialism in Nietzsche, for
whom the social order offers happiness without fulfillment. Since this order
in modern times is one of unhappiness, it demands its own transformation.
The difference between Marcuse and Jameson’s Archaeologies lies in the
degree to which Jameson allows the individual’s concerns to enter into a
dialectic with radical social change. The irreconcilable place of Jameson’s
daydreamer, tinkerer and creative artist is immersed for Marcuse in an illu-
sion that can only continue to affirm bourgeois culture. “From the stand-
 ░ Anti-Utopianism and Jameson’s Archaeologies 53

point of the interest of the status quo,” he writes, “the real abolition of cul-
ture must appear utopian.” 31 Utopia is that transformation of the libidinal will
to affirm life into an appearance of affirmation, into affirmative culture as
such.
It is in this sense too that the metacommentary, in which interpretation
after interpretation aspires to a totalising vision of the conditions for inter-
pretation itself, is not necessarily a revolutionary mode of thought. This is
because the anti-anti-utopian position is for the radical Nietzchean or mate-
rialist Marxist the reactionary affirmation of a terrain already staked out by a
culture of illusion. This is a culture in which differences are only ever partial
from each other, while what Marcuse recognised in Nietzsche was the
revolutionary affirmation of the absolute. Kim Stanley Robinson’s Mars Tril-
ogy (1992-1996), featured throughout Archaeologies, illuminates the rela-
tions between these differences and affirmations. 32 In the first two books
the new Martian colonists pursue their utopian fantasies for the planet in
spite of each other, in activities that often place them in conflict with each
others’ interests and in dispute with Earth. The relations of force at work in
the multiplicity of communitarian and ecological projects describe the het-
erogeneities of Nietzsche’s famous will to power. In their differences, “ac-
tive forces affirm, and affirm their difference: in them affirmation is first, and
negation is never but a consequence, a sort of surplus of pleasure.” 33 Life
in these terms is not so much critical of other life, not a limit for another’s
pleasure, but is in a relation of quality. This is the life pursued by Robin-
son’s early colonists on Mars, whose activities, from seeding Mars with in-
vented life to creating new modes of architecture and sport, are both uto-
pian and in a state of discord. The endless schemes thought up by these
characters for the future are proximate to immediacy, as they turn to praxis
on the planetary surface. As Gilles Deleuze writes of Nietzsche, “Modes of
life inspire ways of thinking; modes of thinking create ways of living. Life ac-
tivates thought, and thought in turn affirms life.” 34 By the third book all this
activity has descended into a dull constitutionalism, conflict turning into fac-
tions that submit to the need implicit in the totality of the planet to work to-
gether rather than independently. Those original schemers and anarchists
of the first two books turn into the utopian tinkerers for whom Jameson re-
serves a certain sympathy in Archaeologies, their situation in life castrated
by the supremacy of reason and governance. The older colonists look in-
stead to the new colonists on Venus who are living the dream as they once
did, utopianism always at the frontier, asserting an absolute rather than a
relative difference. The victory of reactive forces on Mars is analogous to
the submission of human life on Earth to capital, to which utopia stands
now as a mirage that once was, or that can only be contemplated seriously
54 Darren Jorgensen ░

in youth. It is for this reason that Marcuse writes of the appearance of uto-
pia rather than of utopia itself, and of a negation that is only ever contin-
gent.
If Marcuse arrives at this distinction in a dialectic between Nietzsche
and Marx, while Jameson’s Archaeologies constitutes itself in an antinomy
between Marx and Freud, it remains to think through the utopianism of
Nietzsche and Freud, whose combination may well rephrase the problem.
In the latter part of Archaeologies Jameson describes these unresolvable
contraries in terms of a break between utopia and the historical world, nam-
ing that uncrossable chasm by which utopia becomes a critical negation.
After an era of revolutions, it is not so much Marx but Nietzsche and Freud
who are able to make sense of the failures of these revolutions. For both of
these writers attempted to think through the retreat from the abyss of total
transformation in their theorisation of a civilisation that repeated its own
sameness. They named this repetition nihilism and narcissism respectively,
both anti-utopian tendencies that restrain the possibilities of the present.
For Nietzsche the psyche’s descent into everyday nihilism was one half of
the eternal return of the same, the other facing transformation with a leap
into an awakened consciousness, only to return once more to the forgetting
that condemns the everyday. In Freud’s writing, the death drive keeps civi-
lisation bound to its repetition of the same, its narcissistic repetition mani-
festing an anti-utopian materialism of the living body that nevertheless
wants to return to its unliving state of matter. 35
The pessimism of Nietzsche and Freud stands in stark contrast to
Marx’s own materialisms, which find instead that the human relation to mat-
ter is rich with the possibility of a certain liberation. Marcuse’s appropriation
of Nietzsche is similarly enriched by revolutionary ideas. Ignoring the indi-
viduated nature of the eternal return, Marcuse turns instead to this philoso-
pher’s earlier writings that critique the social order from which he eventually
withdrew. On the other hand, Jameson side-steps the pessimism of the
later Freud, who after witnessing the devastation of a modern war would re-
inscribe his youthful model of wish-fulfilment into the pessimism of the
death drive. 36 Such is the nature of dialectical Marxism to appropriate the
most optimistic of ideas with a view to social change. This, then, would rep-
resent the boundaries of a utopian thought that cannot assimilate the inevi-
tability of human despair and unhappiness in the organisation of its socie-
ties. The later writings of Nietzsche and Freud, however, may well share
more with the Jameson of Archaeologies than with the Marxist anti-
utopians. Nietzsche, Freud and Jameson looked upon utopia from a great-
er and greater distance as their lives went on, the island of happiness re-
ceding from view. From the positivity of his call for interpretation in the “Me-
 ░ Anti-Utopianism and Jameson’s Archaeologies 55

tacommentary” of 1971 to the ambivalence of the interpretive object in Ar-

chaeologies, Jameson’s criticism has become increasingly sophisticated,
increasingly distant. After Nietzsche it is tempting to read this making diffi-
cult as a kind of retreat from the social order. Such would be the anti-
utopianism of Jameson’s position here, the threads of hope increasingly
entangled with the impossibility of utopia itself.
The emphasis on return in both Nietzsche and Freud, a return that
was accompanied in their late writings by a sense of inevitability, brings
another sensibility to Jameson’s own return to utopia. The nihilism and nar-
cissism of Jameson’s predecessors may well be applied not only to the an-
ti-utopian tendencies of their work, but to the anti-anti-utopian position. For
here too lies an acknowledgement of the inevitable failure of utopia to effect
social change, but instead to perpetuate the ambivalence that culture (and
utopia) maintains toward the political. It also then stands for a certain com-
pulsion toward the repetition that underpins both nihilism and narcissism.
The return of utopian fantasy, whether in the subtexts of popular culture or
in utopian fiction itself, is symptomatic of a forgetting and a self-gratification
that maintains psychic stability in the face of that radical possibility that
Nietzsche found in the abyss, Freud in the unconscious, and Jameson in
revolution. Utopia once again reveals itself as a part of the defensive me-
chanisms of the civilised mind, rather than that which offers to break defini-
tively with its complexities.

University of Western Australia

darrenj@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

NOTES

1
Fredric Jameson, Archaeologies of the Future (London: Verso, 2005).
2
Fredric Jameson, Marxism and Form: Twentieth-Century Dialectical Theories of Li-
terature (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1971).
3
Ehrhard Bahr, “Review of Marxism and Form”, Comparative Literature Studies,
12.2 (June 1975), pp. 180-2.
4
Fredric Jameson, “Reflections in Conclusion”, in Aesthetics and Politics (London:
Verso, 1980), pp. 196-213.
5
Jameson, Archaeologies, p. xvi.
6
Perry Anderson, “The River of Time”, New Left Review, 26 (March-April 2004), p.
67.
7
Jean-François Lyotard, Libidinal Economy, trans. Iain Hamilton Grant (Blooming-
56 Darren Jorgensen ░

ton: Indiana University Press, 1993); Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx: The
State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, and the New International, trans. Peggy
Kamuf (New York: Routledge, 1994).
8
Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism: The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham:
Duke University Press, 1991).
9
Jameson, Postmodernism, p. 51. The original methodological outline of cognitive
mapping is to be found in Jameson, “Cognitive Mapping”, ed. Cary Nelson and
Lawrence Grossberg, in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Chicago: Uni-
versity of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 247-57.
10
Fredric Jameson, “Metacommentary” (1971) in Ideologies of Theory. Essays
1971-1986. Volume 1: Situations of Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press, 1988), pp. 3-16.
11
Jameson, Marxism and Form; Fredric Jameson, The Prison-House of Language:
A Critical Account of Structuralism and Russian Formalism (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1972); Fredric Jameson, Fables of Aggression: Wyndham Lewis,
the Modernist as Fascist (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979); Fredric
Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 1981).
12
Jameson, Postmodernism; Fredric Jameson, The Seeds of Time (New York: Co-
lumbia University Press, 1994); Fredric Jameson, Signatures of the Visible (Lon-
don: Routledge, 1990); Fredric Jameson, The Geopolitical Aesthetic: Cinema and
Space in the World System (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).
13
Fredric Jameson, Late Marxism: Adorno, or the Persistence of the Dialectic (Lon-
don: Verso, 1990); Fredric Jameson, Brecht and Method (London: Verso, 2000);
Fredric Jameson, A Singular Modernity: Essay on the Ontology of the Present
(London: Verso, 2002).
14
It was The Political Unconscious that led Terry Eagleton to famously claim Jame-
son to be the “foremost American Marxist critic” in “The Idealism of American Criti-
cism”, New Left Review, 127 (May-June 1981), p. 60. If a survey of references in
the PMLA is anything to go by, Jameson’s was the most influential work of Ameri-
can criticism in the 1980s. John W. Kronik’s survey of 235 articles that appeared in
PMLA between 1981 and 1990 found that, after references to Roland Barthes,
Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault and Paul de Man, Fredric Jameson was the
most cited author. Half of these references were to The Political Unconscious. See
John W. Kronik, “Editorial”, MLA Newsletter (Winter 1991). 
15
See Michael Ryan, Marxism and Deconstruction: A Critical Articulation (Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982); Frank Lentriccha, After the New Criticism
(London: Althone, 1980); Stanley Fish, Is there a Text in this Class?: The Authority
of Interpretive Communities (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980); Hayden
White, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe (Bal-
timore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973); Edward Said, Orientalism (New
York: Pantheon, 1978); and Terry Eagleton, Marxism and Literary Criticism (Lon-
don: Metheun, 1976).
16
Jameson, “Metacommentary”, p. 4.
17
Jameson’s summary of Christopher Kendrick’s essay is significant here. See
 ░ Anti-Utopianism and Jameson’s Archaeologies 57

“More’s Utopia and Uneven Development”, boundary 2, 13(2/3) (Winter-Spring

1985), pp. 233-66; and Jameson, Archaeologies, pp. 27-33.
18
Jameson, Archaeologies, p. xvi.
19
Jameson, Archaeologies, p. xvi.
20
John Frow, “Marxism After Structuralism”, Southern Review, 17.1 (March 1984),
pp. 33-50; Carl Freedman, “Marxist Theory, Radical Pedagogy, and the Reification
of Thought”, College English, 49.1 (January 1987), 71-4, 76-7, 80-2.
21
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, trans. Samuel Moore
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967).
22
See also James Iffland, “The Political Unconscious of Jameson’s The Political
Unconscious”, New Orleans Review, 11.1 (1984), pp. 36-45; James Kavanagh,
“The Jameson Effect”, New Orleans Review, 11.1 (1984), pp. 20-8; and James
Seaton, “Marxism without Difficulty: Fredric Jameson’s The Political Unconscious”,
Centennial Review, 28-29 (Fall-Winter 1984-1985), pp. 122-42.
23
Cornel West, “Fredric Jameson’s Marxist Hermeneutics”, boundary 2, 11(1/2)
(Fall-Winter 1982-1983), p. 195.
24
West, “Marxist Hermeneutics”, p. 194.
25
Terry Eagleton, “Fredric Jameson: The Politics of Style”, Diacritics, 12.3 (Fall
1982), pp. 14-21.
26
Eagleton, “Fredric Jameson”, p. 21.
27
Eagleton broke the ground for Stephen Helming’s work on Jameson, which is in-
terested in the difficulty he presents to the reader. See especially “Jameson’s La-
can”, Postmodern Culture, 7.1 (September 1996).
28
Jameson, Archaeologies, p. 106.
29
Jameson, Archaeologies, p. 15.
30
Herbert Marcuse, “The Affirmative Character of Culture”, in Negations: Essays in
Critical Theory, trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro (Middlesex: Penguin, 1968), p. xv.
31
Marcuse, “Affirmative”, 130, my italics.
32
Kim Stanley Robinson, Red Mars (New York: Bantam, 1992); Kim Stanley Robin-
son, Green Mars (London: HarperCollins, 1993); Kim Stanley Robinson, Blue
Mars (London: HarperCollins, 1996).
33
Gilles Deleuze, Pure Immanence: Essays on a Life, trans. Anne Boyman (New
York: Zone, 2001), p. 74.
34
Deleuze, Pure Immanence, p. 66.
35
Sigmund Freud, “Beyond the Pleasure Principle”, trans. James Strachey, in The
Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol.
XVIII (1920-1922), (London: Hogarth, 1935), pp. 7-64; Sigmund Freud, Civilization
and its Discontents, trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth, 1963).
36
Freud, “Beyond the Pleasure Principle”; Freud, Civilization.