Vaccine & vaccination

SITTI WAHYUNI
http://www.phrma-jp.org/wordpress/wp-
content/uploads/old/library/vaccine-
factbook_e/1_Basic_Concept_of_Vaccination.pdf

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• The word “vaccine” originates from the Latin Variolae vaccinae
(cowpox), which Edward Jenner demonstrated in 1798 could prevent
smallpox in humans

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vaccine
• All biological preparations, produced from living organisms, that
enhance immunity against disease and either prevent (prophylactic
vaccines) or, in some cases, treat disease (therapeutic vaccines).
• Are administered in liquid form, either by injection, by oral, or by
intranasal routes

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Vaccine
type

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Conjugate
polysaccharide-protein
vaccines

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Common combination vaccine

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What does a vaccine contain?
• Antigen (the microbial)
• Excipients
• Fluids (such as water or
saline)
• Additives or preservatives
• Adjuvants (sometimes)

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How do vaccines work?

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Antibody
destruction
of antigen

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First and second
exposure to
organisms

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Diseases
commonly targeted by
routine immunization
in industrialized
countries
(excluding diseases
targeted by travel
vaccines)

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 Impact of immunization on the number of annual cases of disease in the USA

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Herd
Immunity
• Immunity in the
population due to
the interruption of
disease
transmissions by
vaccinated
population

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 Herd immunity threshold for some diseases

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Vaccine
efficacy

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 Common reactions to vaccines routinely used in several industrialized countries
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 • Classification of adverse events following immunization
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Vaccine development
• Lab and Animal Testing
• Investigational New Drug Application
• Studies in Humans
• FDA License
• Follow-Up Surveillance

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Vaccine
testing

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