CTBUH “In Detail” Series

CTBUH “深入解读”系列

Shanghai Tower: In Detail

上海中心: 深入解读
Editors (编者): Antony Wood, Jianping Gu (顾建平) & Daniel Safarik
Bibliographic Reference:
Wood, A., Jianping Gu & Safarik, D. (eds.) (2014) The Shanghai Tower: In Detail. A publication in the CTBUH “In Detail” Series.
Addendum to the Proceedings of the CTBUH 2014 Shanghai Conference, China, 16–19 September 2014. Council on Tall
Buildings and Urban Habitat: Chicago.

Editors: Antony Wood, Jianping Gu & Daniel Safarik

Layout, Coordination & Design: Steven Henry, Kristen Dobbins & Marty Carver

First published 2014 by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat in conjunction with the College of Architecture and
Urban Planning at Tongji University, Shanghai, and the College of Architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago.

© 2014 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

Printed and bound in China by Shanghai Zero Ad. Co., Ltd.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN13 978-0-939493-40-1

This publication was produced in conjunction with the CTBUH 2014 Shanghai Conference, Future Cities: Towards
Sustainable Vertical Urbanism, as an additional supplement to the Main Proceedings book (ISBN 978-0-939493-38-8). A
digital PDF of “Shanghai Tower: In Detail” is included on the DVD that is part of that proceeding, which can be obtained
at: http://store.ctbuh.org

参考文献：
Wood, A., 顾建平 & Safarik, D. (eds.) (2014)《上海中心: 深入解读》。CTBUH “深入解读”系列出版物之一。作为CTBUH 2014
年上海国际会议论文集的补充（会议于2014年9月16日至19日在中国召开）。世界高层建筑与都市人居学会(CTBUH)：芝加
哥。

编者：Antony Wood, 顾建平 & Daniel Safarik

版面协调与装帧设计：Steven Henry, Kristen Dobbins & Marty Carver

2014年由世界高层建筑与都市人居学会、同济大学建筑与城市规划学院和伊利诺伊理工大学建筑学院首次联合出版。

© 2014世界高层建筑与都市人居学会(CTBUH)

由上海卓濡广告有限公司在中国印刷装订

保留所有权利。未经出版商书面许可，不得对本书的任何部分进行重印、复制或运用于任何形式，或由任何电子、机
械或其它途径，目前已知或之后将有的，对本书进行复印、记录或任何信息储存或检索系统。

知识产权声明：产品或公司名称可能是商标或注册商标，且只用于无侵害目的鉴别与说明。

ISBN13 978-0-939493-40-1

此书的出版是主题为“未来城市：迈向可持续的垂直城市主义” 的CTBUH 2014年上海会议的一部分，并作为主论文集(ISBN

978-0-939493-38-8)的补充。这本《上海中心: 深入解读》的PDF电子档也被收录在主论文集附带的DVD中，也可以网上购
买：http://store.ctbuh.org

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

世界高层建筑与都市人居学会(CTBUH)

S.R. Crown Hall

Illinois Institute of Technology
3360 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616
Phone (电话): +1 (312) 567-3487
Fax (传真): +1 (312) 567-3820
Email (电子邮箱): info@ctbuh.org
http://www.ctbuh.org

Front Cover: Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China. © Gensler

封面：上海中心大厦，中国上海 © Gensler
Contents | 目录

About the CTBUH  |  世界高层建筑与都市人居学会 (CTBUH) 简介 4

About the Editors  |  编者简介 5

1.0 Introduction | 概述 6

2.0  Architecture and Design  |  建筑设计

2.1  The Parametric Design of Shanghai Tower’s Form and Façade   12
上海中心大厦造型与外立面参数化设计
2.2  Making the World’s Greenest Tall Building   22
打造全球最生态的高层建筑

3.0  Structural Engineering and Enclosure  |  结构工程与围护结构

3.1  Unique Structural Design Aspects 32
独特的结构设计
3.2  A Review of the Structural Performance Monitoring Project 40
工程结构性态监测项目实施综述 
3.3  Curtain-Wall System Design 50
幕墙系统设计
3.4  The Payoff for Investing in the Human Experience   60
用户体验的投资回报

4.0  Environmental Controls and Safety  |  环境控制与生命安全

4.1  Introduction of MEP Technologies 74
机电关键技术简介
4.2  Application of Performance-Based Fire Safety Design 84
性能化防火设计的应用

5.0  Technology and Management  |  技术与管理

5.1  The Making of a Vertical Intelligent Community Through Information Systems 92
通过信息化系统打造垂直的智慧社区
5.2  Practical Application of BIM Technology   98
BIM技术的实际应用
5.3  Construction Technology and Management Innovation   104
工程施工技术和管理创新 
5.4  The Construction Supervision Process   112
施工监理的创新管理方式 
5.5  Property Management: Moving Towards Sustainable Vertical Urbanism 118
物业管理：迈向可持续发展的垂直城市主义

6.0 References  |  参考书目

6.1  About the Contributors  |  作者简介 128
6.2  CTBUH Height Criteria  |  CTBUH高度评判标准 133
6.3  100 Tallest Buildings in the World  |  世界最高的100座建筑 137
6.4  CTBUH Organization & Members  |  CTBUH组织结构和会员级别 142

3
About the CTBUH
世界高层建筑与都市人居学会 (CTBUH) 简介
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is the world’s leading resource for professionals
focused on the inception, design, construction, and operation of tall buildings and future
cities. A not-for-profit organization based at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, with
an Asian office at Tongji University, Shanghai, the group facilitates the exchange of the latest
knowledge available on tall buildings around the world through events, publications, research,
working groups, web resources, and its extensive network of international representatives. At
the same time, the Council’s research department is spearheading the investigation of the next
generation of tall buildings by aiding original research on sustainability and key development
issues. Its free database on tall buildings, The Skyscraper Center, is updated daily with detailed
information, images, data, and news. The CTBUH also developed the international standards for
measuring tall building height and is recognized as the arbiter for bestowing such designations
as “The World’s Tallest Building.”

世界高层建筑与都市人居学会是专注于高层建筑和未来城市的概念、设计、建设与运营
的全球领先机构。学会是成立于1969年的非营利性组织，总部位于芝加哥伊利诺伊理工
大学，同时在上海同济大学设有亚洲办公室，学会的团队通过活动、出版、研究、工作
组、网络资源和其在国际代表中广泛的网络促进全球高层建筑最新资讯的交流。同时，
学会的研究部门通过开展在可持续性和关键性发展问题上的原创性研究来引领新一代高
层建筑的调查研究。学会建立了免费的高层建筑数据库——摩天大楼中心，对全球高层
建筑的细节信息、图片及新闻进行每日即时更新。此外，学会还开发出测量高层建筑高
度的国际标准，同时也是授予诸如“世界最高建筑”这样头衔的公认仲裁机构。

4 
About the Editors
编者简介
Dr. Antony Wood, 安东尼·伍德 博士
Executive Director, CTBUH  |  执行理事，世界高层建筑与都市人居学会(CTBUH)
Research Professor, Illinois Institute of Technology  |  研究教授，伊利诺伊理工大学
Visiting Professor of Tall Buildings, Tongji University  |  高层建筑研究客座教授，同济大学

Dr. Antony Wood has been Executive Director of the CTBUH since 2006, responsible for the day-to-day running of
the Council. Based at the Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Antony is also a Research Professor in the College of
Architecture there and a visiting professor of tall buildings at Tongji University Shanghai. His field of speciality is the
design, and in particular the sustainable design, of tall buildings. Prior to moving to Chicago, he worked as an architect in Hong Kong, Bangkok,
Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur and London. His PhD explored the multi-disciplinary aspects of skybridge connections between tall buildings.

安东尼•伍德博士，自2006年起担任CTBUH执行理事，负责学会的日常运作。他同时也是芝加哥伊利诺理工大学建筑学院研究副教授
和上海同济大学的客座教授，其专业领域是高层建筑设计，尤精于可持续设计。到芝加哥工作前，他曾在香港、曼谷、雅加达、吉
隆坡及伦敦等地任建筑师，他的博士论文从多个学科的角度探讨了摩天大楼之间的空中桥廊连接问题。

Jianping Gu, 顾建平

General Manager, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.  |  总经理，上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司

Jianping Gu, Senior Engineer, is the President and General Manager of the Shanghai Tower Construction & Development
Co., Ltd. His previous work experiences include positions as the secretary of the Deputy Mayor of the City of Shanghai,
the General Manager of the China City Real Estate Investment Group and China City Property Investments, and the
Trustee of the Shanghai World Expo Land Holding Co., Ltd. He graduated from the Collegue of Architecture and Urban
Planning of Tongji University in 1983 with a major in Urban Planning. He also received a Master of Business Administration Degree from the
China Europe International Business School.

顾建平，高级工程师，上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司董事长、总经理。曾任上海市政府副市长秘书、上海城投房地产开发公司
及上海城投置业发展有限公司总经理、上海世博土地控股有限公司董事。1983年毕业于同济大学建筑学院城市规划专业。还获得了
中欧国际工商学院工商管理硕士学位。

Daniel Safarik, M. Arch.

Editor, CTBUH  |  编辑，世界高层建筑与都市人居学会(CTBUH)

Daniel Safarik is Editor of Publications at the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, including editor of the CTBUH
Journal. A technical and marketing writer who also trained as an architect, he was the director of marketing for Brooks
+ Scarpa Architects (formerly Pugh + Scarpa Architects) from 2008 to 2011. Safarik has covered technology for business
publications for 16 years, including Waters Magazine, Advanced Trading, Individual Investor, Fast Company, The Economist
Group, and others. He was a web editor for The Wall Street Journal. In addition, he was a contributing writer and researcher on Green Studio
Handbook, A. Kwok, W. Grondzik. Architectural Press, 2006.

Daniel Safarik是世界高层建筑与都市人居学会的出版编辑和CTBUH期刊编辑。他受过正统的建筑师教育，同时也是一位技术类与
市场类文章的撰稿人，他曾在2008年至2011年间担任Brooks + Scarpa建筑设计事务所(原Pugh + Scarpa建筑设计事务所)的市场部
总监。Safarik曾为多个商业出版物撰写过16年的技术类文章，包括Waters Magazine、Advanced Trading、Individual Investor、Fast
Company和The Economist Group等书籍杂志。他曾是华尔街日报的网络撰稿人。此外，他还与A•Kwok和W•Grondzik共同担任《Green
Studio Handbook》(Architectural Press，2006)的作者以及研究员。

5
Introduction
概述

Shanghai Tower 上海中心

Shanghai, China 中国上海

The Shanghai Tower is one of the most ambitious skyscraper projects ever undertaken on the 上海中心是中国乃至全世界最有雄心的超
planet, let alone in China. While the distant silhouette and the proximate detail of the tower 高层建筑项目之一。虽然这座摩天大楼的
will be immediately distinctive, the purpose of the building is not simply to be seen as an 剪影远眺显得与众不同，近处的细节设计
iconic landmark; it is much more than that. Because it incorporates many advanced techniques, 也独具匠心，但上海中心的目标绝不仅仅
it will be a learning laboratory for the next generation of skyscraper designers. Shanghai 止步于被看作一座地标性建筑，还有更多
Tower provides a vision of vertically-integrated space through a double façade that contains 超前的理念。由于应用了很多先进的技
numerous sky gardens, filled with vegetation and the potential for socializing. It provides relief 术，上海中心将成为下一代高层建筑设计
from the isolative nature of tall buildings without requiring descent to the ground. 师学习的范例。上海中心为我们提供了一
The statistics around the tower are formidable. Upon opening in 2015, at 632 meters it will be 个实现垂直一体化空间的愿景，并通过独
the tallest building in China, the second-tallest in the world, and one of only three “megatall” 具匠心的双层幕墙设计来实现，两层幕墙
buildings of 600 meters or greater height in the world. Its sinuous double-skin façade and 之间设置了数个空中大堂，种植了绿色植
14-story atria set into nine zones will redefine the experience of being in a tall building. To 物，提供了可能的社交场所，将人们从脱
support its mass, contractors poured 61,000 cubic meters of concrete in 60 hours – and that 离地面的高层建筑中解放出来，无需到达
was just the foundation. 地面层就能回归自然。

From the outset, the ambition behind the project was to make it one of the world’s greenest 关于这座大厦的数据是令人惊叹的。到
and best-performing tall buildings, including a stringent requirement that the building support 2015年投入使用时，632米高的上海中心
an energy saving rate of 54 percent over the Chinese Efficiency Standard, and that investments 将成为中国第一高、全球第二高的建筑，
in green technology pay back in seven to 10 years. Passive solutions included the glass curtain 也是世界上仅有的三座600米以上的“巨型
wall’s curvature, which reduced wind load by 24%, offered low reflectivity and, with louvers, a 高层建筑”之一。其扭曲的双层幕墙和设
high shading coefficient. Active solutions include a combined cooling and heating power (CHP) 置在九大分区中的14层高中庭将重新定义
system, and grey- and rainwater recycling. 在高层建筑中的体验。为了支撑如此大的
体量，承包商在60小时内浇筑了61,000立
To ensure that these investments continued to pay off, a Central Energy Management Control 方米混凝土——这还仅仅是地基部分。
System was deployed, to perform air conditioning load forecasting and management, regulate
the operation of the CHP system, heat pump and ice storage systems. 从设计伊始，上海中心就立志打造成世界
上最绿色、性能最高的摩天大楼之一，这
Further, the use of advanced digital technology continues into the operations phase, as data
collection for optimization is vital. The BIM system developed for design and construction will Right: Overall view of the nearly completed Shanghai
continue to be used as part of a Property Asset Operations Platform (PAOP), comprising BIM, Tower (Source: Gensler)
Facilities Management (FM) and Intelligent Building Management System (IBMS) technologies. 右图：接近完工的上海中心全景图（出自：Gensler）

6 | Introduction
概述 | 7
Because of the new paradigm in structural
and façade design envisioned by the project
team, a new system, consisting of a hinges
and vertical sliding joints, was devised for
establishing the twisted and tapered outer
curtain wall system, which is held at varying
distances away from the main structure.
But why do this? What is the return on
investment? An expanded return on
investment (ROI) calculation considers that
sustainably designed buildings can reduce
sick time by two to five days annually
and increase productivity by 4.8 percent.
When one is designing a skyscraper to
accommodate more than 30,000 people, the
value of that productivity increase justifies
the extra expense involved in sustainable
design. The real ROI for Shanghai Tower is
borne out by the unique spatial experience Above: View looking up in one of the atrium sky gardens under construction. (Source: Gensler)
上图: 从下方仰视正在施工中的一个空中花园（出自：Gensler）
created by the double façade. This double
façade integrates and synthesizes energy
benefits, vertical transportation, fire and life 要求大厦满足严格的节能标准（比中国建筑节能技术标准规范节约54%），预计应用绿色
safety requirements, mechanical planning, 技术的投资在七到十年内能获得回报。其中，被动措施包括玻璃幕墙的曲率设计，能帮
and structural design, all while providing 助减少24%的风荷载，提供较低的反射率，并配合百叶窗达到较高的遮阳系数。主动措
users with additional amenities and an 施包括一个冷热电三联供系统，一个中水雨水回收系统和一个风力发电系统。
experience that is unique in the world of 为了保证这些投资在未来持续获得收益，一个中央能源管理控制系统被研发出来，负责
high-rise buildings. 空调荷载预测与管理，控制冷热电三联供系统、地源热泵和冰蓄冷系统。
Shanghai Tower was always conceived as 此外，由于数据收集对于优化至关重要，先进的数字技术也被应用到了运营阶段。为设
more than a superlative of height, although 计和施工阶段开发的建筑模型系统（BIM）将作为物业资产运行平台（PAOP）的一部分，该
it is also that. It was conceived as a new 平台包括了BIM系统、设备管理（FM）以及智能建筑管理系统（IBMS）系统。
prototype for vertical cities, and its success
will be dependent upon the hard work of 由于上海中心团队想要打造结构与幕墙设计的新范式，一个包含铰链和垂直滑轨的新系
the thousands of people involved in the 统被研制出来安装形状扭曲、向上收缩的外层幕墙系统（安装位置与主体结构之间的距
project. Despite the obviously critical role 离不等）。
that technology plays in its story, and the 但是，这样设计的原因是什么呢？如此巨大的投资有何回报？一项深入的投资回报率
many innovations that we describe in these （ROI）计算研究指出，依照这种可持续理念设计出的建筑每年能减少员工两到五天的病
pages, the Shanghai Tower will uphold 假时间，并使工作效率增加4.8%。在设计一座能容纳30,000人的摩天大楼时，因工作效
one important maxim that has guided the 率增加所创造的价值回馈了因采用可持续设计要素而带来的额外成本。上海中心真正
creation of the world’s best architecture for 的“投资回报”在于由双层幕墙创造的独特空间体验。双层幕墙实现了能源效益、垂直交
millennia: it must never be forgotten that 通、消防与生命安全、机械设备和结构设计的一体化，同时为使用者提供了更多配套设
buildings are for people, and the objective of 施以及高层建筑中独有的非凡体验。
any building, no matter how awe-inspiring,
上海中心常被人称道的是它超高的高度（尽管它的确如此），但更为重要的是，它被看作
is to function well in the support of human
是一个垂直城市的范例。上海中心的成功离不开参与项目的数千人的努力。在技术扮演
well-being.
的重要角色和以后章节中介绍的种种创新之外，上海中心更为几千年来指导了世界上最
出色的建筑的那句格言做了最好的注解：永远不能忘记建筑是为人而建的，建造任何一
座建筑的目的都是更好地为人类服务，无论它的外形有多么令人赞叹。

8 | Introduction
Project Data
项目数据
Height:* 高度:*
  Architectural: 632 meters (2,073 feet)   建筑高度: 632米 (2,073英尺)
   To Tip: 632 meters (2,073 feet)   顶端高度: 632米 (2,073英尺)
   To Occupied Floor: 561 meters (1,841 feet)   最高使用楼层高度: 561米 (1,841英尺)
*See CTBUH Height Criteria on page 133 *详见CTBUH高度准则第133页

Floors Above Ground: 128 地上层数: 128

Floors Below Ground: 5 地下层数: 5
Area: 420,000 m2 (4,520,842 ft2) 面积: 420,000 m2 (4,520,842 ft2)
Use: Hotel/Office 功能: 酒店/办公
Structural Material: Composite 结构材料: 复合结构

Proposed: 2008 项目规划日期: 2008

Start of Construction: 2009 施工起始日期: 2009
Completion Date: 2015 (expected) 建成日期: 2015 (预计)

Number of Elevators: 106 电梯数量: 106

Top Elevator Speed: 18 m/s 电梯最大速度: 18 m/s
Number of Hotel Rooms: 320 酒店房间数：320
Number of Parking Spaces: 1,100 停车位数量: 1,100

Owner/Developer: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., 业主/开发商: 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司

Ltd. 建筑设计: Gensler (设计方)；同济大学建筑设计研究
Architect: Gensler (design); Architectural Design & Research Institute of 院（集团）有限公司 (执行建筑设计方)
Tongji University (Group) Co., Ltd. (architect of record) 结构工程: 宋腾添玛沙帝
Structural Engineer: Thornton Tomasetti 设备工程：Cosentini
MEP Engineer: Cosentini 项目管理：上海建科工程咨询有限公司
Project Manager: Shanghai Jianke Project Management Co. 主承建商：上海建工集团股份有限公司
Main Contractor: Shanghai Construction 其它咨询公司：奥雅纳（生命安全)；Edgett Willams Consulting
Other Consultants: Arup (life safety); Edgett Willams Consulting Group Group Inc. (垂直交通); RWDI (风工程)；SWA集团 (景观)
Inc. (vertical transportation); RWDI (wind); SWA Group (landscape) 材料供应商： 宝钢钢构有限公司(钢材料)；道康宁公司 (密封材
Material Suppliers: Bao Steel Group (steel); Dow Corning Corporation 料)；北京江河幕墙股份有限公司 (外墙材料)；江苏沪宁钢机股
(sealants); Jangho Curtain Wall Co., Ltd. (cladding); Jiangsu Huning Steel 份有限公司(钢材料)；三菱电梯与自动扶梯 (电梯)；武汉凌云建
Mechanism Co., Ltd. (steel); Mitsubishi Elevator and Escalator (elevators); 筑装饰工程有限公司 (外墙材料)；沈阳远大铝业工程有限公司
Wuhan Lingyun Building Decoration Engineering Co., Ltd. (cladding); (外墙材料)
Yuanda Curtain Wall (cladding)

Below: Rendering of the Shanghai Tower in context (Source: Gensler)

下图: 城市背景中的上海中心效果图（出自：Gensler）

概述 | 9
 2.0 Architecture and Design
建筑设计
The Parametric Design of Shanghai Tower’s Form
and Façade
上海中心大厦造型与外立面参数化设计

Jun Xia (夏军) & Michael Peng (彭武), Gensler

The Shanghai Tower was only made possible by using innovative design ideas, integrated technology, and advanced tools. This paper is
centered around the project as a case study on the parametric design platform utilized by the design team to bring this iconic tower to
construction. The design process revolved around the use of a series of parametric software programs. These programs allowed the design
team to manipulate and refine the project’s complex geometry iteratively. The parametric platform played a pivotal role in assisting the team to
define the tower’s unique and environmentally responsive high-performance form, façade, and supporting structure.

世界级最可持续的超高层塔楼只有通过革新的设计理念、一体化的技术和先进工具的运用才能实现。本文围绕上海中心大厦作为
范例，分析设计团队使这一标志性塔楼得以实现施工所采用的参数化设计平台。设计过程围绕采用一系列参数化设计软件。这些
软件允许设计团队可以迭代式操作和改进项目的复杂几何。参数化设计平台在协助团队定义塔楼的独特及环保的高性能造型、外
立面和支撑结构的过程中发挥了关键作用。

Introduction 引言
Shanghai Tower is currently in advanced construction, en route to becoming the largest and 上海中心大厦目前正处于施工阶段，竣工
tallest double-skin façade structure in the world, and one of the most sustainably advanced. 后将成为世界上最大及最高的双层外墙建
As the last of three supertall towers’, and the only megatall tower, of Shanghai’s Lujiazui central 筑，同时其可持续技术也是最先进之一。
business district, adjacent to SOM’s Jin Mao Tower and KPF’s Shanghai World Financial Center 作为上海市陆家嘴中央商务区三座超高层
(see Figure 2.1), Shanghai Tower will redefine the identity of the city and the world’s perceptions 塔楼当中的后起之秀，而且是唯一的一
of China. Its originative architectural, structural, and MEP design, as well as its innovative design 座巨型高层建筑，与SOM公司的金茂大厦
process, exemplify the future of high-rise construction. 和KPF的上海环球金融中心比肩而立 （见
The form of the 128-story building is a triangular column that twists and tapers as it rises 2,073 图2.1），上海中心大厦将重新定义城市形
feet (632 meters). The curved corners of the triangle act to minimize wind loads and create 象，改写全世界对中国的看法。其原创性
21 atria between the inner and outer curtain walls. A notch running up one corner adds to 的建筑、结构和机电设计，以及其创新性
the aesthetics and sustainability of the design. Nine zones, 12 to 15 floors each, are stacked 的设计流程，均昭示了高层建造的未来。
to create smaller neighborhoods within the supertall tower. The resulting unique, complex, 这栋128层建筑的造型为一个沿2,073英尺
and environmentally-responsive form helped win the international competition for its design （632米）的高度螺旋上升的三角尖锥形柱
in 2008. It also called for an inventive approach to bring it from paper to reality—it called for 体。三角形的弧形转角有效地将风荷载降
innovative use of parametric design. 到最小，在内外幕墙之间形成21座中庭。
The team for Shanghai Tower chose to use a parametric design process for several reasons. 一条切口沿着其中一个转角蜿蜒而上，增
Constructing a complex building shape that had never before been conceived required the 加了设计的美感和可持续性。九个分区
most innovative tools. Parametric design platforms allow for highly accurate results and good 层层叠加，每个分区设置12-15个楼层，
correlation between a model and its built form. They are very flexible and adaptive, offering 在巨型高层塔楼内形成规模较小的邻里关
instant feedback to changing variables. These nonlinear adjustment tools give architects the 系。独特、复杂而又环保的造型在2008年
ability to effect multiple changes simultaneously. This allows designers to better understand 的上海中心大厦国际设计方案竞赛中一举
iterative massing studies while observing the relative impact to the overall performance of 中标。同时也需要一个创新性的设计手
the systems involved. 法——参数化设计的创新性使用使构变
为现实。
Another important reason for the use of parametric design was its assistance in creating
Shanghai Tower as a sustainable building. This can be seen in the example of parametrically 上海中心大厦设计团队选择采用参数化设
incorporating wind load data on the building. The location of Shanghai Tower and its proximity 计有几大原因。构筑一栋前所未有的复杂
to two other supertall buildings means that these loads can have substantial impact. To address 形体建筑需要最富有创新性的工具。参数

12  |  Architecture and Design

Figure 2.1. Site Plan. (Source: Gensler)
图2.1. 总平面图（来源：Gensler）
these loads, the design team developed a
series of models in a parametric program.
Rotation in the models ranged from 90º to
180º. They sent these to Rowan, Williams,
Davies & Irwin (RWDI), a wind engineering
consultant firm, which tested the series in
a wind tunnel with 1/500 physical models.
The researchers found that increasing the
rotation reduced the wind load on the
façade and superstructure, and suggested
an option that manifested a reduction
of 24% compared to a rectangular form
of the same height; this in turn reduced
the amount of material of the structural
system. Then, the design team generated a
detailed model incorporating wind-tunnel
data back into a parametric program. The
result was made into a 1:85 scale physical
model that was then tested in a large-scale
wind tunnel. The model was set within the
context of its supertall neighbors as wind
loads on buildings in realistic environments
surrounded by neighboring buildings may
化设计平台顾及到高度精确的结果和模型与其建成形式之间的默契关联。这些平台非常
灵活且适应性强，能够对不断变化的变量即时做出反馈。这些非线性调整工具让建筑师
有能力同时影响多项变更。这允许设计师能够更好地了解迭代体量研究，同时观测对所
究涉及系统的整体性能的相对影响。
采用参数化设计还有一个重要的原因，那就是其有助于将上海中心大厦打造成一栋可持
续建筑物。这可在参数化合并风荷载数据的建筑物示例中看出。上海中心大厦的高度及
其与另外两栋超高层建筑的接近程度意味着这些荷载会产生实质性的影响。为了解决上
述荷载，设计团队在参数化程式中发展了一系列参数化方案模型。模型中的旋转角度从
90º到180º不等。他们将这些模型发送给风工程顾问公司RWDI。RWDI以1/500比例的实体
模型进行了一系列的风洞试验。研究者发现更大的扭转可以降低外立面和上部结构上
的风荷载，RWDI同时建议采用一个能比相同高度下的矩形造型降低24%风荷载的方案；
这反过来也减少结构系统的材料用量。接下来，设计团队制作了一个详细的模型，并将
风洞试验的数据合并到参数化程式中。结果整合到在大型风洞中测试的1:85比例实体模
型中。将模型置入相邻高层建筑的整体大环境中，“在现实环境中被相邻建筑包围的建
筑与单独建筑的风荷载实测可以有明显的区别”。这项高雷诺数试验显示了额外8%的效
益，导致风荷载整体下降32%。这一迭代过程容许上海中心大厦在所需的结构钢材上节
省5800万美元。此外，在确定玻璃厚度规格、幕墙单元框架构件和幕墙支撑结构的设计
荷载上使项目节约资金。
上海中心大厦举不胜数的参数化研究全部遵循一套严谨的流程。设计团队首先将数据、
参数和条件输入到程序中，然后将由公式、数据和脚本驱动的信息包括在内。通过这一
过程，他们会同时得到以数据表和3D模型形式存在的输出结果。为进一步的深化和优
化设计，他们与业主和顾问分享并分析输出结果。下一步，建筑师会再建立一个模型，
建筑设计 | 13
be considerably different from those measured on isolated buildings. This high Reynolds 并选出一套包含顾问和业主的回复和意见
number test showed an additional 8% benefit, resulting in a 32% total reduction of wind loads. 的系统。接下来，他们会重复这一流程。
This iterative process allowed Shanghai Tower to save US$58 million in required structural steel. 通过这种方式，设计团队就能够解决项目
Furthermore, it allowed the project to save money in design loads used to size glass thickness, 的某些重要设计问题，从而打造出一栋高
window unit frame members, and the curtain-wall supporting structure. 性能的巨型高层建筑。
Shanghai Tower’s numerous parametric studies all followed a rigorous process. The design team 团队采用了多种参数化软件程式来改进
would first input data, parameters, and conditions into a program. They would then include 设计，同时建立了在整个执行过程中可
information driven by formulas, data, and scripts. From this they would receive output in both 维护的文档流程。建筑师、业主、承包
a data sheet and a 3D model. They would share and analyze the output with their client and 商和设计顾问公司——包括TT（结构）
consultants to further develop and refine the design. Next the architects established a model 、Cosentini（机电）、Aurecon（外立面）
and selected a system that included responses and comments from the consultants and the 在内，通过各种参数化和建筑信息建模
client. Then they repeated the process. In this way, the team was able to address some of the （BIM）平台合作完成各项任务，包括：建
project’s important design issues so as to produce a high-performance megatall building. 筑、结构、机电设计和协调；消防安全和
The team used several parametric software programs to both refine the design and establish 能源分析；3D加工图、数字化制作、施工
the documentation process that would be maintained through execution. The architect, its 模拟以及数字化预组装等。在本章中，我
client, its contractors, and its design consultants—including Thornton Tomasetti (structural), 们将集中讨论在上海中心大厦的造型、外
Cosentini (MEP), and Aurecon (façade)—collaborated via various parametric and Building 立面和结构如何使用参数化设计，BIM软
Information Modeling (BIM) platforms for a variety of tasks. These included architectural, 件如何帮助改进和协调设计。
structural, and MEP design and coordination; analysis of fire safety and energy; 3D shop
drawings, digital fabrication, construction simulation, and digital preassembly. This chapter 造型
focuses on how parametric design was used for Shanghai Tower’s form, façade, and structure,
and how BIM software helped to refine and coordinate the design. 上海中心大厦外幕墙——平面为一个圆角
等边三角形，其中一个圆角有一个切口，
而垂直外形成螺旋状上升——这意味着建
Form 筑物的每个楼层平面都不同（也就是说，
Shanghai Tower’s exterior curtain wall—with a horizontal profile of an equilateral triangle with 各楼层的形状是相同的，但是每个楼层在
rounded apexes and a notch in one apex, and a vertical profile that twists and tapers as it 下方楼层的基础上旋转大约1%左右，随
rises—means that every floor of the building is different (that is, all floors have the same shape, 着建筑物上升，楼层也在缩小）。设计团
but each floor is rotated roughly 1% from the floor below, and the floors scale down as the 队采用参数化软件来定义建筑物的复杂几
building rises). The design team used parametric software to define the building’s complex 何形状，同时创建起一个整合了建筑和外
geometry and to create an associative model integrating the building and façade. Their studies 立面的联合模型。其研究包括建筑物的二
included three aspects of the building’s 2D and 3D form: its horizontal profile (the default 维和三维造型的三个方面：其水平向外形
geometry of the plan), its scaling, and its rotation. （平面的基准几何）、缩放比例和旋转。

The first challenge was to set the horizontal profile. The design team had already determined in 第一项挑战是设置水平向外形。设计团队
the design competition stage that the basis of the exterior curtain wall would be an equilateral 在设计竞赛阶段就已确定，外幕墙的基础
triangle with rounded apexes. They needed to optimize the curvature of these corners to 是带有圆尖端的等边三角形。他们需要优
meet aesthetic, functional, and sustainable criteria—that is, to optimize the appearance of the 化上述转角的弧度，以达到美学、功能和
corners and the use of the atria that were created between outer and inner façades, to balance 可持续的准则——也就是说需要优化转角
the building’s gross floor area (GFA), and to minimize the effect of wind loading. To do this, 的外观以及在内外幕墙之间所形成的中庭
they entered basic data into parametric software and changed the key angle (A1) to produce 的使用，来平衡建筑物总建筑面积（GFA）
different corner configurations (see Figure 2.2). From this study they determined that an A1 of ，同时将风荷载的作用降到最低。为了实
23.3 degrees created the optimum tangential transition between corners and equilateral sides. 现这一目标，他们将基础数据输入到参数
It resulted in a smooth building shape that could then be tested for rotation and scaling. The 化软件中，并且改变关键角度（A1）来产
corner transition of each floor of Shanghai Tower, derived from the optimal 23.3-degree A1, 生不同的转角组合（见图2.2）。通过这项
would remain constant throughout the height of the building. 研究，他们确定当A1达到23.3度时，会在
转角和等边之间产生最佳的切向转接。这
The second task in studying the form of the exterior wall was to develop a vertical profile that 样就会产生一个平滑的建筑造型，可以进
determined the scale and rotation of the building. Through this process, the design team tested 行旋转和尺度渐变的试验。上海中心大厦
both linear reduction and exponential reduction to find the best possible way of transitioning 每个楼层的转角转接从优选的23.3度A1衍

14  |  Architecture and Design

 体系确立
几何外形

外皮：旋转，收分（婚纱）
外皮 旋转 收 婚纱
内筒：退台（婚礼蛋糕）

风洞实验

Figure 2.2. A study in Rhino with Grasshopper to determine the angle, A1, producing the optimum curvature of the
corners of Shanghai Tower. (Source: Gensler)
图2.2. 运用犀牛软件的Grasshoper来决定角度，A1，制作出上海大厦的最佳转角曲线。（来源：Gensler）

scale between the floors, along with the 生出来，在建筑物的整个高度范围内保持恒定不变。

best overall appearance of the tower. They 研究外墙造型的第二个任务就是发展竖向外形来确定建筑物的比例和旋转。通过这一流
used the equation 程，设计团队测试了线性缩减和指数缩减，并通过下列公式查找楼层之间转接缩放比例
y = ez*s 的最佳方式及塔楼的最佳整体观感：
where y = the percent of scaling, e = y = ez*s
mathematical constant (Euler’s number), z = 其中 y =缩放比例的百分比，e =数学常数（欧拉数），z = 标高, s =缩放比例值。通过调整
elevation, and s = scaling. By adjusting the 在参数化软件中的缩放比例值，旋转和标高，设计团队对各种组合的美学效果，GFA和
scaling, rotation, and elevation in parametric 楼层效率进行了比较。若s值小于100%，所见模型从下往上缩小，s值大于100%，则相
software, the design team could compare 反（见图2.3）。此外，更重要的是在其后楼层之间与及每个独立幕墙单元之间的几何关
the aesthetic results, the GFA, and the floor
efficiency of various combinations. An s,
value below 100 percent yielded models that
scaled from bottom to top, while those with
s, values above 100 percent produced the
inverse (see Figure 2.3). Additionally, and very
importantly, the geometrical relationship
between the subsequent floors, as well as
between individual curtain panel units, could
be understood, iterated, and optimized. After
running many prototypes through both
parametric modeling studies and physical 缩放控制高度:
tests, the design team chose a rotation of
120 degrees and a scaling of 55% from base Z=632000-45000
to top to optimize aesthetics, sustainability,
and function (see Figure 2.4).
即Z 587000
即Z=587000
In creating an associative model of Shanghai
Tower, the team moved through three ZX
Z*X
phases of data gathering. First, they built
an initial model of the building with purely
geometric data. Next, they created an
intermediate model that incorporated the
s<100 s>100
façade and the curtain wall support structure
of the building. Finally, they produced a fully
developed and detailed model. Parametric Figure 2.3. Parametric studies of the scaling of Shanghai Tower. (Source: Gensler)
design software allowed the team to 图2.3. 上海大厦缩放比例的参数化研究。（来源：Gensler提供）

建筑设计 | 15
     

最优选项
ER
Figure 2.4. From many studies, the designSteam
Cosentini - Thornton Tomasetti - Gensler H A N G H A I CT E
c 2008
chose OaNWTEERR
rotation of 120 degrees and a scaling of 55% from base
to top for Shanghai Tower. (Source: courtesy Gensler)
图2.4. 经过多次研究，设计团队选择上海大厦从底部
往顶端旋转120度及55%的缩放比例。（来源：Gensler）
examine the curtain wall and underlying
systems in an appropriate level of detail
early in the design process and therefore
integrate it as an overall building solution.
This integration will be discussed in the
following sections.
Façade
The rounded triangular form of the Shanghai
Tower’s outer façade uses less glass than
a rectangular façade with the same area,
allowing for significant savings in material
costs. Designed with nearly 1.4 million
square feet (130,000 square meters) of more
than 25,000 glass panels, the façade would
have been very difficult to conceptualize
using traditional computer-aided design
tools and methods. The design of the
façade needed to address, in addition to
the complexities aforementioned, Shanghai
Tower’s specific site and climatic conditions
and the experience and capabilities of local
fabricators. Using parametric software,
the design team was able to develop a
façade system that balanced engineering
performance, constructability, safety,
maintenance, economy, and design.
Their studies began with dividing an exterior
wall profile into a number of panels (see
Figure 2.5), then tested numerous panel
parameters, including size, shape, and angle.
Here the team balanced the intention to
make each panel as large as possible to
16  |  Architecture and Design
To
Too
oo Big
B ig
Too Small
Too Sm llll
Sm
9 Option
Figure 2.5. A study of the horizontal profile at level 9 of Shanghai Tower with various panel divisions. (Source: Gensler)
图2.5. 在上海大厦9楼带多个外墙板块划分的水平向外形研究。（来源：Gensler）
系是可以被了解，迭代和优化的。通过进行许多参数建模研究和物理测试所建立的原型
后，设计团队选择一个从底部到顶端旋转 120度及55%缩放比例的原型，以达到最佳的
美学 、可持续性与功能（见图2.4）。
在建造上海中心大厦的关联模型时，设计团队经过了三个阶段的数据收集。首先，设计
团队建立纯几何数据的建筑物初始模型。然后，建立一个中间体模型並结合建筑物的外
立面和幕墙支撑结构。最后，生产一个完全成熟及深化的模型。参数化设计软件容许设
计团队可以在早期的设计过程就对幕墙和基础系统在一个相称的细节水平上进行检查，
从而将其整合为整体建筑解决方案。随后的章节会讨论这种一体化。
外立面
上海中心大厦的圆边三角形外立面与同样面积的方形外立面相比采用较少的玻璃，允许
物料成本的显著节约。所设计的立面拟采用两万五千多块玻璃板，共计140万平方英尺（
约13万平方米），若采用传统的电脑辅助设计工具和方法会很难进行概念化设计。除上
述的复杂性外，外立面的设计还需应付上海中心大厦的特殊场地和气候条件，以及当地
加工制造者的经验和能力。使用参数化设计软件，设计团队可以发展出对工程性能、可
构造性、安全性、维护、经济及设计等各方面平衡的外立面系统。
其研究先把外墙外形划分成数个板块（见图2.5），然后测试大量的板块参数，包括大小，
形状和角度。设计团队既尽可能将每块板块做到最大以容许最开阔的视野，同时又在标
准业界制作能力范围内必然性地优化每块板块的尺寸，在两者间取平衡妥协。设计团队
在每水平向外形上选择138个划分为最佳数。在默认水平向外形上产生了一个7英尺（2.14
米）的板块长度。设计团队然后为各种板块和连接件节点建模，查看这会如何影响外立
面的整体外观，并对一体化包裏深度和竖框属性（深度，宽度，玻璃与铝合金对比，连
续与并接对比等）进行测试。设计团队还与其顾问分享其参数化模型，同步研究制作各
种外立面系统的可行性。
设计团队研究了十几个外立面方案和配置，并剔除当中许多呈现矛盾的挑战。通过这个
程序，致使了三个主流方向被名为---“鱼鳞式”，“交错式”和“平滑式”，并进一步接受更全
面的参数化建模（见图2.6）。这三种方案均以不同的方式与上海中心大厦的复杂几何造
型相呼应。鱼鳞式设计采用平行四边形玻璃，其中一角突出幕墙表面；交错式设计将矩
形玻璃垂直装入逐层内退的水平向接缝内；平滑式设计将冷弯玻璃装入通过可转动的套
管连接的带角度的窗框中。
设计团队最终选择了交错式系统，因为这一系统整合了美观、制造及维护的最佳解决方
案。此外，该系统也满足最小化玻璃反射对周围区域的影响（玻璃反射率低于15%）这一
allow for the most open views, with the necessity of optimizing each panel size to be fabricated 项重要的规范要求。光的物理学暗示交错
within standard industry capabilities. They chose 138 divisions per horizontal profile as the 幕墙系统，和玻璃与地面垂直，玻璃与太
optimum number. This resulted in a panel length of 7 feet (2.14 meters) at the default horizontal 阳成角度的鱼鳞式和平滑式方案相比，对
profile. Next, they modeled various panel and connector details to see how these would affect 周围建筑造成的光反射影响较小。采用
the overall appearance of the façade. Here tests integrated wrap depth and vertical mullion Autodesk Ecotect进行参数化建模进一步证
properties (depth, width, glass versus aluminum, continuous versus split, etc.). The team 实了上述说法（见图2.7）。
simultaneously studied the feasibility of fabricating various façade systems by sharing their
parametric models with their consultants.
幕墙支撑结构
The design team studied more than a dozen façade panel schemes and configurations, and
vetted out many for various irreconcilable challenges they presented. Three main directions— 上海中心大厦的幕墙支撑结构（CWSS）
which were named “shingle,” “stagger,” and “smooth”— resulted from this process and were 不仅解决了上述复杂问题---旋转且缩少而
put through further, comprehensive parametric modeling (see Figure 2.6). Each responded to 上的建筑造型其三角形平面，同时也处理
the complex geometry of Shanghai Tower in a different way. The shingle design used glass 了这复杂外墙系统连接所致的建筑主体复
parallelograms with one corner projecting from the face of the curtain wall; the stagger model 杂性，以便将结合的荷载传送至建筑物核
set rectangular panes of glass vertically within joints that stepped back horizontally; the smooth 心筒，并向下传送至基础系统。幕墙支撑
façade used cold-bent glass set in angled mullions controlled by rotational bushing connectors. 结构（CWSS）必须能承受风荷载和重力
荷载，以及与其轴向平行的荷载，这通常
The design team ultimately chose the stagger system because it was the best solution for 由地震所引起。幕墙支撑结构（CWSS）
aesthetics, fabrication, and maintenance. In addition, it met the important code requirement 的主要构件包括与外墙曲线平行的环梁，
that called for the least possible impact of glass reflection to the surrounding area and required 双吊杆暗装悬吊于机电/避难层的合成结
that glass be less than 15% reflective. The physics of light suggested that the stagger panel 构系统上，并与环梁相连接，以及用于固
system, with glass set perpendicular to the ground, would shed less sun reflection to the 定整个系统的正交撑杆和X型斜撑。
surrounding buildings than the shingle and smooth models, whose glass angled toward the
sun. This effect was confirmed in parametric modeling in Autodesk Ecotect (see figure 2.7). 为了评估幕墙支撑结构（CWSS），设计团
队将每个水平向外形的三角平面分成6

Shingle
Smooth Stagger
交叠 Shingle Smooth Stagger
平滑 交错
Gensler 鱼鳞式
c 2008 上海中心 SHANGHAI T O W E R 光滑式 交错式
Gensler c 2008 上海中心 SHANGHAI T O W E R
Gensler c 2008 上海中心 SHANGHAI T O W E R

Figure 2.6. Studies of “shingle,” “smooth,” and “stagger” models for the façade of Shanghai Tower. (Source: Gensler)
图2.6. 关于“鱼鳞式”，“交错式”，和“平滑式”等不同建筑立面的研究。（来源：Gensler）

建筑设计 | 17
     
Curtain Wall Support Structure
The curtain wall support structure (CWSS) of
Shanghai Tower’s exterior wall addresses not
only the complexities already discussed—
the rotation and scaling of the form and its
triangular plan—but also the complications
of connecting this intricate system to
that of the building itself and transferring
combined loads to the building core and Figure 2.7. Autodesk Ecotect analysis of light reflection from Shanghai Tower. (Source: Gensler)
down to the foundation system. The CWSS 图2.7. 用Ecotect分析上海大厦所产生的反射光。（来源：Gensler）

must resist wind and gravity loads as well

as loads parallel to its primary axis, typically
resulting from earthquakes. The main
components of the CWSS are a girt following 块，逐一进行设计。每块又被细分为5小块，分别包括2块，6块，6块，6块和3块面板（
the curve of the outer wall, coupled sag 从室外三角形外立面与室内圆形内立面的交接切点到三角形顶点的中心线）。设计团队
rods suspended from the complex structure 在这些分块与环梁中心线的交接处建立了一系列的参考点 (WPS1)，将WPS1与建筑中心
system concealed in the MEP / refuge floor 用线相连。这些线与圆形内立面相交的点设为第二批参考点(WPS2)，沿WPS1和WPS2的
area above and connected to the girt, 连线为撑杆位置。这样，1块内就设有4个撑杆位置。设计团队将该块镜像作为三角形的
and perpendicular struts and x-bracing to 一角，再复制两次形成一个完整的三角形，在一角添加V型凹槽，进而形成了整个楼层
stabilize the system. 的幕墙支撑结构（CWSS）（见图2.8）。一旦通过上述算法计算建立一个水平向外形的支撑
系统，则可通过在参数化程序中输入数据，生成整个建筑物的幕墙支撑结构（CWSS）（见
To evaluate the CWSS, the design team 图2.9）。参数化软件因此建立了上海中心大厦的整个幕墙支撑结构（CWSS）模型，包括各
divided the triangular plan of each horizontal 层平面和钢组件的几何形状。
profile into six segments and designed one
segment of it. Each segment in turn was
divided into 5 subsegments containing 2, 6,
6, 6, and 3 panels each (from the tangential
point where the exterior triangular façade
met the interior circular façade to the
centerline of the triangle’s apex). The team
established a series of work points (WPS1)
at the places where these divisions met the
Po 0,0,0

centerline of the girt. They connected WPS1

to the center point of the building with lines.
The points where these lines intersected
the support of the circular interior façade
became other work points (WPS2), and the
lines connecting WPS1 to WPS2 became the
locations of struts. In this way, the positions 133

of 4 struts were set in 1 segment. The 1

team then mirrored this segment to form

one angle of the triangle, duplicated this CODING REGULATION

segment two times to complete the triangle, 编码规则

Zone 4 四区
added the V-shaped notch in one corner, and Number
编号
LA
LA（竖边长） LB（底边长）
LB LC
LC（竖边长）
LD
LD（顶边长）

thus created the CWSS for a full floor (see Z4 L1 1

Z4 L1 2
4564.359
4515.932
639.131
1826.2
4515.932
4519.329
1276.805
1781.47
Z4 L1 3 4519.329 1826.2 4522.653 1781.188
Figure 2.8). Once this system was established ZONE 区域
Z4 L1 4 4522.653 1826.2 4522.951 1809.147
LEVEL 楼层 Z4 L1 5 4522.951 1826.2 4521.261 1815.856
for one horizontal profile through the NUMBER 编号 Z4 L1 6 4521.261 1826.2 4519.632 1816.265
Z4 L1 7 4519.632 1826.2 4518.066 1816.674
algorithmic computation described above, Z4 L1 8 4518.066 1826.2 4516.562 1817.083
上海中心大厦 Z4
SH A NL1
G H A9 R -3-
I T O W E4516.562 1826.2 4515.123 1817.493
data was entered into the parametric
© 2008

Z4 L1 10 4515.123 1826.2 4513.75 1817.902

Figure 2.8. Parametric study of the CWSS for one floor of Shanghai Tower. (Source: Gensler)
Z4 L1 11 4513.75 1826.2 4512.442 1818.311
program to generate the CWSS for the entire 图2.8. 对上海大厦某一楼层的幕墙支撑结构（CWSS)的参数化研究。（来源：Gensler）
Z4 L1 12
Z4 L1 13
4512.442
4511.201
1826.2
1826.2
4511.201
4510.027
1818.719
1819.126
Z4 L1 14 4510.027 1826.2 4508.921 1819.533
Z4 L1 15 4508.921 1826.2 4507.882 1819.938
Z4 L1 16 4507.882 1826.2 4506.91 1820.341
Z4 L1 17 4506.91 1826.2 4506.006 1820.743
18  |  Architecture and Design Z4 L1 18 4506.006 1826.2 4505.169 1821.142
Z4 L1 19 4505.169 1826.2 4504.399 1821.54
Z4 L1 20 4504.399 1826.2 4503.695 1821.935
Z4 L1 21 4503.695 1826.2 4503.056 1822.327
Z4 L1 22 4503.056 1826.2 4502.481 1822.717
Figure 2.9. One zone of the full CWSS model of Shanghai Tower. (Source: Gensler)
图2.9. 上海大厦某区间的整个幕墙支撑结构（CWSS）全模型。（来源：Gensler）

building (see Figure 2.9). Parametric software 用于设计幕墙支撑结构（CWSS）的参数化程序所生成的结果与其它软件所得的数据相结

thus constructed a complete CWSS model 合，以达到预期的结果。这样复杂的集成例子可在塔冠幕墙支撑结构（CWSS）的设计过
for Shanghai tower, including the floor plans 程中看见。有特别考虑到的上海中心大厦顶部不像其它超高层塔楼的尖顶，而是采用了
and the geometry of the steel members. 一个开放式的塔冠，具有可容许设置风力涡轮机和雨水收集系统的可持续特征。解决塔
The results generated by the parametric 楼的拆分抛物线轮廓给是设计技术性的挑战。幕墙几何的数据从Grasshopper导入Excel（
programs used to design the CWSS were 见图2.10）。 结果数据又重新导入Grasshopper，并根据结构工程师的参数，生成钢结构
integrated with data from other software 参数模型。钢结构几何数据，包括直钢构件的端部坐标以及弯曲钢构组件的半径和掠
to achieve the desired results. An example 角，再导入Excel。将结果数据输入Autodesk Revit来生成钢结构模型。Revit不用交換文件
of this complex integration can be seen in 可直接读取Excel文档，设计团队用Microsoft Visual C#编写可在Grasshopper和Revit之间运
the design process used for the CWSS of 行的脚本。最终，团队采用Revit模型生成了塔冠的施工图纸。Revit的使用是在上海中心
the tower crown. Special consideration was 大厦的设计中的其中一个建筑信息模型集成案例，这集成的更多信息将在随后讨论。
given to the top of Shanghai Tower, which,
unlike the pointed tops of most supertall
buildings, is an opening that allows for the
sustainable features of wind turbines and
rainwater collection. The split-parabolic
curve of the outline of the tower was
technically challenging to resolve. Data from
the curtain wall geometry was exported
from Grasshopper to Excel (see Figure 2.10).
Resulting data was then reintroduced to
Grasshopper to generate a steel structure
parametric model using the structural
engineer’s parameters. Steel geometric
data—including the end coordinates of
straight steel members and the radii and
sweep angles of curved steel members—
was then exported back to Excel. The
resulting data was imported into Autodesk
Revit to generate the steel structure model.
So that Revit could read the Excel file directly
without any exchange file, the design team
wrote a script with Microsoft Visual C# that
ran between Grasshopper and Revit. Finally,
Figure 2.10. Grasshopper model of the CWSS of the crown of Shanghai Tower. (Source: Gensler)
图2.10. 上海大厦楼顶冠的整个幕墙支撑结构幕墙支撑结构（CWSS）的Grasshopper模型。（来源：Gensler）

建筑设计 | 19
     
 BIM

建筑（墙，门，窗）
结构（梁，桁架）
BIM 建筑信息模型 机电（管道，设备）
垂直交通（竖井）
幕墙

Figure 2.11. BIM modeling of Shanghai Tower allowed the design team to avoid collisions of structure, ducts, shafts,
etc. (Source: Gensler)
图2.11. 上海大厦的信息化模型使得设计团队避免了结构、管道、及井道之间的冲突。（来源：Gensler）

the team utilized the Revit model to generate the construction drawings for the crown. This 建筑信息化建模
use of Revit is one example of the integration of Building Information Modeling in the design of 今天，对Gensler来说，建筑信息模型
Shanghai Tower. Additional information on this integration follows. (BIM)的使用已是一个常规应用，但在2008
年，设计上海中心大厦时，BIM才刚刚开
Building Information Modeling 始在公司使用。从文件编制到多专业协
调，Autodesk Revit BIM平台的采用对于
Today the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) is standard practice within Gensler, but 设计过程中的很多方面都至关重要（见图
in 2008, during the design of the Shanghai Tower, BIM was in its early adoption at the firm. 2.11）。Revit并不是建筑物参数化发展背
The use of Autodesk Revit BIM platform was essential for many aspects of the design process, 后的驱动力，但是设计团队通过使用脚本
from documentation through multidiscipline coordination (see Figure 2.11). Revit was not the 语言，和DXF, SAT和IFC等文件格式，以及
driving force behind the parametric development of the building, however the design team 广泛的Excel整合，在参数化软件和BIM之
established an innovative and efficient workflow between the parametric software and BIM. 间建立了一套创新且高效的工作流程。今
This was accomplished with the utilization of Scripting and file formats such as DXF, SAT and 天，随着BIM技术以及软件之间互用性的
IFC, as well as extensive Excel integration. Today, with the development of BIM technology and 发展，设计团队在设计上海中心大厦时所
the interoperability between software, many of the restrictions the design team experienced 经历过的限制已不存在了。此外，BIM是
in designing the Shanghai Tower have been lifted. In addition, BIM is an integral part of the 塔楼建设不可缺少的一部分，并在整个中
construction process of the tower, and this has had an impact on BIM’s adoption within the 国市场都有一定的影响。
overall China market.
尽管最初并未要求采用BIM，但Gensler和
Initially, BIM was not required as a deliverable. However, the design team understood the value 设计团队非常了解BIM技术对项目的重要
and necessity of BIM technology for the project. As a broader understanding grew of what BIM 性和必要性。随着对BIM价值的更广泛理
could deliver, it was embraced by other associated groups, including the client. Gu Jianping and 解不断加深，相关方包括业主也接受了
Ge Qing of Shanghai Tower Construction and Development Co., Ltd. say they use BIM on their BIM。上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司的
projects because it allows them to “plan, coordinate and control all aspects of the work.” They 顾建平和 葛青谈到他们之所以使用BIM，
expect that BIM will also supply benefits in post-occupancy. “We will take advantage of the 是因为BIM可帮助其“规划、协调并控制工
model to optimize the operation scheme, equipment management, real estate management, 程的各个方面”。他们期望BIM在后期项目
and emergency management, to realize the greatest returns for the developer,” Gu and Ge say. 交付使用中能继续发挥作用，“我们会利
用该模型来优化运营方案，设备管理，物
业管理和紧急事件管理，为开发商实现最
大的投资回报。”

20  |  Architecture and Design

Conclusion 结论
Shanghai Tower is a model of innovation and integration, a symbol of how megatall buildings 上海中心大厦是创新和集成的典范，标志
can and should be designed in the future. To achieve the complex form, façade, and structure 着在未来可以或应该如何设计超高层建
of the tower, the design team relied on an advanced parametric tool platform, which offered 筑。为了实现复杂的塔楼造型，外立面和
three main benefits to the project. First, it allowed the team to visualize the complexity of 结构，设计团隊依靠先进的参数化平台，
the design in a simple way. The triangular, twisting, tapering shape of the form, the multiple 对项目提供三个主要好处。首先，它容许
glass and joint configurations of the façade, and the complexities of its structure were all 设计团队通过一种简洁明了的方式使复
modeled with parametric design. Second, it permitted iterating and testing of design options 杂的设计可视化。通过参数化设计，三
during a very fast design schedule. For example, developing one default horizontal profile 角形，扭转，锥式的造型，外立面的多
into a complete vertical profile through parametric modeling was exponentially faster than 种的玻璃和连接配置，以及结构的复杂
building every line per every floor, as in traditional computer-aided design. Third, it assisted in 性均被模型化。其次，在快速的设计计划
developing a methodology that could be used across the multiple disciplines needed to realize 内它容许设计选择方案的迭代和测试，比
the building. Structural, MEP, and façade engineers, glass and steel fabricators, and the project’s 如通过参数化建模，将一个基准水平向外
client communicated through models developed in parametric design. Ultimately parametric 形变为一个完整的垂直外形比用传统电脑
design tools allowed the design team’s unique architecture to be built efficiently and safely, to 辅助设计建立每个平面内的每条线要快出
be a solution for its client’s intent, and to provide an iconic image for Shanghai, with economy 好几倍。最后，它有助制定一套可以让多
and sustainability always in mind. 专业跨使用来实现建设所需的方法。结
构，机电及幕墙工程师，玻璃与钢材制造
商，以及项目业主通过参数化设计所建立
的模型进行交流。参数化设计工具最终使
设计团队的独特建筑设计能有效及安全地
建造，并对其客户的意图给于一个解决方
案，同时为上海打造一个象征经济与绿色
的地标。

References 参考文献

“Envisioning Green in a Supertall Building,” (2010) Green BIM: How Building Information Modeling is Contributing to Green Design and
Construction, McGraw Hill Construction, page 19, accessed April 10, 2012, http://construction.com/market_research/freereport/greenbim/.Jun X.,
Poon, D. and Mass, D.C. (2010) “Case Study: Shanghai Tower,” CTBUH Journal, no. 2, pp. 14.
http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/Shanghai_Tower_Façade_Design_Process_11_10_2011.pdf.
Kangpyo C., Hong, S. and Hwang, K. ( 2004) Effects of Neighboring Building on Wind Loads, paper presented at the 2004 CTBUH Conference,
Seoul, page 516, accessed April 20, 2012, http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/TechnicalPapers/tabid/71/language/en-GB/Default.aspx.
Poon, D. Lew, P. Zhi, Y., Tse, B. and Jain, V. (2010) Unique Complexities of the Shanghai Center Curtain Wall Support System, paper presented
at the 2010 Structures Congress/North American Steel Construction Conference (NASCC), in Orlando, Florida, page 2015, accessed April 20, 2012,
ftp://ftp.eng.auburn.edu/pub/hza0002/ASCE%202010/data/papers/229.pdf
Zeljic, A.S. AIA, LEED AP, (2010) Shanghai Tower Façade Design Process, paper presented at the 2010 International Conference on Building
Envelope Systems and Technologies (ICBEST 2010) in Vancouver, Canada, page 4, accessed April 19, 2012.

建筑设计 | 21
     
Making the World’s Greenest Tall Building
打造全球最生态的高层建筑
Jihong Han & Hongwu Fan, Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences
韩继红 & 范宏武, 上海市建筑科学研究院（集团）有限公司

Shanghai Tower is poised to become the world’s tallest green building after receiving the Chinese 3-star green building design label and
the U.S. LEED-CS Gold Pre-qualification. This chapter will introduce how to realize similar achievements in the future. Firstly, the eight issues
that exist for sustainable high-rise developments are studied. Solutions for achieving high energy efficiency and environmental quality such
as the unique glass walls, tall atrium, tri-generation system, ice storage system, renewable energy use, rain and grey water reuse, structural
optimization, and green construction are also discussed.

本文介绍了上海中心大厦为打造世界最高绿色建筑的建设目标，如何通过整体与系统的技术融合，从八大方面开展技术关键应
对，有效解决独特玻璃幕墙、高大中庭、三联供、冰蓄冷、可再生能源、雨污水、结构体系、建筑施工过程等能源资源利用与环
境影响难题，很好地诠释了获取高星级绿色建筑的技术途径，并获得中国绿色建筑三星级设计标识和美国LEED金级预认证的成功
经验。

Introduction 背景
A wave of supertall developments are coming to China and it is reported that 30 to 40 high-rise 中国已进入超高层建筑快速发展期，在未
buildings with height greater than 400m will be planned and constructed in the next ten years. 来十年内可能出现30~40栋400m以上的超
The problems about the energy, resources and environment issues that need to be met when 高层建筑，其在充分提高土地利用率的同
developing supertall buildings are complex, so studying sustainable development strategies is 时，也带来了能源、资源、环境与交通等
necessary for future supertall buildings, especially in China. 问题，因此对超高层建筑实施可持续发展
The Shanghai Tower is striving to become the world’s tallest green building and has been 战略十分必要。
pre-certified for several green rating systems. Creating a green super vertical city that 上海中心大厦以中国绿色建筑三星级和美
harmoniously coexists with human beings, buildings, cities and nature is the goal for future 国LEED-CS金级为目标，定位于打造一个
skyscrapers. The green strategies of the Shanghai Tower for sustainable development will be 资源高度集约化、能源高度节约化、实现
very useful to future developers. 人、建筑、城市与自然和谐共存的绿色超
级垂直城市，其绿色建筑发展策略对于后
续的超高层建筑可持续发展具有积极的借
Green Strategies 鉴意义。
The Shanghai Tower is the tallest of a group of adjacent supertall buildings in lot Z3-2 of Lujiazui
Financial Center of Pudong, Shanghai. The other two are the Jin Mao Tower and the Shanghai
World Financial Center (see Figure 2.12). The Shanghai Tower, standing 632 meters high and 绿色策略
128 stories and has many program areas such as office, hotel, conference center, retail, and 上海中心大厦地处浦东新区陆家嘴金融中
observation (see Figure 2.13). Shanghai Tower began construction work on 29 November 2008; 心区Z3-2地块，东邻上海环球金融中心，
topped out structurally on 3 August 2013, and is expected to complete in 2015. 北为金茂大厦（见图2.12）。项目占地面积
To realize sustainable development goals, more than 60 green strategies are implemented in 约3万平米，共128层 （见图2.13），总高度
Shanghai Tower to achieve the goal of being humane, energy efficient, and convenient. Light 632m，总建筑面积约57.5万平米。项目功
pollution and outdoor wind environment issues are solved by designing the unique curtain wall 能主要为办公、酒店、会议中心、商业、
structure. The energy consumption is reduced by arranging the reasonable function partition 娱乐、观光休闲等配套设施。于2008年11
and designing the high efficient air-conditioning system and lighting equipment. The structure 月29日正式开工建设，2013年8月3日完成
also utilizes effective building shading and energy storage technologies. The effect of wind load 结构封顶，预计2014年底竣工。
on the building structure is weakened about 24% by twisting the building’s appearance by 120 上海中心大厦提出以“体现人文关怀、强
degrees. The use of recycled water is about 24% by making full use of grey water and rainwater

22  |  Architecture and Design

while a reduction of noise, dust and lighting
pollution are realized by adopting green
construction techniques. This chapter will
address how to reduce the energy and
environmental impact of Shanghai Tower
as low as possible by using eight technical
responses including: the unique glass
curtain wall, tall atrium, tri-cogeneration, ice
storage, renewable energy, rainwater and
grey water and structure system.

Solutions
The Unique Glass Curtain Wall Design
The glass curtain wall system of Shanghai
Tower was designed creatively with the
help of the parametric analysis to address
the influence of wind load on outside &
inside environmental comfort. The shape
of the outside façade was designed using a
wind tunnel test and verified by the outside
wind environment comfort simulation. The
structure and reflectance of exterior façade
glass was optimized by the lighting pollution Figure 2.12. The site of Shanghai Tower from across the Bund (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction &
prevention analysis method. The visible Development Co., Ltd.)
图2.12. 从黄浦江对岸的外滩眺望上海中心大厦场址（来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司）
light transmittance of glass was determined
to meet the indoor natural lighting
requirement. The heat transfer coefficient
and solar heat gain coefficient of the façade
were studied through the energy efficiency 调节资高效、保障智能便捷”为建设目标，通过独特幕墙结构设计与数字化技术应用控
analysis method. 制建筑的光污染与室外风环境，通过有效的空调系统分区与高效建筑设备系统和照明系
The results of the wind tunnel test (see 统设计与选用，结合有效遮阳与蓄能技术实现建筑综合节能目标，通过建筑外型旋转角
Figure 2.4) showed that twisting the façade 度优化降低风荷载对建筑的影响，重视中水和雨水的利用实现24%的建筑非传统水源利
by different degrees can influence the 用率，通过建立绿色施工实施方案，施工过程的噪声、粉尘和光污染也有明显降低。
wind load on the building and 24% of the 本文重点介绍上海中心大厦在破解超高层建筑建设发展过程中碰到的玻璃幕墙、高大中
designed wind load can be reduced by 庭、三联供、冰蓄冷、可再生能源、雨污水、结构体系、建筑施工等八大能源资源利用
rotating the building with 120° compared to 与环境影响难题及相关的技术应对。
a rectangular form of the same height, so the
twist degree of outside façade of Shanghai
Tower is determined to 120° (Thornton 解决方案
Tomasetti Inc, 2009). 独特玻璃幕墙体系设计
According to the outdoor wind environment 为解决建筑幕墙的风荷载影响，提高建筑室内环境的舒适度，上海中心大厦创造性地引
comfort simulation, the maximum wind 入建筑信息模型方法设计了一种独特的玻璃幕墙结构形式。该幕墙外形设计通过风洞实
speeds at the 1.5m height of the surrounding 验优化，根据室外风场舒适性模拟验证。其构造和玻璃反射率通过光污染防治进行控
pedestrian zone with the above design are 制，可见光透射比通过自然采光要求确定，幕墙传热系数和遮阳系数通过节能目标要求
less than 5m/s and meet the outdoor wind 进行选型设计。
comfort and ventilation requirements under 根据风洞测试结果（见图2.4），当建筑采用120°扭度时，可使大楼的设计风荷载降低约
the typical wind environmental evaluation 24%，因此上海中心大厦外立面的最终扭转角度确定为120°（Thornton Tomasetti Inc, 2009
conditions of the different seasons in a year. ）。

建筑设计 | 23
     
 Zone 9 Observation/Cultural facilities
9区 观景台/文化设施
Zone 8
Hotel/Boutique office
8区 酒店/精品办公区

建筑室外风环境模拟分析结果表明，在上
海市过渡季、夏季和冬季的典型风环境模
拟评价工况下，上海中心大厦周边人行区
Zone 7
Hotel
1.5m高处风速均不大于5m/s，满足室外行
7区 酒店区 人活动的舒适性和建筑通风要求。
为有效控制建筑的光反射影响，幕墙设计
主要提出了平滑与交错2种构造设计（见图
2.14），平滑设计玻璃拼接平滑连续，具
Zone 6 有良好美学效果，但会形成大面积的反射
Office 面。交错设计通过幕墙中相邻玻璃单元的
6区 办公区 不连续将其反射分散成不连续小块状降低
光反射的影响。建筑光发射环境报告显
示，采用交错幕墙构造方案可有效减少受
影响敏感目标的数量、户数和影响时间，
Zone 5 而较低可见光反射率的幕墙玻璃可使敏感
Office 目标的影响程度明显减轻，因此上海中心
5区 办公区 大厦的幕墙最终采用交错式构造形式，
幕墙玻璃可见光反射率也被控制在12%
以下 （Shanghai Academy of Environmental
Sciences, 2009）。
Zone 4 幕墙传热系数和遮阳系数则由节能要求
Office
确定，全年负荷模拟分析结果显示，对
4区 办公区
于上海中心大厦独特的玻璃幕墙体系，
采用外幕墙控制遮阳系数、内幕墙控制传
热系数的方法可有效降低建筑全年建筑
负荷。通过设计，上海中心大厦各朝向
Zone 3
Office 窗墙比分别为东0.54/南0.51/西0.56/北0.52
3区 办公区 ，外幕墙玻璃采用12低铁HS+Low-E镀膜
+1.52mm夹胶+12低铁HS，内幕墙玻璃采
用8低铁FT+Low-E镀膜+12A+6低铁FT，幕
墙综合传热系数为2.4 W/（m2K），综合遮
Zone 2 阳系数为0.47，满足中国公共建筑节能设
Office 计标准要求。
2区 办公区
采光模拟分析结果则显示，上海中心大厦
采用上述玻璃幕墙体系可实现较好的自然
Zone 1 采光效果，其主要功能房间满足采光标准
Retail
1区 零售区
要求的面积比例达到了89.9%（见图2.16）。
高大中庭
12 上海中心大厦内外幕墙之间形成了21个独
Figure 2.13. Section drawing. (Source: Gensler)
特的缓冲中庭（见图2.17），由于烟囱效应
图2.13. 剖面图（来源：Gensler）
和温室效应的作用，这些中庭的室内环境
相对复杂。CFD模拟分析结果显示，在不
In order to control the lighting pollution of the façade, two kinds of façade styles design 进行人工干预的情况下，中庭夏季或过渡
are studied, a staggered one and a smooth one (see Figure 2.14). The results of the lighting 季存在过热的风险，冬季极端情况下则可
pollution analysis shows that the smooth façade has a good aesthetic effect but can form 能造成外幕墙结露。
a large-area surface reflection. The staggered design can effectively reduce the severity of
为营造相对舒适的中庭环境，上海中心大
this effect by dispersing the reflection into discrete patches. The low light reflectance of the
厦在中庭区域进行了有效的通风设计（见
selected curtain wall glass is also important to reduce the lighting pollution. Finally, the
图2.18），其一方面可利用过渡季室外新
selected structure of the exterior façade is a staggered one, with 12% of the visible light
风对中庭进行冷却，夏季则通过空调区域
reflectivity (Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 2009).

24  |  Architecture and Design

The annual energy performance simulation
shows that it is better to control the sun-
shading coefficient with the outer façade
and the heat transfer coefficient with the
inter façade for Shanghai Tower. Based on
the analysis and the ratio of window to
wall of 0.54(E)/0.51(S)/0.56(W)/0.52(N), the
integrated heat transfer coefficient is 2.4 W /
(m2K), and the overall shading coefficient is
0.47, designing the 12HS+Low-E +1.52mm
+12 low iron HS glass as the outer façade
and the 8FT+Low-E+12A+6 FT low iron glass
as the inter, to meet the design standard for
energy efficiency of public buildings of China.
From the day-lighting simulation analysis,
it can be shown that the main functions of
Shanghai Tower can get adequate natural
lighting with the designed glass curtain wall,
with the area percentage reached by natural
lighting of 89.9% (see Figure 2.16).
Figure 2.14. The difference between a staggered versus a
smooth façade design. (Source: Gensler)
图2.14. 上海中心大厦平滑幕墙与交错式幕墙设计（来
源：Gensler）
的溢风对中庭温度进行有效控制，中庭顶部则安装有空气源热泵热回收热水系统，将中
庭顶部高温空气中的热量用来提供生活热水。为防止中庭幕墙冬季结露，其外幕墙内侧
安装有辐射翅片。
三联供
上海中心大厦在B2和82F分别设置了低区和高区2个能源中心为整个大厦的供冷和采暖提
供冷热源，三联供系统安装于低区能源中心中。上海中心大厦三联供系统的装机容量主
要依据低区能源中心的冷、热、电负荷情况，根据“以热定电”原则，以及系统节能收益
确定。
通过分析发现，上海中心大厦三联供系统最佳容量为2~3MW之间，鉴于燃气内燃机比
燃气涡轮机具有更好地节能效果，并考虑到建筑实际负荷运行调控要求，上海中心大厦
最终选择了2台1.065MW燃气内燃机作为三联供系统的原动机，燃气内燃机发电时产生
的高温烟气和低温缸套水分别经过烟气-水热交换器和水-水板式热交换器与二次侧热水
进行热交换，二次侧热水先经过水-水热交换器被加热至87℃，再通过烟气-水热交换器
加热至95.5℃后作为热水型溴化锂吸收式制冷机的冷热源，系统一次能源综合利用率达
到85%以上。
冰蓄冷
上海中心大厦采用冰蓄冷系统降低系统运行费用，并对电网实现移峰填谷的效果。通过
全年负荷需求预测分析，结合上海市电价、设备费、材料费、土建成本及施工安装费用
等，上海中心大厦低区最佳蓄冰容量被确定为26400RTh（Cosentini, 2009）.
Figure 2.15. The corner chamfer accentuates the twisting motif of Shanghai Tower (Source: Gensler)
图2.14. 转角处的凹槽加强了上海中心扭转的形态特征（来源：Gensler）
建筑设计 | 25
Tall Atrium 项目最终选用了三台双工况离心式电制冷
There are 21 atriums (see Figure 2.17) created between the inner and outer façades in Shanghai 机配冰盘管内融冰蓄冰槽，双工况离心式
Tower and the indoor environments of them are relatively complex due to the existence of the 电制冷机与蓄冰槽采用串联、主机上游的
stack effect and the greenhouse effect. The CFD simulation results show that the atrium has 设置方式，冰蓄冷系统通过板式换热器向
the risk of overheating in summer and accumulating condensation in the winter without any 大厦低区提供6℃冷冻水，制冰工况下电
human intervention. 制冷机的制冷量为3868kW，其蒸发器进
In order to create a relatively comfortable atrium environment, the ventilation (see Figure 2.18) 出口温度为-1.57℃/-5.56℃，冰蓄冷可在
is designed to cool the atrium area in transition seasons and spill air exhausted from the office 单制冰蓄冷、单融冰蓄冷、主机单独供
area to cooling it in summer. Meanwhile, the air source heat pump recovery/hot water system 冷以及主机与冰槽联合供冷四种工况下
is installed in the top of atrium to generate domestic hot water and cool down the atrium. The 运行。双工况离心式制冷机制冷效率为
condensation of moisture on the outer façade in the atrium in winter is solved by equipping 0.56kW/冷吨，制冰0.68kW/冷吨，100%负
radiation fins. 荷运行时，蓄冰总容量为26400RTh，蓄冰
总容量占到低区总冷量的27.7%。
Tri-Cogeneration
Two energy centers are designed for the cooling and heating of Shanghai Tower, and the low 可再生能源利用
zone energy center is set up in floor B2 and high zone energy center in on floor 82. A tri- 鉴于太阳能光伏发电与热水利用需要足够
cogeneration system is installed in the lower energy center. The effectiveness of tri-cogeneration 的面积保证，且对建筑外立面效果产生影
system of Shanghai Tower is dependent on the capacities of cooling, heat and power load of the 响，上海中心大厦经过认真核实与设计优
low energy center, the “heat is first” principle, and electricity rates, and gas cost. 化分析，最终选择了地源热泵与高空风力
发电方案。
After the comparative analysis, the economic capacity of tri-cogeneration of Shanghai Tower
is 2~3MW and the energy saving of gas engine is better than gas turbine. With these results, 根据测试结果，上海中心大厦地下土壤
Shanghai Tower selected two 1.065MW reciprocating gas-oil dual-use generators. While 温度年平均为18.8℃，土壤导热系数为
running, the generator jacket cooling water will provide the first stage of heating while the flue
gas heat exchanger will provide the final stage of heating before the water is introduced to the

Figure 2.16. The natural lighting analysis of Shanghai Tower by zone (see Figure 2.13 for zones) (Source: Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences.)
图2.16. 上海中心大厦不同分区的（分区图见图2.13）自然采光模拟分析（来源：上海市建筑科学研究院（集团）有限公司）

26  |  Architecture and Design

absorber. The water is heated to 87 oC by the
first water-water heat exchanger and 95.5 oC
by the second flue-water heat exchanger.
According to the design data, the primary
energy efficiency of the tri-cogeneration
system installed in the Shanghai Tower can
reach above 85%.
Ice Storage
An ice storage system is designed in
Shanghai Tower to reduce the operation cost
by reduce the peak load need. The optimal
capacity of the ice storage system is studied
by the annual load profile of the low zone
cooling system and the capacity of 26400RTh
is determined based on the energy price, the
annual load profiles, investment and install
cost (Cosentini, 2009).
Three sets of dual-condition chillers with
ice disc internal melt ice storage tank are
designed with “chillers upstream, ice bank
downstream series connected circulation
loop method” in Shanghai Tower, and 6 oC
chilled water is offered by the ice storage
system through the heat exchanger, the
glycol solution enters the chillers at -1.57 oC
and leaves at -5.56 oC to make the ice storage
machine meet the maximum ice storage Figure 2.17. The atrium design of Shanghai Tower (Source: Gensler.)
图2.17.上海中心大厦中庭设计（来源：Gensler.）
design capacity. Each ice-making capacity
of dual-condition is about 3868kW. The
efficiency of each dual-condition centrifugal
unit is 0.56kW/ tons for cooling and 0.68kW/ 1.58~1.82W/mK范围内，单位孔深放热能力为64W/m（单U）和74W/m（双U），吸热能力为
tons for ice-making. The proportion of ice 42W/m（单U）和52W/m（双U）[4]，为地源热泵的利用提供了条件。考虑到空调系统的稳
storage capacity to the total quantity of low 定性与大楼结构的安全性，最终确定大厦在低区能源中心设置一台螺杆式地源热泵机
zone is about 27.7%. 组与低区空调系统相连接，夏季运行工况制冷量为191kW，冬季制热量为302kW，其地
Renewable Energy 下换热系统采用与大厦裙房桩基结合的127根竖向W型能源桩形式，间距4m，有效管长
The ground source heat pump system and 34m。
wind turbine generator are designed in 高空风力发电是上海中心大厦可再生能源利用的又一创新，根据风力分布预测，上海中
Shanghai Tower because there is no more 心大厦580m处的年平均风速约为地面风速的2~3倍，甚至更高。上海地面10m处平均风
space to install solar photovoltaic system and 速为3m/s左右，这意味着上海中心大厦顶部的风速会达到6m/s以上，这为风力发电技术
solar hot water heater, and can negatively 的利用创造了条件。为充分利用这部分可再生能源，上海中心大厦将在顶部安装270台
impact building aesthetics. 500W的风力发电机组，总装机容量达到135kW，预计每年可为大楼公共照明提供超过15
The thermal performance test of ground 万kWh的电力。
soil shows that ground source provides 雨污水利用
the conditions for the use of a heat pump 为有效节约水资源，大厦设置了中水利用系统，通过利用大楼酒店客房洗浴废水、办公
system in Shanghai. According to the test, 区卫生间废水、机房排水及塔楼与裙楼屋面雨水，经处理后回用于低区办公楼、裙房、
the annual temperature average of the 地下室的冲厕、室外景观补水、绿化浇灌、室外道路冲洗、地下车库冲洗等。
underground of Shanghai Tower is 18.8 oC,
大楼原水收集与处理系统分为两套，分设在66F和B5，处理工艺为：
the soil heat conductivity coefficient is about

建筑设计 | 27
     
 • 生活废水
• 格栅井
• 调节池
• MBR膜生物反应器
• 消毒
• 中水箱
Figure 2.18. The ventilated design of the atrium of Shanghai Tower. (Source: Gensler) • 回用
图2.18.上海中心大厦中庭自然通风设计（来源：Gensler）
中水的水质满足相应用水水质标准要求。
根据设计资料，大楼年设计中水用量为
1.58~1.82W/mK, the heat release capacity is 64W/m for single U type and 74W/m for double
23.7万m3，其中雨水收集量为0.87万m3，
U type and the absorption capacity is 42W/m for single U type and 52W/m for double U type.
中水利用量占建筑全年用水总量的比例
Considering the safety of building structure and stability running the air conditioning system,
达到24%以上，节水效果相当明显（Tongji
it was decided to bury 127 34-meter-long geothermal stakes at 4-meter intervals. Each stake is
University, 2012）。
designed as 191kW for cooling and 302kW for heating.
结构体系优化
Another innovation of renewable energy use for Shanghai Tower is installing wind turbines on
上海中心大厦高度超高，结构安全等级
the top of the building. The wind field analysis shows that there was 2 to 3 times more wind
也较高，建筑结构构件将承受很大的侧
power at the top of the tower than at ground level. That means the wind speed at the top of
向设计荷载与竖向设计荷载，为减少建
Shanghai Tower will reach more than 6m/s because the wind speed is 3m/s average at the
筑构件尺寸，节省材料用量和施工时间，
ground level in Shanghai, which is very good for generating wind power. In order to make full
提高建筑物运营品质和使用舒适度，上
use of this renewable energy, 270 wind turbines with the total capacity of 135kW are installed
海中心大厦的设计者通过高强材料的选
on top of Shanghai Tower which will produce more than 150,000kWh electricity generated per
用、抗侧力体系的选取、外伸臂体系和
year, and are expected to generate power for exterior lighting and public spaces.
塔楼筏板、SRC巨柱、建筑外形与建筑舒
Grey Water and Rainwater Use 适度改善优化等对建筑结构进行了系统
For the effective conservation of water resources, the water treatment system is optimized to 全面的优化设计分析（Thornton Tomasetti
recycle the bath wastewater from the hotel area, the toilet wastewater from the office area Inc, 2009）。
and the rainwater collected by buildings to flush the toilet of office at low zone, podium and
根据分析结果，上海中心大厦混凝土最终
basement; supplement the outdoor landscape, irrigate plantings and wash the outdoor road
确定为：1~3区巨柱混凝土选用C70、4~6
and the garage floor.
区选用C60、7~8区为C50，剪力墙与连
There are two sets of water collection and treatment systems located in 66F and B5 of the 梁混凝土选用C60、基础混凝土选用C50
Shanghai Tower respectively, the process of water treatment is designed as: 。外伸臂桁架、环形桁架和径向桁架选
• Wastewater 用Q345GJ钢材。巨型结构体系最终采用“
巨型框架——核心筒——外伸臂”结构体
• Grille wells
系，外伸臂选用六道方案，而通过引入
• Collect pool 八道翼墙将筏板厚度由原先的7.4m减少为
• MBR membrane bioreactor 6m，大大节省了混凝土的用量。SRC巨柱
• Disinfection 含钢率也因从最初设计的6%~8%优化为
4%~6%而节约钢材约13000吨。建筑外形
• Water tank
旋转角度则因通过风洞试验优化为120度
• Recycle use 而降低约24%的风荷载，通过在屋顶安装
The quality of recycled water should meet the requirements of water quality standard of TMD成功将塔楼顶部的加速度减少40%左
China. According to the system design, there are 237,000 m3 of grey water, including 8700m3 右，建筑舒适度得到明显提升。
of rainwater, that will be collected, treated and recycled in the buildings every year. The use of
绿色施工管理
recycled water resources is up to 24% (Tongji University, 2012).
为最大限度节约资源和减少项目建设对周
Structural System 边环境的负面影响，上海中心大厦明确提
Shanghai Tower is very high and its structural safety rating is also high. The structural component 出了绿色施工要求，对项目土方平衡、土
will bear great lateral and vertical forces. In order to reduce building component size, save 壤保护和施工道路后期运营及施工过程中
material, shorten the construction time, and improve the quality of building operation and 的噪声、扬尘、水和光污染等污染进行有
comfort, Shanghai Tower designers carried out a comprehensive optimization analysis to select 效控制（见图2.19），注重本地化材料、环

28  |  Architecture and Design

Figure 2.19. The environmental control during the construction process of Shanghai Tower (Source: Shanghai Research
Institute of Building Sciences.)
图2.19上海中心大厦施工过程环境影响控制（来源：上海市建筑科学研究院（集团）有限公司.）

high-performance materials, design of the lateral system, outrigger system, mat foundation, Super 保材料、高性能混凝土、高强度钢筋、可
Columns, and improve the shape and comfort of the building (Thornton Tomasetti Inc, 2009). 再循环材料和废弃原材料生产的建筑材料
According to the analysis results, many kinds of high performance materials were selected 等的使用，强调回收利用施工过程中产生
for the Shanghai Tower. For example, Concrete C70 is selected for the super columns in zones 的固体废弃物。BIM技术的应用则有效降
1~3, C60 in zones 4~6 and C50 in zones 7~8, C60 is also used for the concrete shear walls and 低了项目施工过程中潜在的碰撞风险，成
beams, and C50 used for the foundation. The Q345GJ steel is used by the outrigger trusses, 功减少了施工返工率。
belt trusses and ring radial trusses. The lateral system of Shanghai Tower is designed as “Core- 施工监测管理数据显示，上海中心大厦自
Outriggers-Mega Frame” and six sets of outrigger trusses are selected. The thickness of the mat 开工以来，对施工噪声、扬尘、光污染等
foundation is decreased from original 7.4m to 6m by the introduction of eight wing walls to 的控制措施有效，全部符合中国绿色施工
save great amounts of concrete. The steel ration of the steel columns embedded in the super 标准要求。根据施工期材料利用统计结
columns and diagonal columns were optimized from 6%~8% to 4%~6% and saved about 果，截至目前上海中心大厦本地化材料
13,000 tons of steel. Architectural appearance is designed by using wind tunnel tests to rotate 利用比例为83.1%，高性能混凝土比例为
the optimization angle of 120 degrees to reduce the wind load by about 24%, and the building 69.4%，高强度钢筋比例为77.4%，施工废
comfort improved by mounted a TMD on the roof that can slow the acceleration on the top of 弃物处理及材料回收利用率达到39.8%，
building reduced by about 40%. 满足项目的绿色建设要求。
Green Construction Management
To save the resources and lower the negative influences of the project on the surrounding
environment as far as possible, the green construction management addressed soil balance,
construction road use, noise, dust, water, and light pollution (see Figure 2.19). The use of local
materials, environment-friendly materials, high-performance materials, recycled materials,
embedded waste materials and recycling the construction solid waste were requested in the
construction process of Shanghai Tower.
The construction monitoring and management data shows that the measures to control dust,
noise and light pollution are effective and meet the requirements of China’s green construction
standard. According to the statistical results of the material use during the construction period,
the ratio of local materials is 83.1%, the ratio of the high performance concrete is 69.4%, the
high strength steel is 77.4%, the recycled of construction solid waste is 39.8%. And the BIM
technology was also introduced in Shanghai Tower to remove the potential risk of the collision
during the construction effectively and reduce the implied probability for reworking or
repairing of the project.

References (参考书目):
Cosentini (2009), Shanghai Tower Low Zone Central Plant Operation Strategy Analysis.
Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences (2009), The Evaluation of the Light Reflectance of the Façade of Shanghai Tower.
Thornton Tomasetti Inc (2009), The Optimal Design of the Structure System of Shanghai Tower.
Tongji University (2012), The Report of the Waste Water Recycle and use in Shanghai Tower.

建筑设计 | 29
     
3.0 Structural Engineering and Enclosure
结构工程与围护结构
Unique Structural Design Aspects
独特的结构设计

Yi Zhu, Dennis Poon, Qing (Steve) Zuo & Paul Fu, Thornton Tomasetti Inc.
朱毅, 潘子强, 左晴 & 符国勇, 宋腾添玛沙帝

This chapter discusses the unique structural solutions for the 632m tall Shanghai Tower. An innovative “Core-Outrigger-Mega Frame” lateral
system is adopted to meet China’s conservative code requirements for lateral stiffness and member capacities to realize the iconic architectural
profile effectively. The 6m thick CIP pile supported-mat foundation, enhanced by the concrete fin walls at basement levels, help distributes
loads more evenly to the soft supporting soil underneath. End grouting is provided at the tip of the pile to increase pile capacity and reduce
settlement. Optimization of the tower lateral system is a continuous process through all design phases: a 20% wind load reduction is achieved
by fine tuning the tower profile; 13,000 tons of steel saving is achieved through extensive optimization of outrigger trusses and structural steels
encased in super columns. Advanced Performance Based Design (PBD) is used to verify tower performance under different seismic hazard
levels through non-linear dynamic time-history analysis.

本文讨论了632米高的上海中心大厦所采用的独特结构方案。该结构创新性地使用了“核心筒-外伸臂-巨型框架”抗侧力体系，在满足
中国规范对侧向刚度和构件承载力严格要求的同时，有效地体现了建筑轮廓的标志性。厚度达6米并且在基础部分由混凝土翼墙加
强的现浇桩筏基础帮助荷载更加均匀地传递到下方软支撑土。在桩顶采用了桩端注浆方法以提高单桩承载力，减少沉降。结构侧
向体系的优化过程贯穿了所有的设计阶段：通过塔楼轮廓的微调减少了20%的风荷载；通过对外伸臂桁架及巨柱中结构配筋进行深度
优化，节省了13000吨的钢材。采用非线性动力时程分析的高级性能设计（PBD），用于验证在不同地震等级下的塔楼性能。

Project Description 项目介绍

Shanghai Tower has a unique twisting skin, but inside it takes the form of nine cylindrical 上海中心大厦有一个独特的扭曲表面，但
buildings stacked one atop another, including a business zone, five office zones, two hotel/ 它的内部采用的是九个圆柱体堆叠的建筑
apartment zones, and one top zone with observation floors. Each zone can be considered an 形式，其中包括一个商务区，五个办公
independent city or village with communal space at an amenity level where the slab extends 区，两个酒店/公寓区，以及顶层观光区
to reach the outer twisting façade (see Figure 3.1). The regular tower floor plate at each zone is 域。每个区域都可被当作一个拥有公共空
a circular shape with diameters that vary from 82.2m at bottom to 46.5m at top (see Figure 3.2). 间的独立的城市或村落，公共空间位于由
The stacked-zone tower concept within a tapering and twisting exterior façade creates a 楼板延伸到外扭曲的玻璃幕墙所形成的舒
spectacular architectural design. Shanghai Center was topped-out on August, 2013 (see 适层（见图3.1）。每个区域的常规塔楼是圆
Figure 3.3) and will be the tallest building in China when completed in 2015. 形的，直径从底部的82.2米到顶部的46.5米
递变（见图3.2）。外墙立面逐渐变细同时随
高度扭曲的堆叠塔式概念造就了一个壮观
Site Conditions and Foundation Design 的建筑设计方案。上海中心大厦于2013年8
Like other supertall buildings, the foundation mat design of Shanghai Tower was a big challenge 月封顶（见图3.3），在2014年竣工时将成为
due to large gravitational forces and large overturning forces from wind and seismic loads. Soft 中国最高的建筑。
soil conditions at the site reinforced that challenge. With nine layers of sands and soft clays
alternating to at least 120m below grade, bedrock is considered beyond reach for practical
construction purposes. Because the top 15m is very soft clay, the site for seismic design is 场地条件和基础设计
considered as Type IV— the most unfavorable class according to the Chinese code and roughly 与其他超高层建筑一样，因为有极大的重
comparable to Site Class “F” under the International Building Code (IBC) (see Table 3.1). 力及由风荷载和地震荷载所产生的倾覆
The foundation system of Shanghai Tower is a reinforced mat foundation supported on 947 力，上海中心大厦的基础筏板设计是一个
1m diameter cast-in-place (CIP) concrete piles. Testing piles were constructed to determine 很大的挑战。所处地点的软土条件使得情
the pile capacity. The production piles are effectively 52m to 56m long and bear at layer 9-2-1. 况变得更加严峻。有九个砂与软粘土的交
The end grouting is provided at the pile’s tip to increase pile capacity and reduce settlement. A 替相间的土层达到至少120米以下级，该岩
staggered pattern pile layout is used to fit more piles under the core and super columns. The 床被认为是不可能进行实际施工的。因为
mat construction set a record of pouring 61,000 cubic meters of concrete continuously in 60 表层15米是很软的粉质粘土 ，该场地的抗
hours. See Figure 3.4 for construction photo of pouring mat. 震设计类别为IV型——该类别为中国规范
中的最不利情况，大致相当于国际建筑规
范（IBC）中的“F”类。（见表3.1）

32  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

Figure 3.1. With the outer skin removed, the regular circular floor plates are revealed.
(Source: Gensler)
图3.1. 将外层表皮剥离后，可以看到每层平面都呈现规则的圆形。 （来源： Gensler）
A 6-meter mat was not sufficient to provide
reasonably uniform settlement. To distribute
the tower load more uniformly and to reduce
the differential settlement as well as overall
settlement, eight 5-story tall fin walls with
embedded steel plates were provided at
the basement levels to engage both core
and super columns. About 20%-30% of the
predicted differential settlement was greatly
reduced. Figure 3.5 shows the settlement
contours with and without fin walls, including
the estimated peak tower settlement of
100mm to 120mm after 5 years.
Another challenge for foundation design
is the differential settlement between the
tower and the surrounding podium. The
water table is 0.5m below grade and the top
elevation of the mat is -25.4m. Therefore, the
Figure 3.2. Shanghai Tower Typical Floor Plans (Source: Gensler)
图3.2.上海中心大厦标准层平面图（来源：Gensler）
上海中心大厦采用了一个由947根现浇混凝土桩支撑的强化筏板基础，每根桩直径为1
米。通过建造测试桩以确定单桩承载力。成品桩被支撑在9-2-1层上，其有效长度为52到
56米。在桩顶采用了桩端注浆方法以提高单桩承载力，减少沉降。桩的布局采用了交错
模式以便核心筒和巨柱下有更多的桩。该项目在筏板施工过程中创下了连续60个小时浇
注61000立方米混凝土的记录。浇注筏板的施工照片见图3.4。
6米厚的筏板不足以保证均匀的沉降。为了使塔楼荷载分布更均匀并且减少不均匀沉降
和总体沉降，在基础部分放置了8片5层楼高的嵌入钢板的翼墙以连接核心筒和巨柱。这
使得不均匀沉降比预期大幅减少了约20%-30%。图3.5显示了有翼墙和没有翼墙两种情况
下的沉降图，5年之后最大沉降量的估计值约为100到120毫米。
基础设计的另一大挑战是塔楼与周边裙楼的不均匀沉降。该项目的地下水位为0.5米以下
级，筏板顶部的标高为-25.4米。因此，裙楼的沉降量很小而塔楼的沉降量却很大。为了
减小塔楼和裙楼之间的不均匀沉降，采用了在两者相接处设立后浇带的方法。
塔楼侧向系统
上海中心大厦的“核心筒-外伸臂-巨型框架”系统由三部分组成：组合混凝土核心筒，外部
巨型框架（有箱型环带桁架的巨柱）和外伸臂桁架（见图3.6）。
核心筒在区域1到4中部采用长宽均为30米的九单元布置；该核心筒的4个边角在区域5和
结构工程与围护结构 | 33
Figure 3.3. Shanghai Tower Topped-out structurally in August, 2013 Figure 3.4. Construction Photo of Pouring Mat (Source: Thornton Tomasetti)
(Source: Thornton Tomasetti) 图3.4.筏板浇筑的施工照片（来源：宋腾添玛沙帝）
图3.3.上海中心大厦于2013年8月封顶（来源：宋腾添玛沙帝）

podium experiences very little settlement while the tower experiences greater settlement. To 6处缩短；核心筒在区域7和8处采用十字形
compensate the differential settlement between the tower and podium, delayed pour strips 布置。外墙厚度自上而下变化范围为1.2米
were provided in between. 至0.5米，内墙厚度自上而下变化范围为0.9
米至0.5米 。在边界区域放置嵌入式钢柱：
墙角和墙面相交处。钢板被放置在底部两
Tower Lateral System 个区域的核心筒壁，以增加剪切承载力。
The “Core-Outriggers-Mega Frame” system of Shanghai Tower consists of three parts: Composite 核心筒壁承受大部分横向剪切，并且作为
Concrete Core, Exterior Mega Frame (Super Columns with Box Belt Trusses), and Outrigger 严重地震时起到防止建筑倒塌的主要防护
Trusses (see Figure 3.6). 系统。
A nine-cell 30m square core is placed in the center of the plan from Zones 1 through 4; the four 巨柱和斜柱中配有约占柱截面面积4％到
core corners are cut back at Zones 5 and 6; and the core becomes a cruciform plan at Zone 6%的预制钢板，8根巨柱由地面到区域8
7 and 8. The flange (outermost) wall thickness varies from 1.2 m to 0.5 m, while the interior ，4根斜柱由地面到区域5。这些柱与8组两
web wall thickness varies from 0.9 m to 0.5 m. Embedded steel columns are provided at the 层楼高的双环带桁架一起组成“外部巨型框
boundary zones: wall corners and wall intersections. The steel plates are placed in the core 架”系统，该系统为中国规范要求中的次要
walls at the bottom two zones to increase the shear capacity. The core wall resists most of 防护系统。
lateral shear and serves as the fundamental line of defense to prevent building collapse under 机电层布置有6组两层楼高的外伸臂钢桁
severe seismic events. 架。当巨柱通过外伸臂与核心筒连接时，
There are eight super columns up to Zone 8 and four diagonal columns up to Zone 5 which are 巨柱为整个塔楼结构提供了很大的抗弯
reinforced with built up steel plates of approximately 4% to 6% of column cross area. All of them 刚度。
work together with eight sets of two-story-high double belt trusses to form the “Exterior Mega 外伸臂桁架与环带桁架给予了结构体系足
Frame” which serves as a second line of defense required by China’s Code. 够的刚度，满足了中国规范严格的层间位
Six sets of two-story high steel outrigger trusses are placed at the MEP floors. When connected 移限值的要求。该结构50年风荷载作用下
to the core through outriggers, the super columns provide large bending stiffness for the tower 的最大层间位移角为1/505，频发地震（50
structure. 年一次）荷载作用下的最大层间位移角为
1/623。在上部机电层悬挑出单层圆环桁架
The outrigger trusses and belt trusses help the structural system to be stiff enough to meet the
以支撑超出巨柱范围的楼板。圆环桁架同
stringent story drift ratio limit required by China’s Code. The max story drift is h/505 under 50-
时也支撑外部幕墙体系。
year wind load and h/623 under frequent seismic load (a 50-year seismic event). One-story-high
radial trusses cantilever at the upper MEP level to support slab areas beyond the super columns. 上海中心大厦塔冠是建筑幕墙系统的一个
Those radial trusses also support the exterior façade system. 重要部分，拥有多种用途。L125层中央核

34  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

 Soil Stratum Soil Stratum Name Average Soil Stratum Average Distance to the Saturated undrained Shear Wave velocity (m/s)
Succession 土层名称 Thickness bottom of stratum (m) 饱和不排水强度 剪切波速
土层演替编号 平均土层厚度 (m) 距土层底端的平均距离

1 Fill 2.2 2.2 - -

2 Silty clay 1.6 3.8 - -

3 Very soft silty clay 5.2 9 30 125

4 Mucky clay 7.9 16.9 51 147

51a Clay 3.7 20.6 70 178

51b Silty clay 4.2 24.8 96 215

6 Silty clay 4.2 29 115 271

71 Sandy silt + silty sand 8 37 - 263

72 Silty sand 27.4 64.4 - 333

73 Silty sand 4.8 69.2 - 377

91 Sandy silt 9 78.2 - 399

92-1 Silty sand 11.2 89.4 - 421

92-2 Silty sand 9.6 99 - 457

Table 3.1. Soil Profile (Source: Thornton Tomasetti)

表3.1.土壤构成（来源：宋腾添玛沙帝 ）

Figure 3.5. Settlement Contours With or Without Fin Walls(Source: Thornton Tomasetti)
图3.5.有翼墙／无翼墙的沉降图谱（来源：宋腾添玛沙帝 ）

The Shanghai Tower crown is an important part of the building façade system and serves 心筒顶部设有一个1100吨的调谐质量阻尼
multiple functions. It houses a 1,100-ton tuned mass damper (TMD) on top of the central 器（ TMD）；L122层至L124层周边设有一系
core at L125, a series of wind turbines at the perimeter of L122~L124, cooling towers at L128 列的风力涡轮机；L128层调谐质量阻尼器
surrounding the TMD, and window washing machine tracks along the crown’s top surface. （TMD）的周围设有多座冷却塔；洗窗机轨道
The design of curtain wall support system (CWSS) at the roof went through a few rounds of 安置在冠顶表面上。
revisions. To ease the construction difficulty, engineers used a more conventional scheme for 塔楼屋顶的幕墙支撑系统设计经过了数次
tower crown structural system and its support for the crown cladding system. 的修改。为了降低施工难度，工程师采用
Unlike the suspension system for the façade in a typical zone, the major component of the 了对于塔冠结构系统及其支撑冠覆层系统
façade supporting system for the crown are the vertical trusses, which are located behind the 的常规方案。
crowns outer face and transfer gravity load directly to L118 below. The lateral wind loads are 不同于典型区域的幕墙悬挂系统，外墙体
delivered to core framing through radial struts. Simpler kicker trusses support the crown’s inner 系中支撑冠顶的主要部分是位于冠顶外
face and laterally brace the outer trusses above the tower roof level at L129. Vertically braced 表面的垂直桁架，将重力荷载直接传递至
bays at three triangle corners work with a horizontal floor truss at every other floor to aid the L118下方。横向风荷载是通过径向支撑传
crown system in resisting torsion. 递到核心框架。简单起脚桁架支撑冠顶内
The clean structural supporting scheme adopted allows for conventional fabrication and 面并横向固定塔顶层（L129层）以上的外桁
erection (Figure 3.7). 架。在三个三角形转折处竖向加固的结构

结构工程与围护结构 | 35
     
Figure 3.6. Lateral System Components (Source: Thornton Tomasetti)
图3.6.横向系统构件（来源：宋腾添玛沙帝 ）
Optimization of the Lateral System
The success of a supertall building design
relies on the selection of an efficient lateral
load resisting system.
The cost of lateral systems accounts for a
large portion of construction cost, so several
structural options, including Tube-in-Tube,
Mega Frames, a few hybrid systems, and
Core Outrigger Mega Frame scheme, were
developed at the beginning of project for the
owner, the architect, and the cost estimator to
evaluate.
The Core-Outrigger Mega Frame scheme
proved to be the optimal system for the
Shanghai Tower. After the structural option
was selected, engineers made continuous
efforts to optimize the structure through all
phases of the project.
The goal was to find the most economical
system using the least quantity of building
material without compromising architectural
functions. At the beginning of the design
stage, outriggers were placed at every MEP
floor (Figure 3.8) in order to maximize the
structural lateral stiffness to meet the strict
story drift requirement in China’s code.
The outrigger locations along the building’s
height were extensively studied and
optimized. Engineers found that the
outriggers at low zones are effective in
reducing the building fundamental period,
while upper outriggers contribute more to
controlling the story drifts at upper zones. The
first and third outriggers were removed and
saved 3,500 tons of steel.
The structural steel encased in the super
columns accounted for almost 35% of the
36  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure
与每两层的水平楼面桁架一起帮助冠顶系统抵抗扭转。
该项目所采用的结构支撑方案清晰明了，使制作和安装变得简单易行（见图3.7）。
侧向系统的优化
超高层建筑设计的成功取决于有效的侧向力支撑系统的选择。
侧向系统的成本占了总建设成本的很大一部分，所以在项目开始阶段，数个结构方案被
提出以便甲方、建筑师和成本估价师进行评估，这些方案包括筒中筒体系，巨型框架体
系，混合结构体系和核心筒－外伸臂－巨型框架体系。
核心筒－外伸臂－巨型框架体系为上海中心大厦的最佳结构体系。结构方案确定后，工
程师们在项目的所有阶段不断努力对结构进行优化。
我们的目标是在不影响建筑功能的前提下找到消耗材料最少、最经济的结构体系。在设
计阶段初期，外伸臂被布置在每个机电层（见图3.8），保证结构侧向刚度的最大化，以满
足中国规范中严格的层间位移角要求。
我们对沿建筑物高度分布的外伸臂进行了进一步研究和优化。工程师们发现下部区域的
外伸臂在减小建筑基本周期上十分有效，而上部区域的外伸臂则对控制上部区域的层间
位移贡献很大。第一和第三外伸臂被移除，这一举措的实施节省了3500吨的钢材。
嵌入在巨柱的结构钢占了总用钢量的35%。尽管更多的嵌入钢有益于增加柱的延性，但
所之而来的建造成本的极大增加以及工期的显著延长不容忽视。因此，对巨柱的嵌入钢
配筋率进行了优化，以达到建筑性能与建造经济性的平衡。通过优化后节约了约13000
吨钢材。
风力工程研究与空气动力学优化
作用在高层建筑上的风荷载是结构设计中最重要的一个考虑方面之一。风工程顾问
RWDI进行了高频压力积分测试（HFPI）来确定结构所受的曳力风荷载和横向风荷载。然
而，HFPI测试不能直接测试出风振响应，也不能模拟全尺寸的雷诺数。因此，随后通过
使用气动弹性模型和高雷诺数测试两种方法来确认HFPI所得到的结果。一个比例为1:500
的模型被用来研究建筑外表面扭转角的影响。结果显示与100度的扭转角相比，120度的
扭转角减小了25%的风荷载。用1:85的模型在NRCC实验室的9米 x 9米的风洞中进行高雷
诺数测试，能够估计静态曳力和动态升力的值。雷诺数测试结果与HFPI测试结果略有不
同。
塔楼重力系统
办公室标准层采用155毫米厚组合楼板（80毫米钢筋混凝土楼板浇筑在75毫米厚金属楼板
上），该组合楼板通过实验室测试，有2个小时的防火性能。机电标准层和配套设施楼层
Figure 3.7. Tower Crown 3D view (Source: Thornton Tomasetti)
图3.7.塔冠三维视图（来源：宋腾添玛沙帝 ）
Figure 3.8. Optimization of Outriggers (Source: Thornton Tomasetti)
图3.8.外伸臂的优化（来源：宋腾添玛沙帝 ）
total steel. Although more embedded steel
increases column durability, the tremendous
increase in construction cost and construction
time could not be neglected. So optimization
on the embedded steel ratio of the super
column was performed to find the balance
between building performance and
construction economy. About a 13,000 ton
steel reduction has been achieved after the
optimization.
Wind Engineering Study and Aerodynamic
Optimization
Wind load acting on high-rise buildings is one
of the most important aspects in structural
采用200毫米—250毫米厚的组合楼板（125毫米—175毫米钢筋混凝土楼板浇筑在75毫米金
属楼板上）。承载楼层重力的边缘重力钢柱通过环带桁架把荷载传到巨型柱上。
性能设计
性能设计（PBD）明确地考虑了结构构件的非线性和延展性，可以用来评估在不同程度的
地震条件下结构整体行为和构件行为。广泛应用于非线性分析的ABAQUS和Perform 3D软
件被用来进行数学模型的开发和分析。
根据中国规范中提供的混凝土和钢筋本构关系曲线，对结构部件的非线性负载变形特
性进行了建模。从世界范围内现有的相匹配的泥土成分中挑选出了7组地面加速度的时
程，并对这些时程进行缩放以反应预期的现场地震烈度。每一组时程包含了以1： 0.85 ：
0.65的比例同时发生的两个正交水平分量和一个垂直分量。
扩展性性能设计的总结如下：
• 关于最大层间位移角，X方向平均值为1/131，Y方向平均值为1/144（见图3.9）。
• 核心筒受压需求低于极限承载力，在个别局部点除外。
结构工程与围护结构 | 37
 Figure 3.9. Maximum story drifts under different time-histories (Source: Thornton Tomasetti)
图3.9.不同的时程下的最大层间位移（来源：宋腾添玛沙帝）

design. A high frequency pressure integration (HFPI) test was performed by RWDI, the wind • 大部分连梁展现出在“生命安全性”
engineering consultant, to establish drag and cross wind loads for the structure. However, a 限值内的塑形变形。
HFPI test cannot measure the wind-induced response directly or simulate full size of Reynolds • 大部分外伸臂桁架和环带桁架仍在
number. Therefore both an aeroelastic model and a high Reynolds number test were performed 弹性范围内。
to confirm the results from HFPI. A 1:500 scale model was used to study the effects of the
• 嵌入巨柱的钢单元和核心筒壁在弹
façade’s twisting angle. The results show that the 120 degree twist angle reduced the wind
性范围内。
loads by 25% when compared to a 100 degree twist. A high Reynolds number test was able to
estimate static drag force and dynamic lift force by using 1:85 scale model tested in 9mX9m • 总体而言，塔楼达到了所要求的“
tunnel in NRCC lab. The Reynolds number test results slightly differed from the HFPI test. 生命安全性”性能等级。

结论
Tower Gravity System
通过使用外部巨型框架系统增加了侧向刚
Typical office floors use a specific 155 mm thick composite slab (steel rebar reinforced 80 mm
度与强度和使用性能设计这样的先进分析
concrete slab cast on a 75 mm deep profile metal deck ) that provides a two-hour fire rating
工具等这些创造性的结构解决方法，最终
according to laboratory tests. Typical MEP levels and Amenity levels use 200 to 250 mm thick
得到了一个既创新又经济的结构设计方
composite slabs (125 to 175mm concrete above 75 mm metal deck). Steel perimeter gravity
案。
columns, picking up the floor gravity loads, transfer the loads into the super columns through
the belt trusses. 上海中心大厦的结构设计克服了一系列的
挑战：
• 在软性土上采用了基础体系来支撑
Performance Based Design (PBD)
高层塔楼荷载；
PBD explicitly considers the nonlinearity and ductility of structural members and can be used to
• 通过结构优化，减少了施工成本。
evaluate the structure’s overall behavior and member behaviors under different levels of seismic
通过分离独特的扭外立面结构支撑
events. Abaqus and Perform 3D computer programs, widely used for nonlinear analysis, were
系统和主要建筑系统实现了一个简
used to develop and analyze the mathematical models.
单而直接的主要结构体系；
The nonlinear load-deformation characteristics of structural components were modeled • 利用了PBD评估不同等级地震烈度
according to the constitutive relation curves of concrete and steel provided in China’s code. 下的结构性能。
Seven sets of ground acceleration time histories were selected from among available worldwide
records to match the soil profile and were scaled to reflect expected earthquake intensity at the
site. Each set included two orthogonal horizontal components plus one vertical component
acting simultaneously at a ratio of 1: 0.85: 0.65.
A summary from extensive PBD analyses includes the following findings:
• For maximum story drift ratios, average values are 1/131(X) and 1/144(Y) (see Figure 3.9).
• Core compressive demand is below ultimate capacity except at a few local points.
• Most link beams exhibit plastic deformations within the “Life Safety” limit.
• Most outrigger trusses and belt trusses members are still in the elastic range.

38  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

 • Embedded steel elements in super columns and core walls are in the elastic range.
• Overall, the tower achieves the requested “Life Safety” performance level.

Conclusion
Creative structural solutions, such as an Exterior Mega Frame system, enhances tower lateral
stiffness and strength, and state-of-the-art analysis tools like Performance Based Design result in
an innovative and economical structural design.
A series of challenges were overcome in the design of the Shanghai Tower Structural System:
• Adopted a foundation system supporting high tower loads on soft soils
• Reduced construction cost through structural optimizations. Achieved a simple and
straightforward main structural system by disengaging the unique twisting exterior
façade structural support system from the main building system
• Utilized the PBD to evaluate structural performance under different levels of seismic
events

References (参考书目):
ASCE-41 (2006), Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings.
GB50011-2001 (2008 version), Code for Seismic Design of Buildings.
IBC (2006), International building Code , International Code Council.
JGJ3 (2002), Technical Specification for Concrete Structures of Tall Buildings.
Shanghai Tower Detailed Reconnaissance Report (Final), September 5, 2008, Shanghai Geotechnical Investigation & Design Institute Co., Ltd.
Structural Analysis and Design Challenges of the Shanghai Center, 2010, ASCE Structures Congress Conference Proceedings.

结构工程与围护结构 | 39
     
A Review of the Structural Performance
Monitoring Project
工程结构性态监测项目实施综述
Song Weining, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
宋伟宁, 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司

Through a comprehensive discussion of the systematic application of structural performance monitoring in construction, operation and
maintenance of the Shanghai Tower, the author illustrates that structural performance monitoring and information processing is critical to
the construction and operation of modern large complex buildings. Structural health monitoring offers verification of engineering design,
control of risk as well as management of quality, schedule and operations. Moreover, the accumulation of a tremendous amount of structural-
performance raw data can inform the improvement of structural engineering techniques.

本文通过结构性态监测在上海中心大厦工程施工和运维期间系统化应用之综合性论述，阐明了结构性态监测与信息化处理是现代
大型复杂建筑物施工和运营管理技术的创新型拓展，不仅对工程设计验证和工程风险管理、质量管理、进度管理、运维管理起到
了良好的辅助作用，而且，大量结构性态原始数据的获得与积累，从基础工作层面为结构工程技术的进一步发展和超大型建筑相
应规范的不断完善提供了有利的条件。

Purpose and Necessity of the Structural Performance Monitoring of the Shanghai Tower 上海中心大厦工程结构性态监测实施的目
As a landmark of the Far East, the Shanghai Tower (see Figure 3.10) requires high standards 的和必要性
because of its tremendous height, importance, social impact, and long service life. Main 上海中心大厦（见图3.10）是远东地区的地
engineering challenges include the ultra-high tower, ultra-deep foundation, and systems that 标性建筑，其区位和重要性极高，社会影
ensure structural integrity. From a geological perspective, most of the Shanghai region is located 响度大，使用周期长；工程具有超高、超
in a 200-300 m thick soft alluvial layer with a high level of underground water. Its location also 深、技术复杂且综合程度高等特点。从地
makes it vulnerable to typhoons and earthquakes. Weather extremes appear to be associated 理和气象条件来看，上海地区大部分形成
with global warming. Objectively, there are little advantages to the construction of supertall 于200-300米厚的软弱冲积层，地下水位
buildings in Shanghai. In addition, risks and uncertainty must be taken into consideration, such 较高，地理位置易受台风和周边地区地震
as long-term excavation at great depths and façade installation. Therefore, the primary task of 的影响，加之全球气候变暖，极端气象状
tracking and monitoring construction and operational phases is to ensure safe construction and 况频发，客观上并不具备建设超高层建筑
a smooth operation for the building. 的理想条件。此外，施工过程中也存在诸
The Shanghai Tower’s structural performance monitoring system helps dynamically observe 多风险和不确定因素例如长期的深基坑开
risks, quality levels, and structural states under typhoon, earthquake, and other disaster loads 挖和外幕墙的安装等等。因此，对其在施
in both the construction and operation of the Shanghai Tower. The system also provides a safety 工和使用阶段进行跟踪监测之首要任务是
warning in case of extreme disaster conditions, and provides necessary information for inspections 确保上海中心大厦项目安全建造和健康营
and maintenance. Meanwhile, as an innovation in engineering management, the work helps 运。
accumulate basic data for the future development and engineering of super high-rise buildings. 建立上海中心大厦结构性态监测系统，可
以动态了解大厦在建造和使用过程中的风
险状态、质量水平以及强台风、地震等灾
Code Practice, Basic Guidelines and Processes, Scope and Contents, and Components of 害性荷载作用下的结构性态，进行极端灾
the Structural Performance Monitoring 害情况下的安全预警，对检查和维护提供
Code Practice, Basic Guidelines and Processes of the Structural Performance Monitoring 必要的信息和依据。同时，该项工作对于
工程技术管理而言是一种创新，可以为超
The code practice of the structural performance monitoring of the Shanghai Tower is as follows:
高层建筑未来的技术发展与工程建设，做
1)Design standard for structural health monitoring system (CECS333:2012), 2)Technical code
好基础资料的收集与分析工作，因而具有
for construction process analyzing and engineering monitoring (JGJ/T302-2013); The basic
重要的工程价值和社会意义。
guidelines should include the following aspects: 1) monitoring plan should be systematic and
relevant, 2) monitoring the structure in adverse environmental conditions during construction,

40  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

temporary and permanent structural integrity,
to achieve the classification warning of stress
for important components, and construction
quality tracking, 3) monitoring the structure to
withstand the long-term effect of strong wind,
earthquake, and temperature load, to inform
and verify the critical reaction of the structure
under load in extreme environmental
conditions, 4) obtaining first-hand data
and technical analysis, so the final form,
force, displacement and frequency of the
structure can meet the design requirements,
5) establishing a data exchange and sharing
platform to provide services for operation
management and technique development.
The basic processes of structural performance
monitoring are as follows:
1. installation of monitoring devices
and equipment in accordance with
Figure 3.10. Shanghai Tower (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.)
the project implementation process 图3.10. 上海中心大厦 （来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司）
and conditions
2. field testing data collection 上海中心大厦工程结构性态监测的基本规程、导则和流程、范围与内容及系统组成
3. data analysis and management 结构性态监测的基本规程、导则和流程
4. risk warning and maintenance 上海中心大厦结构性态监测工作的基本规程：1）结构健康检测系统设计标准
tracking （CECS333:2012），2）建筑工程施工过程结构分析与监测技术规范（JGJ/T302-2013)；其导则
应包括以下几个方面：1）监测工作规划设计应具有系统性和关联性，2）通过监测结构在
5. data sharing and research
施工过程中不利的环境因素、临时和永久结构的安全性及关键质量，实现对重要构件
Scope and Contents of the Structural 应力应变超界的分级预警和施工质量跟踪，3）通过监测结构在营运过程中承受强风、地
Performance Monitoring 震、温度荷载的长期作用，对结构在极端环境条件载荷作用下的临界反应进行预警和验
The scope of the Shanghai Tower structural 证，4）获得第一手数据资料和在此基础上的技术分析，使最终得到的结构形态、内力、
performance monitoring covers the 位移和频率等符合设计要求，5）建立数据交互和共享平台，为运营管理和技术开发提供
temporary supporting structure for 服务。
excavation, the permanent steel structure 结构性态监测的基本流程如下：
and reinforced concrete structure, the curtain
1. 按照工程实施进程和条件安装监测装置和设备
wall structure, ambient temperature, wind
environment, wind & seismic -induced 2. 现场检测数据采集
vibration and structural response, structural 3. 数据分析和管理
elevation, strain, forces and displacements, 4. 风险预警和维护跟踪
damping systems and so on. The specific
5. 数据共享和研究
contents are as follows:
1. Structural seismic response
monitoring 结构性态监测的范围和内容
上海中心大厦结构性态监测范围涵盖基坑临时支护结构，永久钢结构和钢筋混凝土结
2. Structural wind environment
构，幕墙结构，环境温度，风环境，风振与结构响应，地震与结构响应，结构标高、应
(including wind speed, wind loads
变、内力和位移，阻尼系统等，具体内容如下：
and direction) monitoring
1. 结构地震响应监测；
3. Structural displacement and
settlement monitoring for both 2. 结构风环境包括风速、风压和风向的监测
temporary and permanent structure 3. 对临时结构和永久结构的位移和沉降监测
4. 结构加速度响应监测

结构工程与围护结构 | 41
     
 5. 结构温度监测
6. 结构构件应力应变监测
7. 结构标高监测
Figure 3.11. The organizational structures of each subsystem (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & 8. 塔楼结构倾斜度监测
Development Co., Ltd.)
图3.11. 各子系统形成的组织架构 （来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司） 9. 结构构件表面裂缝监测
10. 幕墙滑移支座工作状态监测
4. Structural acceleration response monitoring
5. Structural temperature monitoring 上海中心大厦工程结构性态监测系统组成
简介
6. Structural components of stress and strain monitoring
施工阶段和使用阶段监测系统基本上由5个
7. Structural elevation monitoring 部分组成：1）传感器系统；2）数据采集与传
8. Tower structure inclination monitoring 输系统；3）数据处理与分析系统；4）数据管
9. Structural component surface crack monitoring 理系统；5）结构性态评估系统。各子系统形
成的组织架构参见图3.11。上海中心BIM模
10. Working condition of panel wall sliding bearing monitoring
型+传感器模型示意图参见图3.12，监测分
项与相应子系统及总控中心的连接架构示
Introduction of the Components of the Structural Performance Monitoring for the 意图参见图3.13，结构性态监测数据库架
Shanghai Tower 构示意图参见图3.14。
Monitoring systems in the construction and operation phases essentially consist of five parts:
1) sensor system; 2) data acquisition and transmission system; 3) data processing and analysis
上海中心大厦工程结构性态监测项目部分
system; 4) data management system; 5) structural state assessment system. The organizational
成果简介
structure of each subsystem is shown in Figure 3.11. A diagram of the BIM model and the sensor
model is shown in Figure 3.12. The connection architecture diagram between the monitoring 裙房基坑施工监测
subsystem, the corresponding sub-system, and control center is shown in Figure 3.13. The 工程特点与风险分析
architecture diagram of the structural performance monitoring database is shown in Figure 3.14. 上海中心大厦位于陆家嘴金融贸易区核心
地段，紧邻上海金茂大厦、环球金融中心
等多幢超高层建筑，场地四周管线极为复
Part Results of the Shanghai Tower Structural Performance Monitoring Project 杂。裙房基坑开挖面积约23460 m2，开挖
Podium Basement Construction Monitoring 深度26.70m，裙房基础采用桩筏基础，埋
Engineering Features and Risk Analysis 深约为26.3m。裙房地下室采用逆作法施
Shanghai Tower is located in the heart of Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone, near the Shanghai 工，以两墙合一的地下连续墙作为围护结
Jinmao Tower, the World Financial Center and other high-rise buildings. Pipelines around the site 构，裙房基坑逆作施工时，以主体结构作
are extremely complex. The excavation area of the podium basement is about 23,460 m2 with a 为水平支撑体系。通过详细分析，发现裙
depth of 26.70 m. The piled rafts as the podium foundation are buried 26.3 m underground. The 房基坑施工过程中存在以下风险因素。
podium basement is built in a top-down construction sequence with the unity of the two walls 工程风险1：地质勘察结果表明，基坑工程
underground as a retaining structure. When the podium basement is under construction, the 底面置于第⑥层或第⑦1 层中，基坑周边
main structure is used as the horizontal support system. Through a detailed analysis, the risks of 以第③、④、⑤1 等软弱粘性土层为主，
constructing the podium basement are summarized as follows: 有较明显触变及流变特性。第⑦1 层为粉（
Risk No.1: Geological survey results show that the bottom surface of excavation is placed on 砂）性土，透水性较好。若降水和止水措
layer 6 or layer 71. Around the foundation, there are soft clay based layers on layer 3, 4, and 5 施不当，极易产生流砂、管涌等不良地质
with obvious thixotropic and rheological characteristics. Layer 71 is the powder (sand) soil layer 现象。
with good water permeability. Without proper measures to precipitate or seal water, it is easy to 工程风险2：基坑开挖深度大，坑底置于第
bring about sand drifting, piping, and other adverse geological phenomena. ⑥层或第⑦1 层中，开挖时坑底土体会有一
Risk No.2: The pit is excavated at a great depth, with the bottom placed on layer 6 and layer 定的回弹，对基坑支护结构将产生不利影
71. In excavation, the soil at the bottom has a certain degree of resilience, which affects the 响，同时可能引起的已施工钻孔灌注桩的
supporting structure of the pit or causes rebounding crack problem of the drilled caisson piles. 回弹拉裂问题。另外，坑内水位下降，基
In addition, as the water level drops in the pit, displacement of the soil around the pit leads to 坑周边土体的位移带动相邻既有建筑物、
道路和地下管线等发生变形，影响它们的

42  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

 正常使用。本工程深基坑开挖和承压水降
水周期长，对周边环境影响显著。
工程风险3：基坑开挖和温度的变化将引起
围护结构体系内部应力的重分布，围护结
构体系的工作状态同样存在较高的风险。
工程监测内容设定
根据本工程的特点、周围环境、地质和水
土条件及风险控制要求，按照安全、经
济、合理的原则，决定在施工过程中设置
以下独立的综合监测项目：
1. 基坑围护监测
• 围护顶部变形和围护结构侧向
位移监测
• 立柱桩垂直位移和桩身应力监测
Figure 3.12. BIM Model +Sensor Model of the Shanghai Tower (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction &
Development Co., Ltd.) • 地墙竖向钢筋和混凝土应力监测
图3.12. 上海中心BIM模型+传感器模型 （来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司）
• 裙房基坑B0层—B4支撑结构监测
2. 水工、土工和地表监测

the deformation of the existing buildings, roads and underground pipelines, which may affect • 坑外土体侧向位移与分层沉降
their operation. The project affects the surrounding environment seriously because of the deep 监测
pit excavation and the long cycling period of confined water precipitation. • 坑内土体隆沉监测
Risk No.3: Excavation and temperature changes may lead to the internal stress redistribution of • 坑内外潜水水位观测
the envelop enclosure system, and its operation state also faces high risks. • 坑内外承压水位观测
Monitoring Contents Setting • 墙侧土压力与孔隙水压力监测
According to the characteristics of the project – the environment, geology, soil, and water • 坑外地表沉降监测
conditions, and risk control requirements – it is determined to set the following independent
实际完成各类监测工作见表3.3。
comprehensive monitoring items:

地下室底板后浇带封闭跟踪监测
监测目的
按照施工图设计要求，地下室后浇带需在
主楼结构封顶后实施。由于本工程有五层
地下室，基坑维护结构范围大，裙房地下
室逆作法施工周期长，仅地下室所有后浇
带封闭施工周期就超过半年时间，且此项
工作属于关键施工路径。如果等塔楼结构
封顶开始后浇带封闭将会严重影响整个工
期。因此，施工总包基于施工荷载与塔楼
沉降变形的长期跟踪与分析，提出提前进
行后浇带封闭的建议。
设计单位认为，后浇带提前封闭会使得地
下室底板结构因主楼封顶与后浇带封闭时
差内产生的沉降变形转变为结构底板的附
加应力，底板应力升高可能产生混凝土细
微裂缝的增加，降低结构品质与防水可靠
Figure 3.13. The connection architecture diagram between monitoring subsystem and
the corresponding sub-system and control center (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.) 度。显然，理论上工期与结构品质这一矛
图3.13. 监测分项与相应子系统及总控中心的连接架构示意图 （来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司） 盾是客观存在的。

结构工程与围护结构 | 43
     
 建设方、施工总包单位经过综合考量并参
照类似工程经验，与设计单位反复研究，
在基于大量数据分析的基础上，提出了底
板后浇带封闭两阶段实施的技术方案，优
化材料使用与止水构造，并基于结构分
析，在底板高应力区布置钢筋应力监测
计，在底板第二阶段后浇带封闭之前，强
化关键部位钢筋应力与沉降的持续监测，
Figure 3.14. The architecture diagram of structural performance monitoring database (Source: Shanghai Tower 与此同时，基坑降水措施同步实施。其
Construction & Development Co., Ltd.)
图3.14. 结构性态监测数据库架构示意图 （来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司）
中，钢筋应力和沉降监测数据评估作为底
板后浇带第二阶段施工与基坑降水实施的
重要依据。地下室底板高应力区钢筋应力
监测计布置参见图3.15。
1. Foundation pit enclosure monitoring
• deformation of the top enclosure and lateral displacement of envelop enclosure 数据采集与分析
monitoring 在底板后浇带第一阶段施工完成7个半月
后，通过监测获得的底板关键部位钢筋应
• the vertical displacement of the pile and the pile upright stress monitoring
力监测数据参见表3.4。
• vertical reinforcement and concrete of the wall stress monitoring
上述监测数据显示：当塔楼超过自重的3/4
• the podium pit layer B0-B4 supporting structure monitoring 后开始封闭底板厚浇带，随着塔楼施工载
2. Hydraulic, geotechnical, and surface monitoring 荷的逐步增加和工程措施的合理运用，各
• Lateral displacement of the soil outside and layered settlement monitoring 测点应力增量均处在较低的水平。测量与
分析结果表明，底板结构处在安全的状
• upheaval and setting of the soil inside monitoring
态，后浇带提前封闭的技术方案是可行
• the diving water level observation inside and outside the pit 的。
• internal and external confined water level observation
幕墙滑移支座工况监测
• the side soil pressure and pore water pressure of the wall monitoring 滑移支座风险状态评估和监测方法
• the field subsidence outside monitoring 上海中心外幕墙安全运作的关键装置是数
The actual completion of various monitoring items is shown in Table 3.3. 量众多的滑移支座，尤其是每区底环梁上
的竖向滑移支座。工程师通过之前大量的
分析论证提出，垂直滑移支座最大的风险
Post-Poured Belt Sealing of the Basement Floor Tracking Monitoring
并不是上下滑动超过限值，而是滑移受
Monitoring Purpose
阻，甚至不滑动。如何探测密闭的支座装
In accordance with the design requirements outlined in construction plans, the post-poured
置内部是否卡壳呢？
belt in the basement should be implemented after the main building structure is roofed. As the
project has five basements with a large range of temporary structures, it takes a long period of 经分析发现，滑动支座（特别是向下闭合
top-down construction to accomplish the basements of the podium, with over six months to 的滑动支座）受阻的过程如下：
finish all the post-poured belts in the basements. This work is also a critical construction path. It 1. 底部吊杆松弛，耳板与吊杆间的
will postpone the entire construction plan if the closure of post-pored belts start after the tower 预留槽消失；
is roofed. Thus, the engineering contractor suggests starting the closure of the post-poured 2. 底部吊杆松弛后受压变形；
belts in advance, based on a long period of tracking and analysis on construction stress and
3. 受持续受压的变形影响，幕墙的
settlement deformation.
预留槽消失；
The designer believes that pre-closure of the post-poured belts can transform the settlement
4. 吊杆在压力下屈曲，
deformation caused by the time difference between roofing the main building and the closing
the post-poured belts into additional stress of the structural base floor. Stress increase of the floor 幕墙板和配件受挤压损坏。 最终，幕墙
may intensify concrete cracks and reduce structural integrity and waterproof quality. Theoretically, 的滑移支座被卡壳，幕墙板受挤压甚至破
the contradiction between project duration and structure quality is an objective reality. 碎。显然，在幕墙的支撑系统内，最大的
风险存在于滑移支座和吊杆。业主工程师
Through comprehensive evaluation and by references similar engineering experiences, the 在外幕墙抗震试验刚结束时提出增加一个
construction party and the project contractor put forward technical solution for the two-phase 幕墙吊杆受压变形的额外试验，利用已有

44  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

 Monitoring Item Number of Monitoring Points Monitoring Period Testing Frequency
监测项目 监测点数量 监测时间 测试频次

Deformation of the top of the enclosure monitoring 围护顶部 54 points

Aug. 10, 2010 – Apr. 12, 2013 610 times
变形监测 54 点

Lateral displacement of the envelop enclosure monitoring 围护 25 holes (depth of 45m approximately) 25 孔
Aug. 10, 2010 – Apr. 12, 2013 616 times
结构侧向位移监测 (孔深约45m)

Lateral displacement of the soil outside monitoring 坑外土体 11 holes (depth of 59m approximately) 11 孔
Aug. 10, 2010 – Mar. 24, 2013 563 times
侧向位移监测 (孔深约59m)

Vertical displacement of column piles monitoring 立柱桩垂直 362 points

Dec. 28, 2010 – Jul. 27, 2012 314 times
位移监测 362 点

Body stress of column piles monitoring 12 groups (48 steel stress gauges)
Feb. 27, 2011 – Jun. 8, 2011 101 times
立柱桩桩身应力监测 12 组(48 只钢筋应力计)

Vertical rebar stress of the wall monitoring 8 groups (384 steel stress gauges)
Dec. 28, 2010 – Apr. 12, 2013 436 times
地墙竖向钢筋应力监测 8 组(384 只钢筋应力计)

Vertical concrete stress of the wall monitoring 8 groups (192 concrete strain gages) 8 组(192
Dec. 28, 2010 – Apr. 12, 2013 436 times
地墙竖向混凝土应力监测 只混凝土应变计)

Outside layered settlement monitoring 4 holes (44 settlement rings)

Aug. 10, 2010 – Dec. 10, 2012 554 times
坑外分层沉降监测 4 孔(44 只沉降磁环)

Inside soil resilience monitoring 8 holes (48 settlement rings)

– –
坑内土体回弹监测 8 孔(48 只沉降磁环)

Outside groundwater level observation 21 holes (depth of 24m approximately) 21孔 (

Aug. 10, 2010 – Mar. 15, 2013 852 times
坑外潜水水位观测 孔深约24米)

Inside groundwater level observation 6 holes (depth of 24m approximately) 6孔 (

Aug. 10, 2010 – Apr. 7, 2011 230 times
坑内潜水水位观测 孔深约24米)

Outside confined level observation 4 holes (depth of 45m approximately) 4孔 (

Aug. 10, 2010 – Mar. 19, 2012 576 times
坑内承压水位观测 孔深约45米)

Inside confined level observation 8 holes (depth of 45m approximately) 8孔 (

Aug. 10, 2010 – Mar. 15, 2013 852 times
坑外承压水位观测 孔深约45米)

Lateral soil pressure of the wall monitoring 8 groups (136 soil pressure meters)
Dec. 28, 2010 – Apr. 12, 2013 436 times
墙侧土压力监测 8 组(136 只土压力计)

Side pore water pressure of the wall monitoring 8 groups (136 pore water pressure meters) 8
Aug. 10, 2010 – Apr. 12, 2013 436 times
墙侧孔隙水压力监测 组(136 只孔隙水压力计)

Surrounding surface subsidence profile monitoring 周边地表 11 groups (55 points)

Aug. 10, 2010 – Apr. 12, 2013 610 times
沉降剖面监测 11 组（55 点）

Support axial force of Layer B0 monitoring 18 groups (72 steel stress gauges)
Dec. 28, 2010 – Mar. 6, 2013 651 times
B0 层支撑轴力监测 18 组(72 只钢筋应力计)

Structural beam axial force of Layer B0 monitoring B0 层结构 10 groups (40 steel stress gauges)
Dec. 28, 2010 – Mar. 6, 2013 651 times
梁轴力监测 10 组(40 只钢筋应力计)

Floor stress of Layer B0 monitoring 27 groups (216 steel stress gauges)

Dec. 28, 2010 – Mar. 6, 2013 651 times
B0 层楼板应力监测 27 组(216 只钢筋应力计)

Support axial force of Layer B1 monitoring 24 groups (96 steel stress gauges)
Feb. 16, 2011 – Mar. 24, 2013 652 times
B1 层支撑轴力监测 24 组(96 只钢筋应力计)

Structural beam axial force of Layer B1 monitoring B1 层结构 9 groups (36 steel stress gauges)
Feb. 16, 2011 – Mar. 24, 2013 652 times
梁轴力监测 9 组(36 只钢筋应力计)

Floor stress of Layer B1 monitoring 27 groups (216 steel stress gauges)

Feb. 16, 2011 – Mar. 24, 2013 652 times
B1 层楼板应力监测 27 组(216 只钢筋应力计)

Support axial force of Layer B2 monitoring 12 groups (48 steel stress gauges)
May 28, 2011 – Mar. 24, 2013 551 times
B2 层支撑轴力监测 12 组(48 只钢筋应力计)

Structural beam axial force of Layer B2 monitoring B2 层结构 13 groups (52 steel stress gauges)
May 28, 2011 – Mar. 24, 2013 551 times
梁轴力监测 13 组(52 只钢筋应力计)

Floor stress of Layer B2 monitoring 33 groups (168 steel stress gauges)

May 28, 2011 – Mar. 24, 2013 551 times
B2 层楼板应力监测 33 组(168 只钢筋应力计)

Support axial force of Layer B3 monitoring 13 groups (52 steel stress gauges)
Jul. 10, 2011 – Mar. 24, 2013 508 times
B3 层支撑轴力监测 13 组(52 只钢筋应力计)

Structural beam axial force of Layer B3 monitoring B3 层结构 15 groups (60 steel stress gauges)
Jul. 10, 2011 – Mar. 24, 2013 508 times
梁轴力监测 15 组(60 只钢筋应力计)

Floor stress of Layer B3 monitoring 33 groups (168 steel stress gauges)

Jul. 10, 2011 – Mar. 24, 2013 508 times
B3 层楼板应力监测 33 组(168 只钢筋应力计)

Support axial force of Layer B4 monitoring 16 groups (64 steel stress gauges)
Sep. 10, 2011 – Apr. 12, 2013 446 times
B4 层支撑轴力监测 16 组(64 只钢筋应力计)

Structural beam axial force of Layer B4 monitoring B4 层结构 10 groups (40 steel stress gauges)
Sep. 10, 2011 – Apr. 12, 2013 446 times
梁轴力监测 10 组(40 只钢筋应力计)

Floor stress of Layer B4 monitoring 31 groups (160 steel stress gauges)

Sep. 10, 2011 – Apr. 12, 2013 446 times
B4 层楼板应力监测 31 组(160 只钢筋应力计)

Table 3.3. The summary sheet of actual completion of various monitoring items in podium pit construction (Note-1)
表3.3. 裙房基坑施工实际完成各类监测工作汇总表

结构工程与围护结构 | 45
     
Figure 3.15. Monitoring point layout diagram (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.)
图3.15. 测点布置图 （来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司）

implementation of post-poured belt closure Monitoring Point Number Micro-strain Increment Stress Increment (Mpa)
测点编号 微应变增量 应力增量
after repeated discussion with the designer on
the basis of enormous data analysis. E-1-BM1 -104.134 -20.8268

1. Optimize material usage and the

water sealing structure. E-1-BM2 -185.538 -37.1076

2. Install rebar stress meters in the

E-2-BM1 -92.721 -18.5442
high stress zone based on structural
analyses.
E-2-BM2 -133.588 -26.7176
3. In the second phase of construction
for the post-poured belts, enhance S-1-BM1 -157.441 -31.4882
rebar stress and settlement
monitoring of critical portions before S-1-BM2 -18.797 -3.7594
closing the post-poured belts.
4. Take effective measure to depress S-2-BM1 -44.109 -8.8218
the groundwater level at the same
time. Rebar stress and settlement S-2-BM2 -126.723 -25.3446
monitoring data evaluation is an
important basis for the second- W-1-BM1 -168.718 -33.7436
phase of the post-poured belts
construction and the precipitation of W-1-BM2 -81.777 -16.3554

the pit. The rebar stress monitoring

gauges layout is shown in Figure 3.15. W-2-BM1 -50.893 -10.1786

Data Acquisition and Analysis

W-2-BM2 -176.942 -35.3884
Seven and a half months after the completion
of the first phase of the floor post-poured belt
N-1-BM1 -199.008 -39.8016
construction, the rebar stress monitoring data
of the critical part is shown in the table 3.4.
E-1-RM1 -292.286 -58.4572
The monitoring data above shows: the floor
post-poured belt closure starts when the S-1-RM1 -104.179 -20.8358
tower is constructed over 3/4 of its total
self-weight. With the gradual increase of W-1-RM1 -34.292 -6.8584
loads in construction and the rational use of
construction measures, the stress increment Table 3.4. Data of the steel stress gauges of the floor post-poured belts(Note-2)
of each monitoring point is at a relatively low 表3.4. 底板后浇带钢筋应力计数据
level. Monitoring and analysis results indicate
that the floor structure is in a safe condition
and it is feasible to close the post-poured
belts in advance.

46  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

Construction Monitoring of Slipping Bearing of the Panel Wall 试验条件，对测试装置稍加改造，进行幕
Risk Condition Assessment and Monitoring Methods of the Slipping Bearing 墙支撑环梁、吊杆、幕墙单元板块逐级压
The key device is the large number of slipping bearings to ensure the safe operation of the 缩的特殊测试，通过对吊杆的应力应变监
façade wall in the Shanghai Tower, especially the vertical slipping bearings on the bottom ring 测，找到吊杆曲屈，幕墙板块受压的临界
beam in each zone. After numerous analyses , the engineers found that the biggest risk of the 变形值。试验最终获得成功，从而为推进
vertical slipping bearings is not to slip past their limits, but to block slipping or even not slip. 支座健康监测获得了第一手资料依据。
What method is there to detect whether it is stuck inside the sealed bearing device? 在监测对象的选择方面，经与设计组研究
It was found that blocked slipping especially hindered downward slipping under the following 分析，每区选择受拉力最小的三根吊杆作
conditions: 为监测对象，通过对钢吊杆应变的间接监
测实现对滑移支座是否正常工作的跟踪检
1. the bottom tension rod is loosened. The gap between the ear-plate and the tension 测。塔楼吊杆体系与吊杆应力计布置示意
rod disappears. 图参见图3.16。
2. the bottom tension rod suffers compressive deformation after being loosened.
监测报警阀值设定与评估
3. with continuous compressive deformation, the reserved gap in the inserting slot of the 监测对象设置报警阀值条件如下：
panel wall disappears.
1）吊杆应变ξ：（<-200µξ）二级报警；
4. the rod buckles under pressure and the fittings and glass plates are squeezed and
damaged. 2）吊杆应变ξ：（0~-200µξ）一级报警；

Hence, the real risk for the façade is when a sliding bearing is stuck and the panel is squeezed 3）吊杆受拉: 安全。
and crushed under pressure. In the façade support system, the greatest risk exists in the vertical 从实际监测的数据来看，目前钢吊杆中的
slipping bearings and the tension rod. During the façade wall seismic testing, the owner’s 应变均处于十分安全的状态，见表3.5。
engineers proposed an additional experiment, a panel and rod compressive deformation
上海中心大厦结构振动监测
test. Under the existing test conditions and with a slightly improved testing device, a gradual
为了获取施工中的上海中心大厦的动力特
compression test began on the panel wall support ring beam, rod, and panel unit, to analyze
性，对其安全性及结构性态进行评估，同
rod buckling and the critical value of deformation of the panel when its frame is under
时，对阻尼系统调谐装置的设计给出实测
pressure. The ultimate success of the testing requiress the health monitoring of the bearings
with the actual material.

Figure 3.16. The tower boom system and strain gauge layout diagram (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.)
图3.16. 塔楼吊杆体系和吊杆应力计布置示意图 （来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司）

结构工程与围护结构 | 47
     
 The diagram of monitoring tension Monitoring Strain Data Time 应变数据及时间
rod at 22nd floor Points
22层测点示意图 测点 2014.1 2014.2 2014.3 2014.5

22-ST-MQ1 38.58 34.45 38.58 45.95

22-ST-MQ2 28.65 28.65 31.71 30.06

22-ST-MQ3 41.52 26.05 46.39 -62.73

Table 3.5. The diagram of monitoring tension rod at 22nd floor and strain data
表3.5. 22层测点位置和应变

After research was performed by the designer group, the three rods under the smallest tension 依据。除了过程中的监测，2014年2月23日
in each zone were chosen as the monitoring objects. The operation states of the slipping 和2014年3月25日，在最后两台主塔吊被拆
bearings are under observation by indirect monitoring of the rod’s stress. The façade supporting 除后，监测单位分别对塔楼结构的两个水
system and strain gauge layout diagram is shown in Figure 3.16. 平主轴方向的动力特性进行了测试。测点
Alarm Threshold Settings and Evaluation of Monitoring 位于124层核心井筒，两个主轴方向和测点
The alarm thresholds of monitoring objects are set according to the following standards: 位置参见图3.13，

Rod strain ξ: (<-200µξ) Alarm Level II 测试时长分别为1605.45s和1523.45s，采样

频率为20Hz，采样点数分别为32109个和
Rod strain ξ: (0~-200µξ) Alarm Level I 30469个。对信号进行预处理后，两主轴
Rod tension: Safe. x、y方向的加速度时程曲线如图3.17注2所
示。对测点测试结果采用峰值法和半功率
The actual monitoring data shows that the current steel rod strain is completely safe (see Table 3.5).
点法分别识别结构的自振频率及阻尼比，
Structural Vibration Monitoring of the Shanghai Tower 结果见表3.6（仅列出结构前3阶动力特性）。
In order to obtain the dynamic characteristics of construction for the Shanghai Tower, it is
从识别结果可见，上海中心大厦塔楼的
necessary to evaluate its safety and structural performance, providing a measured basis for the
自振频率及阻尼比均在正常范围内，且两
design of the damping system tuning device. Besides monitoring the process, the monitoring
主轴方向动力特性相似，符合《抗震设计
unit tested the dynamic characteristics of the two major horizontal orientations of the tower on
规范GB50011-2010》中3.5.3的规定，即结
February 23, 2014 and March 25, 2014 respectively after the last two main tower cranes were
构在两个主轴方向的动力特性宜相近的要
dismantled. The monitoring points are set on 124 layers of core-wall shaft, as shown in Figure 3.13.
求；其一阶自振频率正在趋近0.1093Hz，
The testing lasted for 1605.45s and 1523.45s, the sampling frequency was 20Hz and the number 此值是根据Thornton Tomasetti公司完成的
of sampling points was 32109 and 30469. With preprocessing of the signals, the acceleration 上海中心大厦抗震设防专项审查报告当中
time-history curves on the two major orientations of x-y-direction are shown in Figure 3.17. 表-10.4.1提供的数据计算得来的。之前出
The test results on the monitoring point identify the natural frequency and the damping ration 现的两主轴方向频率偏差主要与主塔吊不
of the structure in the peak and semi-power point methods, which is shown in Table 3.6. (A 均匀布置有关。
dynamic characteristic of the first three orders of structure is listed).
The identifying result proves that the natural frequency and damping ratio of the Shanghai 关于结构性态监测工作的思考与结论
Tower are both within the normal range and the dynamic characteristics on the main major
上海中心大厦工程结构性态监测无论是针
orientations are similar, which is in accordance with the provision 3.5.3 of “Seismic Design
对临时结构还是永久结构，从目前取得的
Code GB50011-2010”. The testing data of the first order of structural natural frequency is
成果来看，该项带有拓展性的工作是富有
closing to 0.1093Hz, which is calculated based on table-10.4.1 in the “Report of Seismic
成效的。
Fortification” special review for Shanghai Tower (done by Thornton Tomasetti). The previous
deviation of the frequencies along the two major orientations resulted from the uneven 包括塔楼脉动测试在内的结构关键部位应
layout of the main tower cranes. 力、结构变形与沉降、风环境、温度环
境、基坑内外水土环境、地震结构响应等
系统化的结构性态监测，为控制施工风
Reflections and Conclusions on the Structural Performance Monitoring 险、提高施工质量、验证设计结果、科学
From have seen, the structural performance monitoring of the Shanghai Tower is effective for 应用工程措施如钢桁架最终固结、基坑降
both temporary and permanent structures. 水调节、控制结构温度应力和变形、竖向
结构标高补偿、阻尼系统调谐装置的设定
The systematic structural performance monitoring, including pulsating stress test of the tower,
等提供了大量的依据，达到了这一系统性
stress, structural deformation and settlement, wind, temperature, water and soil in and outside
工作的基本目标。另外，上海中心大厦BIM
the pit, and seismic structural response monitoring on critical parts of the structure, offers
信息模型与结构性态监测软件系统的结合
plenty of basis to control construction risk, improve construction quality, verify design results
将进一步提升监测工作的信息化水平，同
and apply scientific engineering measures(such as final concretion of the steel truss, foundation
时为大厦的运维管理提供了先进和方便的
pit dewatering regulation, structural temperature stress and deformation control, vertical
技术工具。

48  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

Figure 3.17. Accelerarion time-history curves on the two major orientations of 15 monitoring points
图3.17. 测点两主轴方向加速度时程曲线 (15个监测点)

structure elevation compensation and damping system tuning device setting), which meets 结构性态监测与信息化处理是现代大型复
the basic objectives of this systematic task. In addition, the combination of the Shanghai Tower 杂建筑物施工和运营管理技术的拓展，
BIM model and the structural performance monitoring software system will further improve 是从结构响应到结构感知与反馈的技术进
monitoring, and provide advanced technology and convenient tools for the operation and 化。监测获得的信息反馈与评估对工程设
maintenance of the building. 计验证和工程风险管理、质量管理、进度
Structural performance monitoring and information processing develop the construction 管理、运维管理起到了良好的辅助作用。
and operation management techniques of modern large complex buildings. Feedback 从技术进步的角度而言，大量结构性态原
and evaluation obtained by monitoring assists project design verification, engineering risk 始数据的获得与积累作为一种基础性工
management, quality management, schedule management, and operation and maintenance 作，为结构工程技术的进一步发展和超高
management. In the aspect of technological progress, the accumulation of structural 超大超深建筑规范的不断完善，创造了很
performance data creates favorable conditions to improve structural engineering techniques 好的条件，其发展前景令人乐观。
and construction standards of ultra-large and ultra-deep buildings.

Damping Ratio-Monitoring Point 1

Frequency 频率 (Hz) 阻尼比(%) - 测点1
Monitoring points layout Orientation Mode
测点位置示意图 方向 模态 Feb.-2014 Mar.-2014 Feb.-2014 Mar.-2014
2014.2 2014.3 2014.2 2014.3

1 0.1196 0.1172 1.70 2.78

x 2 0.3613 0.3438 0.85 1.09

3 0.7300 0.7070 0.52 0.64

1 0.1196 0.1172 2.00 2.72

y 2 0.3491 0.3516 0.63 1.17

3 0.7129 0.7227 0.47 0.77

Table 3.6. Dynamic Characteristic of each order of the Shanghai Tower (Note-2)
表3.6. 上海中心大厦各阶动力特性

References (参考书目):
“Report on the Information Monitoring of the Podium Pit Engineering of the Shanghai Tower Project, Shanghai, China” <Note -1>.
“Report on Pulsating Stress Test of the Shanghai Tower” and “Report on the Structural Performance Monitoring of the Shanghai Tower
”<Note -2>.

结构工程与围护结构 | 49
     
Curtain-Wall System Design
幕墙系统设计
Zhijun He, Jiemin Ding & Jiupeng Li, Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd.
何志军, 丁洁民 & 李久鹏, 同济大学建筑设计研究院（集团）有限公司

A unique flexible suspended curtain wall support structure (CWSS) was ultimately developed to suit the exterior curtain wall system of
Shanghai Tower. Because of the large and varying distance from the exterior curtain wall to the main structural system, the flexible suspension
curtain wall support structure system and construction mechanical behavior of CWSS is complicated. So, in the preliminary design, feasibility of
construction and structural behavior of CWSS during construction were analyzed in detail and adjustments and optimization were carried out
based on the results. Optimized designs of joints, structural systems, and structural behavior of CWSS were introduced. The analysis and design
method used in this project could be a reference for the analysis and design of similar projects.

上海中心大厦外幕墙系统采用分区悬挂的柔性幕墙支撑结构，由于主体结构超高，幕墙支撑结构远离主体结构，尺度巨大，且采
用悬挂系统，使其施工建造力学行为复杂。因此设计阶段针对幕墙结构系统建造的可行性及施工力学行为进行了详细分析，对幕
墙支撑结构进行了优化设计。对幕墙支撑结构体系、节点构造的优化设计，以及施工过程对幕墙支撑结构的结构行为的影响进行
了详细介绍。相关设计和分析方法可为类似工程提供参考和借鉴。

Introduction 引言
Shanghai Tower is one of the first 600m high-rise buildings, which uses a unique “double-skin” 上海中心大厦是中国设计建造的第一幢
curtain wall system. The twisted and tapered outer curtain wall system, which is far away from 600m以上的超高层建筑，该项目采用了独
the main structure, is one of the significant features separating it from other high-rise buildings. 特的双层幕墙系统，其中远离主体结构且
In order to provide firm support for the outer curtain wall, and to ensure its visual transparency, 扭转收缩的分区悬挂的外幕墙系统是这栋
a new curtain wall support structure, which is named “flexible suspension curtain wall support 建筑区别于其他超高层建筑的显著特点之
system,” is used for achieving the twisted façade of the outer curtain wall. 一。为对远离主体结构且扭曲上升的外幕
The unique structural characteristics, and the connected relationship between the main 墙提供坚实的支撑，并保证幕墙在视觉上
structure and the curtain wall in Shanghai Tower, make its design and construction much 的通透性，该项目首次在超高层建筑上采
more difficult than the curtain wall projects of general high-rise buildings. For this reason, the 用了一种新型的“柔性分区悬挂式的幕墙支
buildability of curtain wall systems was analyzed and researched during the construction design 撑系统”用于实现外幕墙扭曲的外立面几
stage. Optimization of the design of the curtain wall system support structure and details of 何形态。
joints, as well as the effects of the construction process on CWSS, are introduced in this chapter. 独特的结构特点及其与主体结构的连接关
系，使其施工建造的难度远大于一般的超
高层幕墙工程。为此，本项目在施工图设
Curtain Wall Support Structure System 计阶段就对幕墙系统的可建造性进行了充
The Shanghai Tower curtain wall system is divided into nine zones from bottom to top. The 分的分析和研究，本文对幕墙支撑结构体
flexible suspension curtain support structure system running from zone 2 to zone 8 is the 系、节点构造的优化设计，以及施工过程
standard structural layout for the exterior curtain walls of Shanghai Tower. The Shanghai Tower 对幕墙支撑结构的结构行为的影响进行了
standard curtain support system is the spiral structure system, consisting of hoop ring beams 详细介绍。
and radial struts, as well as high-strength hanger rods (see Figure 3.18).
Hoop ring beams (Ф356×22~25) are set vertically every 4.3 to 4.5 meters to fix the curtain 幕墙支撑结构体系
plates and convert the gravity and wind loads suffered by the curtain wall. A horizontal radial
strut (Ф219×13, Ф273×13) is set along the peripheral hoop ring beam every 8-10 meters to link 上海中心大厦外幕墙系统从下到上共分9个
the ring beams to the tower interior floors. While the connection to the ring beam is rigid, the 区段，其中，2~8区的悬挂式柔性幕墙支
connection to the slab edge beam is hinged to allow the exterior curtain walls to move up and 撑结构体系，为上海中心大厦外幕墙的标
down separately from the floors, and to reduce movement in the radial strut caused by vertical 准结构形式。上海中心大厦外幕墙标准的
movements of the rods. 幕墙支撑结构体系为由水平钢管环梁和径

50  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

Two high strength (460MPa) rods (Ф60~80)
are arranged at the crossing of radial struts
and ring beams. All ring beams at every level
are suspended from the mechanical floor at
the top of CWSS by these rods.

To resist the torsion effect of the curtain wall

system, three tab connections are arranged
where hoop ring beams are tangential with
the cylinder floor in each floor and three cross
rods (Ф60) are arranged at the corners of the
ring beams in each floor.

The hoop ring beams at the bottom of

each zone are set into vertical bushes (see
Figure 3.19) and embedded in the slab
of amenity floor through the pole. The
connection provides lateral support to the
hoop ring pipes, while allowing the structure
to move within a certain range of vertical
deformation and rotation. The CWSS can
move relatively independently from the main
structure of the tower. In order to prevent a
net compression stress in the rods, the first Figure 3.18. Structure System and position number (Source: TJAD)
level hoop ring beams above the amenity 图3.18. 结构体系及位置编号（来源：TJAD）

floor is filled with concrete. This can provide

sufficient weight to keep tension in the rods
to avoid compression instability.

结构工程与围护结构 | 51
     
Optimization Design of Structural System
The CWSS is a closed ring, the longest total perimeter of which is approximately 300m. Its
expansion deformation is restricted by radial struts, which will lead to temperature stress Figure 3.19. Vertical sliding joint in bottom ring beam
(Source: TJAD)
in structure.
图3.19. 底环梁竖向伸缩节点（来源：TJAD）
In the preliminary design stage, some expansion joints were arranged in the ring beam in order
to reduce temperature stress (see Figure 3.20). Structural analysis also showed that comparing
the ring beam with no expansion joints, the axial forces and moments of ring beam with
expansion joints is reduced from 536kN, 249kN moment to 2kN, 8kN moment respectively. The 向水平钢管支撑以及高强拉杆组成的螺旋
axial forces and moments of radial strut is also reduced from 522kN, 137 kN moment to 3kN, 1kN 上升的结构体系（见图3.18）。
moment respectively. As a result, it is evident that expansion joints reduced the internal force 环梁采用直径356mm钢管，沿竖向每层
significantly. （4.3~4.5米）布置以承受幕墙板块的重量和
However, some problems are also brought about with expansion joints in the ring beams, 水平风荷载。沿环梁每8至10米设置一道水
namely: 1) The deformation of expansion is 30mm under temperature, which is too large to 平径向钢管支撑（Ф219×13、Ф273×13）将其
absorb for the connection detail for glass plates. This would bring about leakage in service. 2) 与主体楼面结构连接，径向支撑与环梁刚
Because of expansion resulting from temperature change, it would be difficult to locate the 接连接。楼板边梁的连接采用铰接以允许
glass plates during construction of the CWSS. 3) Axial stiffness of ring beams would not be 外幕墙相对于楼板上下运动。
continuous, therefore torsional stiffness is low. 4) Cost of the expansion joints and detailed 在每个环梁和径向水平钢管支撑相交的位
design and processing would be difficult. These would have a significant effect on construction 置设置两根屈服强度460Mpa的高强度钢吊
progress and methodology. 杆（Ф60~80）将每区的所有水平环梁吊至上
In summary, utilization of expansion joints would bring about several problems which would be 部机电层辐射桁架的悬挑端。
difficult to overcome, such as cost increases, detailed design complexity, poor constructability 为约束幕墙相对主体的扭转，在每层水平
and serviceability of the CWSS. Therefore, the continuous ring beams were adopted as the final 曲梁与圆柱体楼面相切的位置布置了三个
structural scheme and no expansion joints were used for the ring beams. 限位约束，在角部设置了交叉拉杆支撑
（Ф60）。

Optimization Design of Vertical Sliding Joint in Bottom Ring Beam (VSJBRB) 每区最下方的环梁上设置竖向轴衬，并通
过立杆嵌入休闲层楼板中（图3.19）。这样
VSJBRBs are used to absorb vertical relative deformation between the CWSS and the main 的连接方式为周边曲梁提供了侧向支撑，
structure. These are located between the bottom of the CWSS and the amenity floor. The VSJBRBs 但同时允许结构在一定范围内的竖向变形
prevent glass plates in the bottom of curtain wall from being damaged by vertical stress. 和转动，使得幕墙系统与塔楼主体结构可
The original design for the VSJBRB was a rigid structure. It carried moment and shear along radial 以相对独立的自由变形。为了防止吊杆出
direction and tangential direction of ring beams. The stresses in the bushes, generated by joint 现净压力，位于休闲层以上第一道环梁内
moment and shear, forms friction, which can prevent the joint from sliding. That is, when the 灌混凝土，以保证其有足够的重量使吊杆
applied force on the structure is less than the friction, the joint may be self-locking. 保持受拉，从而避免吊杆失稳。（Ding et
al, 2013）
The large cantilever structure, and heavy load and deformation of the amenity floor and MEP
floor lead to comparatively large additional internal forces in the VSJBRB. Analysis showed that
among the additional internal forces, the additional moment along tangential direction is the 结构体系优化设计
biggest, which is caused by the installation of the VSJBRB being later than the load application.
幕墙支撑结构为封闭的环形结构，环向总
Because the deformation of floor after installation of the VSJBRB is the main reason for self- 周长最长接近300m，径向支撑的存在限制
locking of the joint, some measures were adopted to reduce its effect in construction. 1) Pre- 了环梁的自由伸缩变形，在结构内部产生
loading was applied in order that deformation of floor occurred before VSJBRB installation. 2) In 较大温度应力。
the curtain wall construction process, the bottom ring beam was fixed by temporary measures
to release floor deformation during construction. After these floor deformations occur, the 幕墙结构初步设计阶段，曾考虑在幕墙
VSJBRB was finally installed. 环梁中设置伸缩节点（图3.20），释放环梁
的温度应力。结构分析也表明：温度作用
Further analysis showed that, the above method had poor operability, took a long time to 下，与无伸缩节点的结构相比，理论上，
construct and was uneconomical. Analysis of the adverse effects of internal forces and the 环梁设置伸缩节点后，环梁轴力和弯矩由

52  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

working mechanism of the bottom ring beam showed that the primary adverse internal forces 536kN，249kN•m 下降到2kN，8kN•m；径向
on the VSJBRB was the moment along tangential direction of ring beam but the constraint 支撑的轴力和弯矩由522kN，137 kN•m下降
along this direction is not a requirement of the geometric performance of the bottom ring 到3kN，1kN•m，所有构件的温度作用效应
beam. Therefore, the final solution was the optimizing of the joint structure, by releasing the 大幅下降至可忽略不计，伸缩节点对减少
constraint of joint along tangential direction. This reduced the adverse moment caused by floor 构件温度内力作用明显。
deformation and prevented the self-locking of joint, to ensure satisfactory serviceability of the 但设置伸缩节点也同时带来的一些问题：1
curtain wall system. ）温度作用下，伸缩节点位移达到30mm，
幕墙板块插接构造难以吸收该位移，从而
Analysis and Control on Deformation of CWSS 可能造成幕墙正常使用阶段漏水、漏气；2
）幕墙支撑结构安装过程中，由于环境温
Because CWSS is suspended from the MEP floor, the stiffness of which is non-uniform, the 度变化，伸缩节点发生的变形，使幕墙连
weight of CWSS makes the MEP floor deform non-uniformly. Large non-uniform deformations 接件发生位移，从而导致幕墙板块安装定
would lead to breakage of glass plates in the curtain wall system, and would make the ring 位困难；3）环梁轴向刚度不连续、整体性削
beam offsets predetermined from the elevation too high and too low for satisfactory visual 弱，抗扭性能变差；4）大量采用的滑动节点
appearance. These would also have an effect on installation and the serviceability of the glass 造价高，采购、深化、加工难度大，其设
plates. Therefore, a construction simulation analysis was necessary to determine effective 计制造过程费时费力，对结构正常的施工
control measures that should be adopted. 过程与进度影响很大。
Construction of the entire curtain wall system is composed of CWSS erection and glass plates 综上，由于伸缩节点的采用，给幕墙支撑
installation. The sequence of CWSS erection is from top to bottom and, after CWSS erection is 系统的采购、制作、安装；幕墙系统深化设
计、正常使用带来了众多难以克服的瓶颈
问题。幕墙支撑体系最终取消了水平伸缩
节点，采用连续布置的环梁系统，并对该
体系进行详细的分析与设计。

底环梁竖向伸缩节点构造优化设计
底环梁竖向伸缩节点位于每区底环梁与楼
面之间，用以吸收幕墙支撑结构与主体结
构之间的竖向位移差，防止底层幕墙板块
受压破坏。
原竖向伸缩节点采用刚接构造，同时承受
沿环梁径向和环向的双向的弯矩和剪力。
在复杂内力作用下，会引起节点内部立轴
和套筒发生挤压，过大的挤压力将使节
点内摩擦阻力过大而发生“自锁”，无法滑
动。
由于竖向伸缩节点位于主体结构休闲层和
底环梁之间，设备层和休闲层为大悬挑结
构、荷载重，楼面变形大，从而在竖向伸
缩节点内引起较大的附加内力，分析表
明，竖向伸缩节点的弯矩成分中，比重最
大的环向附加弯矩，即是由于设备层附加
恒、活的施加滞后于节点安装所引起。
由于幕墙底部楼面变形滞后节点安装是引
起底部伸缩节点自锁的主要原因，设计过
程中曾考虑在施工中采取一些措施消除其
Figure 3.20. Plan of CWSS with some expansion joints (Source: TJAD) 影响：1）幕墙伸缩节点安装前，对休闲层堆
图3.20. 有伸缩节点幕墙支撑结构典型平面布置（来源：TJAD）
载，使休闲层楼面变形先于伸缩节点安装

结构工程与围护结构 | 53
     
Figure 3.21. Sequence of outer curtain wall (Source: TJAD)
图3.21. 外幕墙施工顺序示意（来源：TJAD）

finished, the glass plates are installed from 前发生；2）幕墙安装过程中底环梁采取临时固定措施，释放安装过程产生的楼面变形，

bottom to top (see Figure 3.21). 待结构加载变形发生后，对伸缩节点进行终固。
A typical zone of the CWSS (zone 2) was 但进一步分析表明，上述方法可操作性差，周期长，且不经济。通过对阻碍滑动的有害
chosen to carry out the construction 内力的构成成分分析和底环梁的工作机理分析表明，伸缩节点的有害内力主要为环梁环
simulation analysis. The MEP floor was 向弯矩（V口为双向弯矩），而伸缩节点对环梁该方向的抗弯约束并非构成底环梁几何不
modeled in order to reflect the effect of the 变的必要条件。因此，最终的解决方案为对伸缩节点构造进行优化，释放其对环梁环向
stiffness of the MEP floor. The construction 的抗弯约束（V口为双向释放），从而消除楼面变形引起的节点有害附加弯矩，改善节点
simulation was divided to 26 steps. Step1~13 受力，避免节点“自锁”，保障幕墙正常使用。（He et al, 2013）
are CWSS erection and the others are glass
plates installation.
Point 20&16 were chosen for the Vertical displacement/ㄆੁս〫˄mm˅
introduction of vertical deformation. The 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
cantilevered length of point 20 is smallest 0
and its vertical stiffness is largest. Point 16 is
an opposite condition.
1
Level of ring beam/⧟ằս㖞˄ቲ˅

If traditional methods of construction, in 2

which the ring beam is calibrated level by
3
level, were used, the elevation of ring beam
would not be at the correct level when the 4
CWSS is finished. For example, the max offset
value of point 16 is 36mm, but the max offset 5
value of point 20 is only 14mm, due to the 6
non-uniform deformation. Therefore, pre-
adjustment of ring beam elevation should 7
be carried out according to the results of the
8
construction simulation (see Figure 3.22a).
Vertical displacements of the ring beam are 9
composed of suspension point displacement 10
caused by the weight of the CWSS and
superimposed dead loads, live load of the 11
MEP floor, and prolongation of the sag rod
(see Figure 3.22b). Prolongations of the sag
12
rods are almost the same at each position, but 13
suspension point displacements are different
dip of suspension point/਺⛩ս〫
at each position. Furthermore, the dominant
Prolongations of sag rod/਺ᵶը䮯
factor at each position is also different. For
SDL/䱴࣐ᚂ䖭
the position of small cantilevered length,
Pre-adjustment dip/亴䈳ս〫
vertical displacement is mainly caused by
Figure 3.22a. Vertical deformation of ring beam – constitution of vertical deformation of point 16 (Source: TJAD)
prolongation of sag rod. However, for the 图3.22a 环梁竖向变形 – 16号位置竖向位移构成 （来源：TJAD）
position of large cantilevered length, vertical

54  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

 Vertical displacement/ㄆੁս〫˄mm˅
0 -3 -6 -9 -12 -15
0
Level of ring beam/⧟ằս㖞˄ቲ˅ 1
2
3
4
5
6
7 幕墙支承结构变形分析与控制
由于幕墙支撑结构悬挂在主体结构刚度不
8
均匀的弹性设备层上，幕墙重量会使设备
9 层发生不均匀的竖向变形，过大的不均匀
变形极易引起板块破碎，同时也将导致幕
10 墙系统各层环梁安装完成后偏离预定的设
11 计标高，使环梁外观不平整从而影响建筑
外观及幕墙板块的安装及使用。因此，非
12 常有必要对幕墙支撑结构进行施工模拟分
13 析，并据此采用有效的控制措施。
整个幕墙系统的施工由支撑钢结构吊装及
dip of suspension point/਺⛩ս〫
Prolongations of sag rod/਺ᵶը䮯 幕墙板块吊装两个阶段组成，幕墙支撑钢
SDL/䱴࣐ᚂ䖭 结构采用由上至下逐层悬挂的方法吊装，
Pre-adjustment dip/亴䈳ս〫 当幕墙支撑结构全部吊装连接完毕后，再
从底层环梁开始由下至上逐层安装幕墙玻
Figure 3.22b. Vertical deformation of ring beam – constitution of vertical deformation of point 20 (Source: TJAD)
璃板块（图3.21）。
图3.22b 环梁竖向变形 – 20号位置竖向位移构成 （来源：TJAD）
选取典型分区（2区）带有幕墙支撑结构的
主塔楼整体模型，对幕墙支撑结构进行施
工过程模拟，如图6所示。对塔楼的设备
层准确建模，以考虑楼面结构刚度对幕墙
displacement is caused by both prolongation of sag rod and suspension point displacement.
支撑结构的影响。（计算中未考虑混凝土
Therefore, the adjustment of elevation of ring beam is mainly resolved from the following two
楼板的刚度贡献）幕墙的施工过程模拟为26
aspects.
个施工步， 1~13施工步为从上至下安装环
1. Pre-adjustment of the length of sag rod. This method is used to solve the problem 梁，环梁施工时逐层找平，14~26施工步
of off-levelness of the ring beam caused by prolongation of sag rod. The value of 为从下至上悬挂幕墙板块。
adjustment of sag rods decreases from top to bottom. The value of adjustment at the
选取位于凸台位置的悬挑长度较小的20号
top is 3mm and less than 0.3mm at the bottom.
位置（吊点竖向刚度大）和位于角部的悬
2. Pre-raising of suspension point. This method is used to solve the problem of off- 挑长度较大的16号位置（吊点竖向刚度小）
levelness of the ring beam and reduce non-uniform deformation of the ring beam 对环梁的竖向变形特征进行说明，各层16
caused by the main structure deformation (see Figure 3.23). Figure 3.23 is theoretical ，20号位置在环梁上的位置如图7所示。
pre-raising value of each suspension point. Due to the particularity of concrete, the
stiffness contribution of concrete slab is difficult to accurately simulate for the MEP 若环梁采用逐层找平的传统方法施工，施
floor. When calculating the pre-raising values, the stiffness of the concrete slab isn’t 工完成后，环梁的竖向位移将使幕墙的
taken into account in order to consider the worst situation. Because the calculation 几何位置偏离设计标高，16号位置最大偏
results of the deformation are conservative, 60% simulation value is used for pre-raising 移值达到36mm，而20号位置竖向位移仅
in practice. 为14mm，沿环向各点位移值分布极不均
匀。因此，需结合分析结果对环梁标高进
Considering the importance of displacements of the suspension points for the safety of the
行预调整（见图3.22a）。
glass plates, actual on-site measurements are carried out for displacements of the suspension
points. As shown in Figure 3.24, measured values are 43%~ 77% of the theoretical values, and 由图3.22b可以看出，幕墙环梁的竖向位移
the average is just 60%. Both are in good agreement. (Because the construction has not been 主要由幕墙自重引起的吊点位移，设备层
completed and superimposed dead loads have not been applied, the displacement caused 附加恒活引起的吊点位移，以及吊杆伸长
by superimposed dead loads is not included, but it is only a small proportion in the total 组成。各个位置吊杆伸长相同，但吊点位
displacement.) 移不同，且各个位置变形的主导因素也并
不相同，对于悬挑较小位置（20号位置），
变形主要由吊杆伸长引起，而对于悬挑较
Analysis on Effect of Compression of Main Structure on CWSS 大位置（16号位置），顶部吊点竖向位移和
The CWSS in each zone is 12~15 floors, 55~66 meters high, which is suspended to the structure 吊杆伸长对环梁竖向位移均有较大影响。
of the MEP floor. Large compression of the super column in each zone has an effect on the slide 因此，对环梁标高的调整主要从以下两个
range of the VSJBRB and additional moments in the radial strut caused by relative displacement 方面解决：

结构工程与围护结构 | 55
     
 35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Figure 3.23. Pre-adjustment of suspension point (Source: TJAD)

图3.23. 各吊点标高调整量（来源：TJAD）

between the main structure and ring beams of the CWSS. 1. 吊杆长度预调整。通过预调吊杆
Compression of super columns is composed of two parts. One is elastic deformation caused 长度，可以解决由于吊杆自身伸
by gravity and the other is creep and shrinkage of concrete increasing with time. Because of 长使环梁偏离设计标高的问题。
long construction periods, vertical compression will continue to develop after the curtain wall 吊杆调整量由顶部的至下逐渐递
is installed in the low zone. Therefore, the adverse effect of compression of super columns was 增，顶部吊杆调整量约为3mm，
evaluated in the design stage according to the construction sequence for the main structure. 在底部不足0.3mm。
2. 吊点预抬高。通过调整吊点标高
Calculation of Compression of Main Structure
可以调整由于主体结构变形引起
Compression of the main structure after 50 years is shown in Table 3.7. As shown in table 3.7,
的环梁偏离设计标高的问题，并
non-elastic deformation is about 73%~97% of the total compression deformation. It indicates
改善环梁平整度。图3.23为各个
that creep and shrinkage have a significant effect on the CWSS.
吊点的理论预调整量，由于混凝
Due to assumptions made in the estimation of creep and shrinkage and error in the calculation 土材料的特殊性，混凝土楼板对
of model, the derived value of compression deformation of the main structure will have some 于设备层的刚度贡献难以准确模
error and consequently is an approximate estimate. In design, the coefficient of variation 拟，因此在计算吊点调整量时，
未考虑混凝土楼板刚度贡献，以
0 考虑最不利的变形情况。由于变
形计算结果偏于保守，因此实际
-5 操作中，按模拟数值的60%进行吊
点预抬高。
-10
考虑到吊点位移对于玻璃安全的重要性，
施工中对吊点位移进行了监测，如图3.24
-15

-20

-25

-30

-35
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Figure 3.24. The actual measured displacements VS. the theoretical displacements of suspension points
图3.24. 吊点计算位移与实测位移对比（来源：TJAD）

56 | Enclosure
 Elasticity
Zone deformation Shrinkage Creep Total Total (95% guaranteed rate)
区号 弹性变形 收缩变形 徐变变形 总计 总计（95%保证率）

8 0.7 15 8.4 24 37.9

7 2.3 12.7 11.9 27 40.8

所示。实测数值约为理论计算数值的
6 3.7 12.2 14.8 30.6 45.5
43%~77%，平均恰好为60%。（由于施工尚
未完成，设备层的附加恒载尚未施加，因
5 6.1 11.7 15.6 33.3 48.3
此图中位移量未包含其影响，但该位移量
4 在总位移中所占比重较小）
8.2 10.4 15.8 34.4 48.5

3
8.9 8.9 17.7 35.5 49.4 主体结构竖向压缩对幕墙支撑结构的影响
分析
2
8.9 7.3 17.1 33.3 45.9
每区幕墙支撑结构12~15层，约55~66m
Table 3.7. Relative deformation of two ends of super column in each zone after construction of curtain wall 高，悬挂在上一区段楼面结构上，区间巨
(50 years) /mm 柱压缩量大，将影响幕墙系统底部竖向伸
表3.7. 幕墙施工后巨柱两端相对变形（50年）/mm
缩节点滑动行程的确定，同时还会使相应
楼层环梁与主体结构楼面产生相对位移并
由此引发连接环梁与楼面的径向支撑产生
附加弯矩。
of the deformation is considered to adjust the results of design value. The adjusted results
of compression of super columns are shown in table 3.7, for 50 years after completion of 巨柱的区间压缩由两部分组成，一部分是
construction. The maximum value of compression deformation reached 49.4mm, which had a 由重力荷载产生的弹性变形，另一部分是
significant effect on detail design of slide joint. 随时间增长的混凝土收缩、徐变产生的非
弹性变形。而主体结构的施工周期长，低
Calculation of Relative Deformation Between Main Structure and CWSS
区幕墙开始施工时，主体只施工到4区，竖
Compression of the main structure leads to relative displacement between the ring beams and
向压缩变形还将继续发展。因此，在设计
floors. Different displacement distributions are shown at different positions (see Figure 3.25).
阶段就结合主体结构的施工顺序，对巨柱
The maximum displacement difference reaches about 48mm, while the smallest displacement
压缩产生的不利影响进行评估。
difference is less than 5mm. All larger displacement differences, which are almost the same at
different levels, are near the secondary frame column such as points 3, 9, 15(see Figure 3.18) and 主体结构区间压缩量的计算
displacement differences which increase regularly are near the super column such as points 8, 表3.7为各区巨柱50年后的竖向压缩量，由
14, 20 (see Figure 3.18). 表3.7可知，在巨柱总的区间压缩变形中，
非弹性变形所占比重较大，约为 73%~97%
The reason for the difference in the displacement distributions shown in figure 3.25 is as
，说明收缩徐变对幕墙影响很大。
follows. The side beam at each level is hinged to the secondary frame column and the super
column; furthermore, the secondary frame columns do not shorten when the super column 由于徐变和收缩变形固有的离散性、模型
is compressed. Therefore, when the ring beams drop 45.9mm caused by super column 的误差以及由材料性质和环境的随机性引
compression, the 45.9mm relative displacement difference will occur. The 45.9mm is also the 压缩量计算可能有一定的误差。设计时，
value of the super column compression but the inner end anchors of the radial strut near the 对分析结果考虑一定变异系数，按结构的
super column drop with the same value as the super column when it is compressed. However, 设计使用年限为50年，95%保证率对结果
the vertical displacement of the upper radial strut is larger, due to the longer accumulated 进行调整，则竣工50年后巨柱的压缩量最
length of the super column. Therefore, its relative displacement compared with the ring beam 终可确定为表3.7所示结果。区间最大压缩
is smaller because the value of compression of the super column at each level is the same. 量达到了49.4mm，对底环梁竖向伸缩节点
Consequently, the relative displacement differences of the radial strut near to the super column 滑动构造影响较大。
increases from top to bottom. 幕墙支撑结构与主体结构楼面相对变形
Analysis on Effect of Internal Forces of Cwss Caused by Vertical Deformation of Main 计算
Structure 巨柱压缩导致环梁与对应楼面的产生相对
Normal curtain wall structures are usually static structures. Deformation of the main structure 位移（图3.25）。各个位置径向支撑与楼面
does not usually cause additional internal forces. However, the CWSS of the Shanghai Tower is 间的位移差呈现大小相间的分布规律，最
different due to its 60 meter height and being suspended. 大位移差可达48mm左右，而最小位移差
仅为不足5mm。图中位移差较大且各层位
Comparisons of additional moments caused by the super column compression deformation
移差大小基本相同的位置均位于楼面次框
and gravity loading of the curtain wall are shown in Figure 3.26. Larger additional moments are
架柱附近（图3.18），如图中3号、9号、15
号等位置，而位移差从高到低呈现渐增规

外围护结构 | 57
     
 0
-5
-10
-15
Displacement/ս〫(mm)

-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55 level 1 level 2 level 3 level 4
level 5 level 6 level 7 level 8
-60
level 9 level 10 level 11
-65
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Position/ս㖞
Figure 3.25. relative displacement between main structure of CWSS (Source: TJAD)
图3.25. 环梁与主楼相对位移差（来源：TJAD）

produced under the 45.9 mm super column compression. The maximum additional moment is 律的位置则位于巨柱附近如8号、14号、20
42kN moment at point 3, which is equivalent to 30% of the moment capacity of the radial strut. 号等位置（图3.18）。
This is much larger than the 15kN moment when compression of super columns is not considered. 产生图3.25中所示位移差分布规律的原因
The analysis suggests that additional moment in the radial support, caused by the compression 是由于楼面边梁在巨柱与楼层次框架柱间
of super columns, increases the moment significantly. Therefore, it is necessary that compression 铰接，当本区巨柱发生竖向压缩时，次框
of super columns is considered in the member strength design of the CWSS. 架钢柱并不会受其影响发生竖向缩短，所
以，当外围幕墙环梁在巨柱压缩带动下发
50 生45.9mm沉降时，即与楼面次框架柱间出
40 现了45.9mm的竖向位移差，也即是巨柱的
区间压缩量。而位于巨柱附近的径向支撑
30
其内端支撑点会在巨柱的带动下发生竖向
20 沉降，越位于上部的径向支撑由于巨柱累
10 计长度较长其竖向位移也就越大，因而与
外围的环梁位移差也就越小，当巨柱截面
0
在区间不发生变化时，各层巨柱压缩量一
-10 致，因此位于巨柱附近的径向支撑两端的
-20 位移差也就呈现从上到下逐渐递增的等差
数列。
-30
主体结构竖向变形对幕墙支撑结构的内力
-40
影响分析
-50 常规幕墙结构作为静定的次结构，主体结
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
构变形一般不会引起其次内力，而上海中
心幕墙支撑结构作为周长近300m，高度
60m的悬挂结构，主体结构的变形将在幕
Figure 3.26. Comparison of additional moments caused by super column compression and gravity of curtain wall
(Source: TJAD) 墙支撑结构的径向支撑中产生附加内力。
图3.26. 巨柱压缩与幕墙自重引起的径向支撑附加弯矩对比（来源：TJAD）
图3.26为巨柱压缩与幕墙系统自重引起的
径向支撑的附加弯矩的对比。如图3.26所
示，45.9mm的巨柱压缩量下径向支撑产生
了较大的附加弯矩，附加弯矩最大的位置

58  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

 发生在3号位置，最大附加弯矩为42kN.m，
Conclusions 约为径向支撑抗弯承载力的30%。远大于
不考虑巨柱压缩时，幕墙自重作用下径向
Because of large scale, special structural systems, and heavy loading and complicated 支撑的附加弯矩15kN.m（此处支撑长3m）。
interaction with the main structure, the design and buildability of the CWSS of the Shanghai
Tower was researched, especially for the following aspects: 这表明巨柱压缩引起的各个位置环梁与楼
面间不均匀的竖向变形差会显著增加径向
1. The CWSS without expansion joints is easy to construct, install and has satisfactory 支撑的附加弯矩。因此，构件强度设计时
service performance and also enables cost savings. 考虑巨柱压缩引起的影响是非常有必要
2. The hinge structure in the single direction for VSJBRB improves the mechanical 的。
properties of structure, speeds up the construction of the joint and simplifies the
construction process.
结语
3. Pre-adjustment of the elevation of the suspension joint and pre-adjustment of the
length of the sag rods according to the construction simulation analysis ensures that 上海中心大厦外幕墙支撑结构体系特殊，
the geometry of the curtain wall will meet the visual requirements when construction 尺度大，荷载重，幕墙结构与主体结构相
of the curtain wall is complete. 互作用复杂，对其可建造性相关问题进行
4. The effect of compression deformation of the main structure on the CWSS was 了专项研究。
evaluated in order to guarantee safety in service and strength capacity of the CWSS. 1. 幕墙支撑结构体系采用无伸缩节
点方案，便于施工、安装、维
护，并大幅度节省造价。
2. 竖向伸缩节点采用单向铰接构造
（V口双向铰接），改善了结构受
力，消除了施工过程对节点受力
的影响，简化了施工过程。
3. 结合幕墙支撑结构施工过程分
析，采用吊点标高调整和吊杆长
度调整措施，保证了幕墙安装后
几何形态满足建筑视觉要求。
4. 对主体结构压缩变形对幕墙支撑
结构带来的不利影响进行了评
估，保障了幕墙支撑结构的安全
承载和正常使用。

References (参考书目):
Ding, JM. et al. (2013). “Design of innovative Flexible Suspend Curtain Wall System of Shanghai Tower,” Building Structure, Vol. 43, No. 1-5 (in
Chinese)
He, ZJ.et al. (2013). “Analysis and Design of Key Connection of Curtain Wall Support Structure of Shanghai Tower,” Building Structure, Vol. 43, No.
12-17 (in Chinese)

结构工程与围护结构 | 59
     
The Payoff for Investing in the Human Experience
用户体验的投资回报

Benedict Tranel & Xiaomei Lee (李晓梅), Gensler

In this chapter, Shanghai Tower is introduced along side The Tower at PNC Plaza, to posit that economic propositions for double-façade design
solutions must go beyond energy considerations and incorporate the value of human experience. The design performance of glass double skin
façades has been well-researched, yet there is a lively debate among practitioners and academics about their actual benefits. Many projects
claim to achieve high levels of energy efficiency through the use of double façade technology. The counter-argument highlights instances
where actual performance did not achieve what was anticipated in the design, and asserts that any operational energy savings are offset by
the increased embodied energy of double façades over single façades. This presentation will use case study comparisons to evaluate the role
user experience can play in the “return on investment,” (ROI) of double façade design.

本文通过对上海中心和PNC广场塔楼的案例研究，提出双层外立面的设计方案不能仅考虑节能，还应包含用户体验的价值。 有关双
层玻璃外立面的设计性能已有较为深入的研究。但当前业内人士和学者对于双层外立面的实际效益仍存在激烈争论。众多项目声
称通过运用双层外立面技术取得了高效节能的效果。而持相反观点的人则指出，实际性能并未达到设计预期，并认为运营中节约
的能源都由于采用双层而非单层外立面导致的隐含能量增量而抵消。本文将采用案例对比研究的方法，评估用户体验对于双层外
立面设计投资回报率（ROI）的作用。

Introduction 简介
Shanghai Tower and The Tower at PNC Plaza share an aspiration to set new benchmarks in 上海中心和PNC广场塔楼项目都致力于打
sustainable design, and both use a unique double-façade approach as a key strategy to achieve 造可持续设计的新标杆，二者都采用了独
that goal (see Figure 3.27, 3.28). Building façades are a key driver of building energy performance 特的双层外立面技术作为实现该目标的关
as they mediate the outdoor elements to provide a comfortable interior.1 While façades are 键策略（见图3.27, 3.28）。建筑外立面是建
typically designed as a thin layer separating man from nature, double façade design offers 筑物能源需求的重要因素，因为外立面通
unique opportunities to improve building energy efficiency and to provide users with a sense 过缓解室外环境的影响来创造舒适的室内
of control over their environment. This is achieved by affording the opportunity to engage with 环境1。一般情况下，外立面是将人同自然
the building by literally opening a window and because double façades with large enough 环境隔开的薄层，而双层外立面则具有独
cavities provide a spatial experience of the boundary that separates man from nature. 特的优势，能够提高建筑物节能效果，并
为用户带来环境控制感。这种控制感通过
在建筑物上开窗的方式得以实现，而内外
Vertical Cities as Urban Habitat: The Future of Dense Urban Areas 双层外立面之间空间足够宽敞，提供了人
Often tall buildings are looked upon as iconic landmarks, a view that encourages an external 与自然分界处的空间体验。
view only, which tends to privilege form-making and façade treatment over the user experience
from the inside. As cities increase in density and buildings become taller, the urban habitat must
be a built environment that provides experiences that transcend merely being sustainable and
livable, to become enjoyable and even exhilarating. Tall buildings that are stacked layer upon 1. The calculation of building loads is a complex analysis that
varies by building type and use. As stated in ASHRAE, “Heat flow
layer of floors, with little consideration of the experiential qualities beyond the view out from a through the building envelope is mainly associated with the
energy performance of buildings. However, other aspects are
high vantage point, do not provide users with an experience that sustains them. Two statistics equally important. Interior surface temperature serves not only as
make the case for the imperative for sustainable high-rise building in dense urban cores: there an indicator for hygienic conditions in the building (e.g. conditions
preventing surface condensation or mold growth), it can also be
will be a 69% increase in urban population by 2050, and 67% of all people, or roughly 6.2 billion a major factor for thermal comfort.” American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (2009), ASHRAE
of the earth’s projected population of 9.5 billion people, will live in cities in 2050.2 Shanghai Handbook—Fundamentals, Atlanta: ASHRAE, pp. 25
Tower and the Tower at PNC Plaza are examples of how high-rise design can incorporate 1.摘自《ASHRAE 手册-基础》亚特兰大ASHRAE，第25页， 美国
暖通空调工程师协会出（2009）。
double-façades to address this challenge. Both provide a counterpoint to the typical high- 2. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2011), “World Urbanization Prospects, the
rise design, by providing vertically integrated spaces within the layer of the double façade. 2011 Revision Highlights.” New York: United Nations, pp. 70.
Available: http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf
This provides users with a greater sense of connection to the outdoors and nature, as well as [June 1, 2014].
providing a spatial three-dimensional experience of the tower. 2.摘自《世界城市化展望2011年修订要点》第70页。纽约联合国
经济及社会事务部人口分署出。（2011）。

60  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure


Figure 3.27. The Tower at PNC Plaza (Source: Gensler)
图3.27.PNC广场塔楼（来源：Gensler）
The Case for ROI Measured in Terms of
User Experience
The usual measurement for return on
investment, or ROI, is calculated by the
formula:
Return on Investment (%) = (gain from
investment – cost of investment) / cost of
investment 3
In the case of evaluating alternative proposals
for building projects, the typical inputs for this
calculation are operating expenses and capital
expenses. In Double Skin Façades, Oesterle,
Lieb, Lutz, and Heusler make the case that this
relatively simple formula can be expanded
to include as many variables as appropriate,
including, for instance, an evaluation of
interest and amortization based on the timing
of when costs are accrued. The authors further
elaborate that specific to double façades, the
cost-benefit trade-offs of the whole building,
and not just individual systems, must be
taken into account, where for example a
more expensive façade can provide reduced
costs of air conditioning and lighting.4 This
approach for calculating ROI is logical because
it takes advantage of readily quantifiable
and available information. And it is useful for
choosing among alternatives to maximize the
Figure 3.28. Shanghai Tower (Source: Gensler)
图3.28.上海中心大厦（来源：Gensler）
通过垂直城市打造城市生境：高密度城区的未来
一般情况下，高层建筑物被看作地标建筑，在这种观点的鼓励下，设计仅注重外观，侧
重于外形设计和外立面处理，而非用户在建筑物内的体验。随着城市密度加大，建筑物
高度增加，城市生境提供的建筑环境应该超越可持续和宜居层面，成为一种令人愉悦甚
至欣喜的体验。高层建筑物由楼层叠加而成，除高处俯瞰的视野外，很少考虑体验性，
未能为用户提供在大楼内始终愉悦的持续体验。以下两组数据说明，在高密度城中心建
造可持续的高层建筑势在必行：到2050年，城市人口将增加69%，全球67%的人，相当于
预计95亿地球总人口中的62亿，将在城市居住2。上海中心和PNC广场塔楼为高层建筑如
何利用双层外立面解决这个挑战起到了示范作用。两者都打破了典型的高层设计，在双
层外立面之间提供了一体化的竖向空间。这加强了用户同室外环境和大自然的联系，同
时为大厦打造了三维空间体验。
用户体验与投资回报率分析
投资回报率（ROI）通常采用以下公式计算：
投资回报率（%）=（投资回报-投资成本）/投资成本3
在评估建筑项目的数个可选方案时，上述计算公式一般采用运营费用和资本费用。在《
双层外立面》一文中，Oesterle，Lieb，Lutz 和Heusler提出，上述公式过于简单，可适当
增加各种变量进行补充，例如，应计的成本利息和分期偿还。该文进一步阐明，对于双
层外立面，须考虑整栋建筑的成本-收益权衡，而非单单立面系统，必须考虑，例如，较
昂贵的外立面可以减少空调和照明的支出4。这种ROI的计算方式合乎逻辑，因为充分利
用了量化信息和可用信息。在选择最大化资产价值的方案时也非常适用。但这种方法倾
向于忽略一些更难以用经济成本衡量的价值，而这些价值对于最大化出租率和入住率有
着直接影响。并且这种方法忽略了一项任何建筑项目最重要的推动因素也是大部分公司
最重要的投资：人力资本。
3. Investopedia, “Return on Investment.” Available: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/returnoninvestment.asp [June 1, 2014].
3.摘自《投资百科》之“投资回报”
4. Huesler, W., Lieb, R.D., Martin, L., and Oesterle, E. (2001), Double-Skin Façades: Integrated Planning. New York and London: Prestel Verlag.
4.摘自《双层外墙》 - 整体规划，Huesler, W., Lieb, R.D., Martin, L., 及 Oesterle, E. (2001)著。纽约和伦敦普雷斯特出版社。
结构工程与围护结构 | 61
 在ROI的计算公式中纳入人力资本因素从
很大程度上改变了计算结果。圣地亚哥大
学Burnham-Moores地产中心及CBRE进行的
研究表明，可持续建筑每年可减少2-5天的
生病时间，并能够提高4.8%的生产率。5 以
Gensler设计的、位于洛杉矶CBRE集团并获
Figure 3.29. Daylight evaluation for The Tower at PNC Plaza (Source: Gensler) 得Delos® Well™认证的办公项目为例，三年
图3.29. PNC广场塔楼自然采光评估（来源：Gensler) 的投资回报率达到360%，员工生产率增加
13%，平均每位员工每年福利为4000-8000
美元。6
value of an asset. But in doing so, this approach tends to overlook values that are more difficult
to measure in economic costs, values that have a direct impact on maximizing lease rates and
设计过程：重塑PNC高层塔楼的“基座”
maximizing occupancy rates. And it overlooks one of the most fundamental drivers of any
building project, and the most significant investment most companies make: human capital. PNC广场塔楼的设计过程为有关双层外立
面设计效用的争论开启了新的思路。项目
Expanding the ROI equation to factor in human capital, then, significantly changes the result.
目标最初定位为“世界上最绿色的高层建
Research conducted by the University of San Diego Burnham-Moores Center for Real Estate and
筑” 7。但这个目标带来的直接疑问是：这是
CBRE indicates that sustainably designed buildings reduce sick time by 2-5 days annually and
什么意思，如何衡量这个目标？团队给出
increase productivity by 4.8%.5 In the case of a Delos® Well™ certified office, the ROI is projected
的答案是，世界最绿色的高层建筑意味着
at 360% over 3 years, with a 13% increase in employee productivity and a $4-8k benefit per
在节能响应、办公场所创新、社区提升之
employee per year.6
间取得平衡，这为设计决策提供了标准（
见图3.29）。PNC主席和执行总裁James Rohr
Design Process: Reinventing the Chassis of a High-Rise at PNC Tower 先生的一段话也反应了上述标准，“PNC广
场塔楼是我们在匹兹堡城中心投资项目的
The process of designing the Tower at PNC Plaza opened new lines of inquiry into the debate
标杆，反应了我们对于社区、竞争力和创
around the efficacy of double façade design. The aspiration for the project, established at the
新，以及对员工舒适度和生产率所作出的
outset, is to be “the world’s greenest high-rise”.7 The immediate question this aspiration begs is
努力。”这些标准同时也为重新界定双层外
what does that mean, and how is it measured? The answer the team developed, that to be the
立面性能的争议话题提供了可能。
world’s greenest high-rise entails a balance of energy responsiveness, workplace innovation, and
community enhancement, provided criteria that guided decision making for the project (see 因而高性能建筑不是以用户体验和舒适性
Figure 3.29). These criteria were reflected in the words of PNC Chairman and then-CEO, James 之间相互妥协为代价提高效率，而是作为
Rohr, who said, “The Tower at PNC Plaza is an exclamation point on our investment in downtown 提升用户体验、促进社区发展和提高效率
Pittsburgh, and it reflects our commitment to community, competitiveness and innovation, as 的平台。用户体验和行为启发了建筑设
well as to the comfort and productivity of our employees.” What these criteria also afforded was 计，并推动技术融入到建成环境的建筑
the opportunity to redefine the terms of the debate about the performance of double façades. 中。

The notion of the high performance building was thus conceived not as a tradeoff between
user experience versus comfort to gain efficiency, but rather as a platform to enhance user
experience, improve the community, and achieve efficiency. User experience and behavior
inform the building design and the increasing integration of technology into the architecture of
the built environment.
5. Miller, N. and Pogue, D. (2009), “Do Green Buildings Make Dollars
and Sense?” San Diego: University of San Diego and Los Angeles:
CBRE. Available: http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/business/Do_
Green_Buildings_Make_Dollars_and_Sense_draft_Nov_6_2009.
pdf [June 1, 2014].
5. 摘自《绿色建筑的钱途与前途？》，Miller, N. 及 Pogue, D著.
(2009),圣地亚哥及洛杉矶大学CBRE出, 美国圣地亚哥。

Design Process: Reinventing the Chassis of a High-Rise at Shanghai Tower
The process of the design for Shanghai Tower illustrates a potential for double façades beyond
concerns with energy performance alone. The design aspiration for Shanghai Tower was to
build an icon of modern China that would be a landmark on the Shanghai skyline. “This tower is
symbolic of a nation whose future is filled with limitless opportunities,” said Mr. Qingwei Kong,
President of the Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd. The desire for a unique,
expressive form that would fulfill that mandate had to overcome the relentless inertia of gravity
and extreme wind loads caused by typhoons. The twisting, tapering form of the building,
6. Workplace Evolutionaries (2014),” WELL-Certified Workplaces.”
Houston: International Facilities Management Association.
Available: http://cdn.ifma.org/crec/webinars/ifma-webinar_
wellness-jan-2014.pdf?sfvrsn=0 [June 1, 2014]
6. 摘自《工作空间的进化》- 高认可度的工作空间，休斯敦国际
设施管理协会。（2014）
7. Belko, M. (2011), “PNC to build new ‘ecofriendly’ headquarters
Downtown,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 23. Available: http://
www.post-gazette.com/breaking/2011/05/23/PNC-to-build-new-
eco-friendly-headquarters-Downtown/stories/201105230200
[June 1, 2014].
7. 摘自《匹兹堡邮报》第五月二十三期报导：PNC将建造市区新
型环保总部， 作者Belko, M. （2011）

62 | Structural Engineering and Enclosure

defined by the outer façade, reduces wind loads by 24%, with a corresponding 32% reduction in 设计过程：重塑上海中心大厦的 “基座”
structural material. 除了节能性能，上海中心大厦的设计过程
In the case of Shanghai Tower, the design of the double façade was synthesized with the initial 还引发了人们对双层外立面其它方面的关
conception of the tower as a vertical city comprised by a series of stacked zones. This creates a 注。上海中心大厦的设计愿景为建成现代
spatial experience of the double façade that is unique, with a vertical layer of space separating 中国的一个标志建筑，组成上海天际线的
the inside and the outside. In addition, the double façade made it possible to create a unique 地标建筑。上海中心大厦建设开发有限公
and iconic form on the outside, while maintaining a rational, efficient, and repetitive floor 司董事长孔庆伟先生表示：“上海中心大厦
plan on the inside. The undulating layer of space between the façades defines the dynamic 是我们这个充满了无限未来的国家的符号
experience (see Figure 3.30). 象征。”为了满足该要求并赋予独特的外
Shanghai Tower is organized as nine cylindrical buildings stacked one atop another. The inner 形，必须克服重力的巨大惯性及台风引起
layer of the double-skin façade encloses the stacked buildings, while a triangular exterior 的极端风力荷载。由外层立面营造出的扭
layer creates the second skin, or building envelope, which gently rotates as it rises. The spaces 转锥形外形将风力荷载降低了24%，并相
between the two façade layers create nine atrium sky gardens. Much like plazas and civic squares 应地将结构材料的使用降低了32%。
in traditional cities, the sky atria offer spaces within Shanghai Tower for interaction and community 上海中心大厦的双层外立面设计与竖向城
with restaurants, cafés, coffee shops and convenience stores, as well as lush landscaping. 市的初步概念综合，包含了一系列竖向区

Design Tools: Simulations and Mockups

Figure 3.30. The vertical zones of Shanghai Tower organize the tower into a vertical city. (Source: Gensler)
图3.30. 上海中心的垂直分区让塔楼成为了垂直城市（来源：Gensler）

结构工程与围护结构 | 63
Figure 3.31. Comparison of predictive CFD modeling with mockup results. (Source: BuroHappold)
图3.31. 预测性CFD建模与模型结果比较（来源：BuroHappold）

Both projects established working hypotheses that built upon well known principles of air 间，营造出了独特的双层外立面内外层之
movement induced by thermal stack effect to achieve energy savings, and in the case of 间的竖向空间体验。除此之外，双层外立
The Tower at PNC Plaza, natural ventilation. To test these hypotheses, a rigorous regimen of 面使得在外层形成了独特的标志性外形的
simulations and mockups was put in place with the goal of cross-referencing mockups and 同时内层保持合理、高效及可复制的楼层
simulations for accuracy and predictability of performance. 平面布置成为可能。内外立面之间的空
The Tower at PNC Plaza 间波状层级提供了建筑的动感体验（见图
Examples of comparative data from simulations and mockups illustrate how the project goals 3.30）。
will be achieved, how design options were evaluated, and how variations can affect the building 上海中心大厦由九个圆柱形建筑彼此层叠
system and user comfort. For example, while it is possible to simulate design performance with 而成。双层外立面的内层将层叠的建筑围
CFD analysis, a physical mockup of certain pieces of the building provides valuable data that 合起来；三角形外层作为大楼的第二层立
can inform the design of the building. To fully vet the design of the Tower at PNC Plaza, multiple 面或建筑围护，随着高度的增加而小幅旋
simulations of the building and its detailed components were produced. Mockups were built 转。利用两层立面之间的空间营造了出九
in conjunction with these simulations in order to further inform the design. The comparison of 个中庭空中花园。与传统城市的购物广场
the output provides helpful insights into the tools used for evaluation, the design process itself, 或市民广场类似，上海中心大厦中的空中
and the functionality of the building. As an example of this reiterative process, wind tunnel test 中庭营造出了互动空间，以及包含餐厅、
result data was loaded back into the whole building CFD model to evaluate the effects of wind 咖啡馆、便利店及拥有繁茂景观的社区。
patterns on the ability of the building to naturally ventilate. As new data is received from the
continuous monitoring of the mockups, it is checked against the simulation for verification and
if necessary the simulation model and/or the mockup are adjusted and the process is repeated. 设计工具：模拟及模型
This effort seeks to improve the accuracy and predictability of the design result (see Figure 3.31). 两个项目均根据烟囱效应引发气流运动的
Shanghai Tower 公认原则建立工作设想，以达到节能以及
Extensive use was made of mockups and simulation to vet the design and its performance. In 自然通风的目的（后者在PNC广场塔楼中实
addition to whole building energy modeling, detailed CFD models of more discreet aspects of 现）。为了对这些设想进行测试，采用了
the project, such as an atrium of a 14-story zone, were completed to test and validate how air 严格的模拟及模型原则，用来实现模型及
flow would work (see Figure 3.32). The principle of thermal stack effect was employed to induce 模拟的相互参考，确保建筑性能的精确性
hot air to rise to the top of the atrium, thereby creating a cooler area at the bottom of the atrium 及预期性。
that would be comfortable where users occupy the space, without wasting energy trying to

64 | Structural Engineering and Enclosure

condition the entire height of the atrium.
Because Shanghai Tower does not include
natural ventilation, in contrast to the Tower
at PNC Plaza, the intricacies of air movement
were simpler to evaluate. Natural ventilation
must meet a minimum number of air changes
per hour but must also not exceed a certain
air velocity that would be experienced as
uncomfortable. Hitting that narrow window
is harder than predicting thermal stack effect,
so mockups of the thermal stack effect at
Shanghai Tower were not required, as CFD
modeling is able to reasonably accurately
predict how that air movement will work.
Design Results
The double façade at The Tower at PNC Plaza
operates in three modes: 1) passive natural
Figure 3.32. CFD analysis of the atrium between the façades at Shanghai Tower. (Source: Cosentini)
图3.32. 上海中心双层外立面间中庭CFD分析（来源：Cosentini）
PNC广场塔楼
从模拟及模型中获得的对比数据明确了项目目标实现方式、设计方案评估方法及变量
对建筑系统及用户舒适度的影响方式。例如，虽然可用CFD分析模拟设计性能，大楼特
定区域的实体模型也提供了大楼设计所需的宝贵数据。为了对PNC广场塔楼进行全面审
查，进行了多项大楼及其具体部位的模拟。此外，还建造了一些实体模型与模拟一起提
供设计所需信息。输出数据的对比为评估工具、设计流程及大楼功能提供了有用的洞
见。作为迭代过程的范例，风洞测试结果数据被重新载入整个大楼的CFD模型，用来评
估不同类型的风对大楼自然通风能力的影响。根据从实体模型持续监测获得的新数据，
对模拟进行审查核实，如有必要，将调整模拟或实体模型并重复该流程。该项工作旨在
提高设计结果的精确性及预期性。（见图3.31）
上海中心大厦
项目广泛采用了模型及模拟，以审查设计和性能。除了整合了大楼的能源建模，项目还
完成了更加精细的CFD模型（如14层高的中庭），以测试和核实气流的运动模式（见图3.32
）。基于烟囱效应原则，热空气升上中庭的顶部，而在用户使用的中庭底部产生凉爽空
间，无需浪费能源为整个中庭提供空调。由于上海中心大厦不含自然通风，因而与PNC
广场塔楼不同的是，其气流运动的精细评估更简单。自然通风必须满足每小时最低换气
次数，但不得超过导致不舒适的特定气流速度。这比烟囱效应的预测困难得多，因而上
海中心大厦无需为烟囱效应而做实体模型，CFD建模足以作为合理精确地预测气流的运
动的可行方式。
结构工程与围护结构 | 65
Figure 3.33. Modes of operation for the double façade at The Tower at PNC Plaza. (Source: Gensler)
图3.33. PNC广场塔楼双层外立面运作模式（来源：Gensler）

ventilation, 2) cooling, and 3) heating. In the passive natural ventilation mode both the inner
and outer layers of the façade are open, allowing fresh air to flow into the building. The user 设计结果
may also open a door on the inner façade, augmenting the flow of fresh air from outside. In the
cooling mode, the outer façade is open while the inner façade remains closed, thus shedding PNC广场塔楼的双层外立面以三种模式运
heat in the cavity back to the exterior. The sunshades in the interstitial space adjust throughout 作：1）被动自然通风；2）制冷；3）供暖。在
the day and season to prevent direct solar penetration, thereby eliminating solar heat gain into 被动自然通风模式下，外立面里外两层都
the interior space and dramatically lowering the cooling load of the building. In the heating 保持开启状态，外部新风得以流入建筑内
mode both layers of the façade remain closed, trapping the air in the cavity to create an 部。用户也可以开启内层上的门，加速室
additional layer of warm insulated air around the building. As the cavity temperature is naturally 外新风的流入。制冷模式下，外层保持开
warmed by the sun, the delta temperature between the cavity and the interior space is reduced, 启而内层保持关闭，因而将空间内的热量
in some cases completely, which directly reduces the heating load of the interior space of the 送回室外。内外层间的遮阳在季节及一天
building (see Figure 3.33). 的时间内不断调整以防止直接日晒，从而
消除了进入室内空间日照的热量，大大降
In numerous double façade precedents that were evaluated, the double façade acts as a return 低了建筑的冷负荷。在供暖模式下，两层
air path, an exhaust air path, and/or as an insulating buffer (see Figure 3.34). In those precedents 外立面都保持关闭状态，将空气锁定在两
that are user accessible, access tends to be limited to a few discreet locations and the user does 层外立面之间的空间内，在建筑周围形成
not gain an appreciation for how the façade operates based on their interaction with it through 了一层附加保温层。由于日照，中间空间
access. The goal of The Tower at PNC Plaza, therefore, was to bring the user experience to the 内的温度自然升高，外立面中间空间及室
forefront by allowing the user to access to the façade throughout the space, and by doing so 内空间的温度差减少，在某些情况下温差
in a way that user engagement will augment how the building is already operating. Thus when 减为零，这可直接降低建筑室内空间的热
the building is in natural ventilation mode, a user can open the door of the inner façade and feel 负荷（见图3.33）。
fresh air moving from outdoors into the space. When the building is in heating mode, a user can
step out into the cavity and feel a temperature differential to the interior space, either warmer or 在之前多个进行评估的双层外立面例子
cooler, that provides the effect of going outside for a breath of fresh air. While the double façade 中，双层外立面成为了回风路线、排风路
provides the most significant energy savings of any single system on the project, the amenity 线和/或隔热缓冲带（见图3.34）。在那些用
and experience it provides to building occupants, and their subsequent enjoyment of the 户可用的例子中，出入口多被限制在某些
workspace overall, is where the true ROI of the project is born out (see Figure 3.35). 特定位置，用户无法在与其互动的过程中
欣赏外立面的运作。因此，PNC广场塔楼
In the case of Shanghai Tower, the outdoor air quality precluded the use of natural ventilation in 的目标旨在优化用户体验，使用户在整个
the double façade, so the user experience focused on the spatial aspects of occupying a layer 空间都可以自由进出外立面间层，采用这

66  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

Figure 3.34. In numerous double façade precedents that were evaluated, the double façade acts as a return air path, an exhaust air path, and/or as an insulating buffer.
(Source: Gensler)
图3.34. 在之前多个进行评估的双层外立面例子中，双层外立面作为回风路线、排风路线和/或隔热缓冲带。（来源：Gensler）

of space that buffers indoor office space

from the true outdoors. This layer of space is
accessed on the amenity floors at each zone
of the tower. The double façade at Shanghai
Tower operates in two modes: summertime
cooling and wintertime heating. In summer
months, the atrium cavity of the double
façade captures heat before it penetrates the
interior environment, and sheds this heat back
to the exterior. In winter months, this heat is
recaptured and used to heat the interior of the
floor plates. These two modes of operation
provide significant energy savings to the
building while also allowing for the use of an
entirely glass façade which in turn provides
daylight to the interior, reducing reliance on
electric lighting and further saving energy (see Figure 3.35. The user enjoyment of the double façade amenity at The Tower at PNC Plaza is central to its design.
Figure 3.36). (Source: Gensler)
图3.35. PNC广场塔楼双层外立面带来的用户享受为其设计核心。（来源：Gensler）
While these energy savings are significant
and help to pay for the added first cost of the
double façade, like The Tower at PNC Plaza,
the real ROI for Shanghai Tower is borne out
by the unique spatial experience created by
the double façade. The amenity floor where
the double façade is experienced is also the
transfer floor between express elevators that
serve the whole building and local elevators
serving the 14 stories within a particular
zone. The amenity levels are programmed

结构工程与围护结构 | 67
     
with functions that users access daily, such as small shops for coffee or lunch, as well as casual 种方式可让用户参与促进建筑已有的运作
gathering areas around landscaping that give the sense of stepping outdoors without actually 方式。因而，当建筑处于自然通风模式下
having to traverse the entire height of the building. Beneath the amenity floors are the required 时，用户可以打开内外立面的门，感受新
fire refuge areas, mechanical areas, and structural outrigger and belt trusses. Thus, the double 鲜空气从室外流入室内。在供暖模式下，
façade at Shanghai Tower integrates and synthesizes energy benefits, vertical transportation, 用于可以步入两层外立面之间的空间内，
fire and life safety requirements, mechanical planning, and structural design, all while providing 感受与室内空间不一样的温度，更暖或更
users with additional amenities and an experience that is unique in the world of high-rise 凉，从而给用户一种走出门呼吸新鲜空气
buildings (see Figure 3.37). 的别样感受。双层外立面在为项目提供了
Material Selections 最有成效的单一节能子系统的同时，还为
Material selection is an integral part of both performance and supporting the qualitative aspects 用户带来舒适及独特体验，用户对整个工
of user experience. The use of highly transparent glass over an entire façade would not normally 作场所的日益喜爱才是项目投资最为重要
be possible for large scale projects with increasingly stringent energy code requirements 的回报（见图3.35）。
and in the case of these two projects would seem to compete directly with the sustainability 在上海中心项目中，不理想的室外空气质
aspirations. Yet the benefits of providing users with access to daylight and views, and reducing 量妨碍了双层外立面采用自然通风模式，
energy demand by using daylight to offset electric lighting, all give ample support to the desire 因此在该项目中，用户体验重点在于打造
to use large expanses of glass. In the case of The Tower at PNC Plaza, another material example 室内办公空间与真正户外间的空间体验。
is the use of a wood curtain wall that offsets embodied carbon content, while supporting the 在塔楼每个区的配套层都可通往该层空
间。上海中心双层外立面以两种模式运作：

Figure 3.36. Modes of operation for the double façade at Shanghai Tower. (Source: Cosentini)
图3.36.上海中心双层外立面运作模式（来源：Cosentini）

68  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

 夏季制冷及冬季供暖。在炎炎夏日，双层
幕墙的中庭空间在热量进入室内环境前将
其隔离在这一空间内，并让热量流回室
外。在冬天，双层外立面间的空间同样留
住这一热量，并将其用于室内楼板供暖。
这两个运作模式为大楼节约了很多能源，
因此可以采用全玻璃幕墙，而这为建筑室
内提供了良好的自然采光，减少了对电力
照明的依赖，从而进一步节约能源（见图
3.36）。
如同PNC广场塔楼，这些节能措施意义深
远，同时弥补了双层外立面的额外初期成
本；上海中心的真正投资回报就是双层外立
面打造的独特空间体验。进入双层外立面
的配套层同时也是快速电梯（服务于整栋
大楼）与区间电梯（服务于某一区内的14个
楼层）间的转换楼层。配套层提供满足用户
日常需求的功能，如小型咖啡店或餐厅，
同时还设有景观围绕的休闲聚会区，在无
需穿过整个建筑高度的情况下给人一种步
入户外的感觉。配套层下方为要求的避难
区、设备区、结构悬臂梁及带状桁架。因
此，上海中心大厦的双层外立面结合了能
源效益、垂直交通、消防与生命安全、机
电规划及结构设计，这一切为用户提供了
额外的世界高层建筑中独一无二的舒适和
体验（见图3.37）。
材料选择
材料选择是建筑性能表现及提高用户体验
方面必不可少的一部分。在节能规范要求
越来越严格，且这两个项目都旨在按照可
持续设计推进的情况下，这类大体量项目
整个外立面都采用高度透明的玻璃一般是
不可能的。然而，这样做可以为用户提供
阳光与开阔视野，同时自然采光能够减少
因电力照明带来的能源消耗，这些好处为
Figure 3.37. The user enjoyment of the double façade space at Shanghai Tower is central to its design. (Source: Gensler)
图3.37. 上海中心双层外立面空间带来的用户享受为其设计核心。（来源：Gensler） 设法实现大范围玻璃的采用提供了充分的

结构工程与围护结构 | 69
     
community with locally sourced materials and providing users with a unique and enhanced 依据。在PNC广场塔楼项目中，另一个材
experience. 料例子就是利用木制幕墙抵消产生的碳含
量，这样不仅实现了就地取材，而且为用
Quantifying User Experience 户提供更好、更独特的体验。

User experience is by definition a qualitative metric. It can be challenging, therefore, to identify

suitable quantitative measurements to evaluate the quality of user experience. Nevertheless, 量化用户体验
in studies that have been done within controlled environments, such as call centers, there is a 从定义来看，用户体验为一项定性指标。
noticeable improvement in performance when users are provided access to daylight and the 确定合适的定量方法进行用户体验评估是
ability to control the temperature. In a study published in Fast Company, May 2011, a range of 极具挑战性的。然而，受控环境（如客服
1–11% increase in productivity was reported where occupants were given access to natural 中心）中进行的研究表明，在为用户提供采
ventilation.10 A Cornell University study measured a 150% increase in typing output along with 光及温度控制权的情况下，工作表现有了
a 44% reduction of errors when office temperature was allowed to fluctuate from 68°F up to 明显提高。10《快速公司》2011年5月刊发
77°F.11 Companies too are recognizing the value of health and wellness programs for employee 行的一个研究报告表明，在为用户提供自
retention and engagement. In a study by The National Business Group from 2012, 48% of 然通风的情况下，生产力可提高1–11%11。
companies plan to use incentives to get workers involved in wellness in 2013, and there is a 29% 康奈尔大学的一项研究表明，办公室内温
increase in employee satisfaction in a sustainably designed environment.12 度允许在68°F-77°F之间波动时，员工打字
速度提高了150%，同时错误减少了44%。
Conclusion 同样，各个公司都意识到健康保健计划对
Taken together, Shanghai Tower and The Tower at PNC Plaza posit a unique hypothesis in the 于员工留任及员工参与方面的价值。全国
world of double façade design: that in order to fully ascertain the benefits of a proposed double 企业集团（The National Business Group）2012
façade design, any evaluation must take into account more than just energy. Saving energy is 年做出的一项研究表明，48%的公司计划
of paramount importance, but alone this goal cannot justify the cost of many double façade 在2013年采用各种激励措施鼓励员工参与
proposals. When factoring in human experience, however, the equation changes, tipping the 健康计划，同时，在可持续设计环境中，
balance in favor of façade design that achieves high sustainability aspirations and provides 员工满意度提升了29%12。
unique user experiences.
结论
总之，上海中心及PNC广场塔楼在双层外
立面设计领域提出了一个独一无二的设想：
为确定双层外立面设计带来的好处，应考
虑对所有方面的评估，而不仅仅是能源。
节能是至关重要的，但仅凭节能这一项无
法为众多双层外立面提案提供成本的解
释。但在考虑用户体验因素时，等式变化
了，天平倾向于能达成高度可持续性同时
提供独特用户体验的立面设计。

10. Center for the Built Environment (2007), “The Impact of Ventilation on Productivity.” Available: http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/
briefs-ventilation.htm [June 1, 2014] and Schwartz, A. (2011), “3 Office Fixes That Will Increase Employee Productivity,” Fast Company, May
5. “Available: http://www.fastcompany.com/1751527/3-office-fixes-will-increase-employee-productivity [June 1, 2014]
10. 摘自《中心建筑环境》之 通风对工作效率的影响。 摘自《快速公司》五月刊 - 提高职员工作效率的办公室三措施，Schwartz, A.
2011年
11. Hedge, A. (2004), “Linking Environmental Conditions to Productivity.” Ithaca: Cornell University. Available: http://ergo.human.cornell.
edu/Conferences/EECE_IEQ%20and%20Productivity_ABBR.pdf [June 1, 2014]
11. 摘自《环境条件连接生产力》 Hedge, A.著。伊萨卡， 康奈尔大学出版。
12. National Business Group on Health (2012), “Large Employers’ 2013 Health Plan Design Survey.” Available: http://media.benefitspro.com/
benefitspro/article/2012/08/06/2013%20Plan%20Design%20Survey%20Report_FINAL.pdf [June 1, 2014].
12. 摘自全国卫生业务集团《大型企业雇主》 之2013健康计划设计调查。

70  |  Structural Engineering and Enclosure

References 参考文献
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (2009), ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals, Atlanta: ASHRAE, pp. 25

Belko, M. (2011), “PNC to Build New ‘Ecofriendly’ Headquarters Downtown,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 23. Available: http://www.post-gazette.com/
breaking/2011/05/23/PNC-to-build-new-eco-friendly-headquarters-Downtown/stories/201105230200 [June 1, 2014].

Center for the Built Environment (2007), “The Impact of Ventilation on Productivity.” Available: http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/briefs-ventilation.htm
[June 1, 2014] and Schwartz, A. (2011), “3 Office Fixes That Will Increase Employee Productivity,” Fast Company, May 5. “Available: http://www.fastcompany.
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Delos Living LLC (2013), “WELL Building Standard® Executive Summary.” New York: Delos Living LLC. Available: http://nowinteractive.net/delos-downloads/
WBS-Executive%20Summary-Apr2014.pdf [June 1, 2014].

Hedge, A. (2004), “Linking Environmental Conditions to Productivity.” Ithaca: Cornell University. Available: http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/Conferences/
EECE_IEQ%20and%20Productivity_ABBR.pdf [June 1, 2014]

Huesler, W., Lieb, R.D., Martin, L., and Oesterle, E. (2001), Double-Skin Façades: Integrated Planning. New York and London: Prestel Verlag.

Investopedia, “Return on Investment.” Available: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/returnoninvestment.asp [June 1, 2014].

Miller, N. and Pogue, D. (2009), “Do Green Buildings Make Dollars and Sense?” San Diego: University of San Diego and Los Angeles: CBRE. Available: http://
catcher.sandiego.edu/items/business/Do_Green_Buildings_Make_Dollars_and_Sense_draft_Nov_6_2009.pdf [June 1, 2014].

National Business Group on Health (2012), “Large Employers’ 2013 Health Plan Design Survey.” Available: http://media.benefitspro.com/benefitspro/
article/2012/08/06/2013%20Plan%20Design%20Survey%20Report_FINAL.pdf [June 1, 2014].

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011), “World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision Highlights.” New
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Workplace Evolutionaries (2014),”WELL-Certified Workplaces.” Houston: International Facilities Management Association. Available: http://cdn.ifma.org/crec/
webinars/ifma-webinar_wellness-jan-2014.pdf?sfvrsn=0 [June 1, 2014]

结构工程与围护结构 | 71
     
4.0 Environmental Controls and Safety
环境控制与生命安全
Introduction of MEP Technologies
机电关键技术简介
Zhenghong Liu, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
刘正红, 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司

This chapter explains that, in addition to Shanghai Tower’s peculiar height and unique architectural style, the project also targets a Green 3-Star
and a LEED Gold certification. The complexity of its electromechanical system required advanced technology to create sufficient energy for
the tower. The chapter endeavors to display the commercial use of the building space and how rigorous solutions to the electromechanical
systems are required. Further, the management of system integration control and the application of BIM to electromechanical detailed design
is elaborated upon.

本文简单介绍了上海中心大厦项目因其特有的高度和独特的建筑造型，及绿色三星和LEED金奖的建设目标设定，其机电系统的庞
大和复杂性，运用了较多的先进机电技术和可持续发展能源；为确保建筑空间的最大商业化有效利用，对机电系统提出的更高更苛
刻要求的解决办法，包括特殊设备制造、系统集成控制管理、机电深化设计BIM运用等。

The project establishes a high and a low energy center. The high energy center area employs 上海中心大厦项目占地面积30368平方米，
a conventional centrifugal refrigeration unit system while the low energy center area is in the 建筑面积574058平方米，其中地上总建筑
form of multi-cold source. This includes cooling-heating-power system, conventional electric 面积约410139平方米，主体建筑结构高度
refrigeration system, ground-source heat pump system, and ice storage system. 为580米，总高度632米。项目共设高、低
The electro-mechanical system of the Shanghai Tower is particularly complex due to the tower’s 区两个能源中心，高区能源中心采用常规
height and unique architectural style (see Figure 4.1). The design of the electro-mechanical 的离心式制冷机组系统，低区能源中心采
system applies advanced technology to sustainably generate energy because it strives for 用多冷源的形式，包括三联供系统、常规
a Green 3-Star and a LEED Gold Award. The heightened commercial use of the building 电制冷系统、地源热泵系统与冰蓄冷系统
space puts forward higher requirements on the electro-mechanical system. The introduction 等。
mainly includes the design and the manufacturing of ultra-silent: air handling units, ice 上海中心大厦项目因其特有的高度和独特
storage systems, CPMS-Energies Management Systems, cooling-heating-power supply 的建筑造型（见图4.1），使其机电系统尤
systems, sewage treatment reuse systems, integrated power supervisory systems, special 为庞大和复杂，又因建设项目的绿色三星
lighting designs, BIM applications of electro-mechanical detailed designs, along with special 和LEED金奖的目标设定，机电系统设计
construction schemes and technologies. 和运用了更多的先进技术和可持续发展能
源，建筑空间的最大商业化利用，对机电
系统提出了更高的要求，本次简介主要
The Design and Manufacturing of Ultra-Silent Air Handling Units 包括超静音空调箱的设计和制造、冰蓄冷
Top grade office floors in Shanghai Tower are located in Zones 2–6. The maximum area of 系统、CPMS-多能源控制系统、三联供系
the floors cover 4,600 square meters. The minimum area is 2,400 square meters, and most of 统、中水处理回用系统、电力综合监管系
the stories are 4.5 meters in height. The depth of beam is about 700mm. There is 150 mm 统、特殊灯光设计、机电深化设计BIM运
raised flooring setting requiring 3-meter ceiling heights. The space for the electro-mechanical 用、机电特殊施工方案和技术等。
pipeline inside the ceiling is limited. The layout of the core tube is a nine-rectangle-grid, while
the effective usable space of office conforms to an annular plane layout. Vertical elevators
of each district are set up in a nine-rectangle-grid core tube and the rooms and shafts of 超静音空调箱的设计和制造
electromechanical equipment are intensively arranged along the core tube. Consequently, 上海中心的高档办公区位于2—6区，其
the core tube limits the space and area reserved for mechanical and electrical equipment. The 中最大的一层的楼面使用面积约4600平方
air conditioning facilities and large office spaces and corridors are separated by only a wall, 米，最小一层约2400平方米，大部分层高
which saves space. In order to meet the required building’s energy efficiency quota, many 为4.5米，梁高约700毫米左右, 室内设置
interventions occurred. For instance, Shanghai Tower maximizes utilization ratios of architectural 150毫米高架空地板，室内净高要求做到

74  |  Environmental Controls and Safety


Figure 4.1. The Shanghai Tower has a unique architectural
style and significant height, especially compared to the
surrounding buildings. (Source: Gensler)
图 4.1 与周边建筑相比，上海中心大厦具有独特的建筑
风格与出众的高度 （来源：Gensler）
space and indoor story heights, and an all air
VAV conditioning system. Since the indoor
noise is required to be less than 45 decibels,
noise elimination equipment is installed in
the machine room and air blast ducts. By and
large, the aforementioned measures still fail to
meet the requirements of noise elimination.
Thus, in the stage of equipment tendering, we
put forward a highly rigorous test requirement
for the noise of floor air handling units and
air conditioning facilities. Also, we instated a
more severe manufacturing requirement on
the boundary dimensions of air conditioning
units in order to also meet the needs for air
conditioning room spaces.
We proposed the manufacturing of ultra-
silent air handling units too. In the stage of
design bidding, we evaluated noise levels
of the units by testing the prototype’s noise
spectrum eight times according to the noise
evaluation standard Nc40 values. Jiangsu
Feng Shen won this prototype testing that
was held as a public bidding process. Jiangsu
was then able to manufacture units for the
Shanghai Tower. The noise of the ultra-silent
air handling unit adopted by Shanghai Tower
has been reduced so substantially that they
produce no more than 15 db (A).
3.0米，吊顶内留给机电管线的空间十分有限；核心筒为九宫格布局，办公有效使用面积
呈环形平面布局，九宫格核心筒内设置了各区大量的垂直电梯，楼层机电设备用房及竖
井只能集中沿核心筒周边布置，留作机电设备用房的空间和面积十分有限；空调机房与
大空间办公室或走廊仅一墙之隔，为超常规设计；为了满足建筑节能、建筑环境噪声、
建筑空间的最大利用率、室内层高等等要求，空调系统采用全空气VAV内外分区变风量
空调系统，吊顶回风，设定的室内噪声值要求是达到NC40以下，即45分贝左右；因层高
和空间的限制，导致机房及送回风管路均无法设置通用消声设备，无法满足常规消声要
求。 故在设备招标阶段，我们对系统噪声的源头即楼层空气处理机组及空调机房的噪声
提出了较高的测试要求，对空调机组的外形尺寸等，提出了较为严苛的制造要求，以满
足机房有限空间的要求。
我们提出的办公区超静音空调箱的制造和招标要求，是根据噪声评价Nc40标准，制定了
机组8倍频谱的噪声值及样机检测要求；在公开招标的样机检测中，最后的中标商（江苏
风神）定向加工制造的超静音空调箱设备的各项技术指标已基本达到业主及设计要求。
对比国家标准GB/T14294-2008《组合式空调机组声压计噪声限值【db(A)】》，上海中心
采用的超静音空调箱机外设备噪声已大幅度降低了约15db（A）以上。
CPMS-多能源控制管理系统
上海中心大厦作为超高层地标式建筑，体量大能耗大，节能降耗形势严峻，因此，如何
降低项目在运行使用中的空调能耗，是我们面临的一个重要问题。本项目采用了中央能
源管理控制系统（CPMS），有效实现空调负荷的准确预测和最大化的节能运行要求，使
得空调各能源系统以运行费用最省、最节能、最优化模式运行，达到大厦整体节能降耗
目的。
本项目高区能源中心采用常规的离心式制冷机组，低区能源中心采用多能源空调制冷制
热系统，包括冰蓄冷系统、地源热泵系统、二次泵系统、免费冷源系统、三联供、常规
离心式制冷机组，锅炉。冷热源设备包括：
• 热水型吸收式溴化锂机组
• 常规离心式制冷机组
• 双工况离心式机组
• 螺杆式地源热泵机组
• 燃气内燃发电机组
• 燃气蒸汽锅炉
CPMS中央能源管理控制系统的运行策略包括以下几个方面：
• 三联供系统的最佳组成及该系统之全年运行策略。
• 蒸汽锅炉及其配套设施的最佳组成，及该系统全年运行策略。
• 常规电制冷系统及其配套设施的最佳组成，及该系统全年运行策略。
• 冰蓄冷系统及其配套设施的最佳组成，及该系统全年运行策略。
• 热泵系统的组成及全年运行策略。
• 冷却塔采用集中控制，能够满足不同的设备的散热租户冷却水系统以及实施过渡
季节免费供冷等需求的运行策略。
以上各能源系统、机组，通过能源管理以及冷热源机房监测与控制系统，简称为CPMS系
统，对本项目的能源进行集中管理和控制。CPMS系统的控制目标：其一是系统能稳定可
靠地提供大楼各部分需要的冷量；其二是在此基础上依据各系统特性，实现优化组合，
达到运行费用最省的最优策略。系统最终的控制指标是根据不同室外条件、不同负荷需
环境控制与生命安全 | 75
 求、不同设备运行效率、不同时段、不同
能源价格等因素条件下，力求能源投入与
能源产出的最佳效益。
系统招标为系统集成招标，包括双工况
离心式冷水机组（YORK）、CPMS控制系统
（Johnson Controls）及深化设计等。

Figure 4.2. The Shanghai Tower building envelope (Source: Gensler)

图 4.2. 上海中心大厦建筑表皮（来源：Gensler） 冰蓄冷系统
作为主要调峰填谷手段，上海中心空调系
CPMS- Central Energy Management Control System 统设计采用了冰蓄冷系统，实现低温送
As a supertall landmark building, Shanghai Tower will have a large volume and even larger 风，节省水风输送系统的投资和能耗，具
energy consumption. The situation of energy-saving and cost-reduction is grim. Therefore, 有应急冷源、空调可靠性高、供冷启动时
reducing the amount of energy consumption in use for this project is an important challenge 间短（只需15-20分钟即可达到所需温度，
that we are faced with. The project uses a central energy management control system (CPMS) 常规系统约需1小时）等特点，系统共选用
to monitor the air conditioning load and forecast management demand. This system optimizes 3台空调制冷量为1800RT的双工况制冷主
each subsystem’s operation to achieve heightened energy-saving and cost-reduction. 机，总蓄冰容量为26400RTh；采用间接融冰
钢盘管式分量内融冰串联式系统，该系统
High central areas employ conventional centrifugal refrigeration unit systems and low central
的特点是节能、易控制；系统可以实现：单
areas employ a multi-cold source. This includes an ice storage system, a ground-source heat
制冰（双工况主机制冰）工况、 单融冰（蓄
pump system, a secondary pumping system, a free cold-source system, a cooling-heating-
冰装置单独融冰供冷）工况、 单供冷（双工
power supply system, and a boiler.
况主机单独供冷）工况）、联合供冷（双工
• Cold and heat source equipments consist of lithium-bromide absorption heating units 况主机+蓄冰装置联合供冷）工况；乙二醇
• A conventional centrifugal refrigeration unit, 循环泵采用变频控制，满足各个工况运行
• A dual operating conditioning centrifugal unit 要求。冰蓄冷系统的主要运行原则：低谷
电时开足主机制冰，高峰电时不开或者少
• Screwing ground source heat pump units
开双工况制冷主机，并尽可能减少主机的
• Gas generating sets with internal combustion 启停次数，确保前一天的蓄冰量能够在次
• Gas steam boilers 日白天的供冷中全部融完。主机开启时尽
Operational strategies of the CPMS or the Central Energy Management Control System, includes 可能让其在高负荷率下运行，提高系统效
the following aspects: 率，具体运行由CPMS系统给出指令。

• Optimizing the composition of the combined cooling, heating, and power systems with 冰蓄冷控制系统作为一个相对独立的控制
combined operational system 系统，可以对整套冰蓄冷系统的所有设备
进行控制，完成冰蓄冷各模式的运行与切
• Refrigeration system consisting of steam boilers with combined operational strategy
换，保证按照CPMS发来的指令及要求运
• General Electric refrigeration system with combined operational strategy 行；可以随时向CPMS系统通过通讯方式提
• Ice storage systems and the optimally combined operational strategy 供所有参数，CPMS系统对冰蓄冷控制系统
• The composition of the heat pump system and combined operational strategy 的数据进行采集、显示、存储、分析，并
对冰蓄冷控制系统发送系统运行命令。
系统招标为系统集成招标，即包括双工况

76  |  Environmental Controls and Safety

 • The cooling tower adopts centralized controls of an operational strategy of heat 离心式冷水机组（YORK）、蓄冰装置（BAC）
dissipation and water cooling systems that meet the requirements of different 、乙二醇泵、冷却水泵、板换冷冻水泵、
equipments, allowing for free cooling in the off-season 电气与自控系统 （华源）及深化设计等。
All energy systems and units mentioned above monitor and control the systems energy
consumption. In short, the CPMS system aims to centralize management and control energy
三联供系统
consumption for this project. Control targets of the CPMS system include: providing each
part of building with required cold energy, realizing the optimum combination of units and 根据绿色三星及LEED金奖要求，本项目设
systems, and providing the optimal strategy to reduce operational costs. The basis of the final 计采用了三联供系统，由2台1.1MW燃气内
control indexes are the outdoor conditions. The basis of the control will also control various load 燃机发电机组+2台1000kW热水型溴化锂
demands, equipment operation efficiency, different time frames, and energy prices. The CPMS 机组+2台1300kW级板式热水型换热器+自
will always strive for the optimal energy input and output. 动化控制及其相应的配套系统构成。 系统
开机状态的年平均负荷率为95%，系统开
System bidding included a dual operating centrifugal chiller (YORK), CPMS control system
机状态的年平均能源利用率为80%左右（发
(Johnson Controls) and deepening design amongst others.
电效率约40%，余热利用率约45.8%）。每
天按16小时运行，每天启动时间为6:00，
Ice Storage System 每天停机时间为22:00，全年运营335天以
上。 系统年均发电量约为1072万kWh ，年
The design of Shanghai Tower’s air conditioning system adopts an ice storage system. This
均供冷量约为893万KW，年均供热量约为
achieves a supply of air at low temperature, saving investment and water consumption. With
328万KW。年节约标准煤约1098吨/年；年
the features of an emergency cold source and a high reliability of air conditioning, the set-up
减排CO2约6277吨/年。
time of cooling is short, requiring only 15-20 minutes to reach the required temperature. Typical
systems usually take an hour. The systems select from three dual-operating chiller units. The 天燃气冷热电三联供又称为天然气分布式
refrigerating capacity of the air conditioner is 1,800 RT with a total ice storage capacity of 26,400 能源，在国际上发展迅速，在我国目前天
Rth. By adopting an indirect ice-melting steel disc tube component that melts ice internally 然气分布式能源尚处于起步阶段，建站数
there is increased energy saving and ease of control. The most efficient operating conditions are 量有限，保持三联供设备有效运行的更
created by efficiently pumping ethylene-glycol through an elaborate air conditioning system. 有限；其最主要的行业难点是系统集成问
Parts of this system include single ice-maker chiller units alongside an ice-melting device. Also 题，三联供主要设备发电机的国际供应商
included is an ice-storage system teamed with a dual operating conditioning unit. The system 仅提供单机设备，不提供系统集成工作，
in its entirety is primarily operated with low Ebb electricity without opening peak electricity. 其他配套设备如溴化锂机组、换热器等，
This system paired with dual operating conditioner units results in less frequent switching on 大部分为国产化采购，故完整系统的系统
and off ensuring that the previous day of ice could then be melted for the following day of 集成及控制，需依靠设备供应商或系统集
cooling. The CPMS system will then inform the system when operated under a high loading rate, 成商来自主研发完成，需要的系统集成能
again, improving efficiency. 力主要体现在：系统设计、系统安装、运营
管理三个方面，难点主要是需求侧负荷预
The CPMS system will allow an ice storage system to operate rather independently. The CPMS
测，燃料、电、热、冷供给匹配、适用、
will continue to update itself with the latest parameters. It will then continuously collect,
连续及稳定性等，成为了该系统在能源经
illustrate, store, and analyze the data on a regular basis. In turn, the system will always be
济效率、能源利用效率、能源环境效率三
running at peak efficiency.
方面影响项目成败的关键因素，也直接关
System bidding is an integrated bidding system that includes a dual operating condition 系到本项目的三联供系统能否正常、稳定
centrifugal chiller (YORK), ice storage device, ethylene-glycol pump, cooling water pump, 运行。
transformation chilled water pump, electric and automatic control system (Hua Yuan) and a
本项目对三联供系统的另一个专项要求
deepening design.
是减震降噪，现系统设备配置的机房内
噪声达到<78db（A）；机房外及控制室噪声
Cooling-Heating-Power Supply System <60db（A），已基本满足并超出业主技术规
格要求。
In line with the requirements of attaining both a Green 3-Star and a LEED Gold certification,
the design of this project utilizes a cooling-heating-power supply system made of two sets 三联供系统作为本项目低区能源中心一种
of 1.1MW gas internal combustion generating sets in addition to 2 sets of 1000KW lithium- 相对独立运行的能源使用子系统，需同时
bromide heating unit. Further there are 2 sets of 1300kW grade plate type thermal water heat 与能源中心的CPMS系统保持联系和通讯沟
exchangers, automatic controls and a corresponding auxiliary system. The average annual load

环境控制与生命安全 | 77
     
rate of the system powered on is 95% of the average annual energy efficiency of about 80% (the 通，根据CPMS系统指令供应冷热，并在
generating efficiency is about 40% and the waste heat utilization is about 45.8%). The system 指定的时段内开启，与其他子系统联合运
runs from 6:00 to 22:00, or 16 hours per day, for 335 days of the year. Average annual output of 行。上海中心三联供系统采用EMC合同能
the system is about 10.72 million kWh, with an average annual cooling capacity of about 8.93 源管理方式，合作方是中船重工（上海）新
million KW. The average annual amount of heating is about 3.28 million KW saving 1,098 tons of 能源有限公司（原：上海齐耀新能源技术有
standard coal per year and roughly 6,277 tons of Carbon dioxide per year. 限公司）
Electrically heated and chilled water congeneration, also known as natural gas distributed
energy, is developing rapidly in the world. The distributed energy resource of natural gas is still 中水处理回用系统
in its infantile stages in China. The quantity for the site is limited. To keep the combined cooling
and heating power equipment effectively operating is much more limiting and is the main 为基本满足国家绿色建筑三星标准要求，
difficulty of the system integration. The international supplier of CCHP equipment generators 上海中心大厦酒店住宿功能区的非传统水
only provide a single machine unit. System integration is not available. Other equipment, such 源利用率不应低于25%，商务办公功能区
as lithium bromide sets and heat exchangers are procured domestically. Therefore, the system 非传统水源利用率不应低于40%。为此，
integration and control of the complete system is reliant upon the independent research 上海中心大厦设计方案充分利用各类优质
and development of the equipment suppliers or system integrators. The abilities of system 杂排水和全部可收集的屋面、广场雨水资
integration are mainly reflected in its design, installation, operation, and management. The main 源，作为建筑杂用水水源，处理后回用于
difficulty of the system is the load forecasting demand, fuel consumption, electricity, heating and 地下室车库冲洗、室外水景补水、室外绿
cooling supply equilibrium, application, succession, and stability. These all became the three key 化浇灌、冲厕等非人体直接接触用水。
factors affecting the project success or not. Further, the economic efficiency, energy use efficiency, 中水回用系统共设三套废水原水处理系
and the energy environmental efficiency is also directly related the project’s success. 统，分别置于L66层一套和B5层两套，其
Another requirement for a combined cooling and heating power system in the project is the 中L66层原水处理系统负责收集并处理L66
damping and noise reduction. Now, the noise of the machine room that is set by system 层—L121层中水原水，B5层原水处理系统
equipment reaches to less than 78 db (A) while the noise of outside the room and control 负责收集处理L65层—B5层中水原水，前者
room reaches to less than 60 db (A). The noise levels now meet and exceed the technical 处理出水主要用作厕所冲洗水，后者1#中
specifications of the owner. 水处理系统出水用于冲厕外，还将用于地
面冲洗、洗车，2#中水处理系统用于水景
Combined cooling, heating, and power systems, such as the energy-use subsystem of the lower 补水、绿化浇灌等。
energy center in the project, are relatively independent operations. At the same time it needs
to keep in touch with the energy center CPMS system and communication, supplying heating 中水处理工艺（同济建设科技）：生活污
and cooling according to the CPMS system’s instructions. The combined cooling and heating 水--消能水池--格栅井--调节池--MBR池--消
system and the Shanghai Tower’s power system adopts an EMC contract energy management 毒--中水箱--加压至用户；MBR池采用膜分离
mode. The partner is CSIC (Shanghai) new Energy Co., Ltd. (formerly: Shanghai JiYao new energy 活性污泥法，材质：PVDF，孔径：0.4um，
technology co., LTD.). 外径：2.8mm。
雨水回用系统共设四套雨水处理系统，分
别置于L66层一套和B5层三套，其中L66层
Sewage Treatment Re-Use Systems 雨水处理系统负责收集并处理L66层—L121
In order to meet the requirements of the National Green Building Three-Star Standard, the non- 层雨水原水，B5层雨水处理系统负责收集
traditional water resource utilization ratio of functional areas should not be less than 25% for 处理L65层—B3层雨水，前者处理出水主要
Shanghai Tower Hotel. Non-traditional water resource utilization ratios of business offices should 用作厕所冲洗水，后者处理出水用于冲厕
not be less than 40%. Therefore, the design scheme of Shanghai Tower makes full use of all kinds 外，还将用于地面冲洗、洗车等。
of high-quality miscellaneous drainages that captures rainwater into a “grey water” system, or 雨水处理工艺（同济建设科技）：雨水收
a system that captures rainwater to be used only for activities where the water does not come 集--消能水池--调节池--盘式过滤器--消
into contact with the human body. Examples of grey water usage would be construction water 毒--中水箱--加压至用户；盘式过滤器过滤
consumption, basement garage washing after processing, irrigation, toilet-flushing, etc. 精度：55um；清洗方式：内源反洗；清洗周
The sewage reuse system establishes three sets of waste and raw water treatment. Respectively, 期：2Hr。
1 set is in the L66 layer and 2 sets are in the B5 layer. The raw water treatment system of the L66
layer is responsible for collecting and processing the recycled and raw water of the L66 - L121
layers. The raw water treatment system of the B5 layer is responsible for the collecting and 电力综合监管系统
processing of recycled and raw water from L65-B5 layers. The former deposed water is mainly

78  |  Environmental Controls and Safety

 Name 名称 Location 位置 Quantity 数量 Illustration 说明 上海中心大厦供电系统包括：110kV/10kV
Two routes 110KV incoming line 变电所、应急发电机房、三联供发电机
两路110kV进线 房、10kV/0.4kV变电所、风力发电机组等，
110kV/10kV Main Substation
主变电所
B1/B2 1 Two sets 40MVA main transformer两台 供电系统采用总变-分变的模式，以减少线
40MVA主变
缆和强电井的占用面积，从而减少公摊面
积（见表4.1）。
Emergency generator room
B1 1 10kV, 0.4kV
应急发电机房 供电系统的特点是建筑物高、负荷大、设
Combined cooling heating 备多、电源多、不同功能竖向分区多；对电
and power generator room B2 1 10kV 力系统的控制策略、继电保护装置的合理
三联供发电机房
性、多个配电分区的日常运行管理等，提
10kV/0.4kV B1 Underground地下：6个 出了较高要求。我们设计并招标采用了大
楼电力综合监管系统（电能管理系统/南京
Substation 变电所
B2 天溯），分变电所进行就地控制和区域管
理，总变进行集中监管。对高压电力自动
B3 化系统进行继电保护、全电量检测、遥控
和运行监测等；对低压电力自动化系统进行
First section Overground地上：8个
1 全电量检测、遥控、运行监测等；对ATS、
一区 6F
应急发电机控制系统提供决策支持；对风力
Second section二区 20F 1 发电、三联供、FAS、BAS、泛光照明等预
留接口，对综合电能状态、运行状态、控
Third section
1 制信号等进行必要的监测。
三区 35F

Fourth section四区 50F 1

特殊灯光设计
Fifth section
五区 66F
1 上海中心大厦除功能性灯光照明设计外，
Sixth section
为充分体现建筑形态和特点，在V型槽、
六区 82F
1 各区中庭—空中花园、塔冠设置了泛光照
明。
Seventh section 七区 99F 1
作为地标性建筑，上海中心大厦地处陆家
嘴的核心地段，与金茂大厦和环球贸易中
Eighth section八区 116F 1
心共同成为区域的核心建筑（见图4.3），为
Wind turbine 在特定时段充分展示上海城市夜景之美和
1250kW
风力发电机组 上海的未来发展城市形象，我们选择性的
Table 4.1. Overview of the power supply system. 在地面、空中花园、设备层及塔冠设置和
表4.1. 供电系统总览 预留了为灯光秀演绎所必须的灯光系统和
架构，为将来丰富的灯光剧情编组演绎打
下了基础。

机电深化设计BIM（BUILDING INFORMATION
MODELING）运用
used for toilet flushing water. The water of the latter water treatment system is used for flushing,
and will also be used for ground washing, car washing. The number 2 water treatment system 上海中心的BIM工作是一项集设计、建模、
will be used for supplementing the waterscape, irrigation, etc. 检测、计算、模拟、数据集成等工作为一
体的三维建筑信息管理工程，这项工程覆
Technologies of the sewage treatment (source: Tongji Construction Technology) include a
盖于本工程的设计、深化设计、制造、施
domestic sewage dissipation pool, a grille well, a regulating reservoir, MBR pool disinfection, and
工管理乃至后期运营管理的建筑全生命周
a sewage treatment tank. The MBR pool adopts: membrane separation and activated sludge
期，上海中心独特的外形、非同一般的复
processes. The material is PVDF with a 0.4um pore size and an outer diameter of 2.8mm.
杂结构，加之众多超新理念的机电系统，
使机电系统的设计、施工特别是管线综

环境控制与生命安全 | 79
     
The rainwater reuse system establishes four sets of rainwater treatment systems. Respectively, 合，都带来了前所未有的挑战；设计施工的
1 set is in the L66 layer and 3 sets are in the B5 layer. The rainwater treatment system of the L66 重点难点部位包括：高、低区能源中心、塔
layer is responsible for the collecting and processing of rainwater and raw water of the L66 冠设备区、各区设备层、与幕墙/钢结构配
- L121 layers. The rainwater treatment system of the B5 layer is responsible for the collecting 合紧密的极小细节等等；如没有BIM的三维
and processing of rainwater of the L65-B3 layers. The former deposed water will be mainly 设计模型，仅靠二维施工图，机电专业工
used for toilet flushing, while the later is used for flushing. It will also be used for ground 程师是无法想像机电各专业系统之间、机
washing, car washing, etc. 电与土建、钢结构、幕墙之间是如何搭建
The rainwater treatment process (source: Tongji Construction Technology) will collect rainwater 各种空间关系的，机电的管线综合将寸步
through: a dissipation pool, regulating reservoirs, disc filter disinfection, and a sewage treatment 难行。通过机电三维模型导出二维深化设
tank that is pressurized to users. The disc filter filtration accuracy is 55um and is cleaned through 计图纸，使深化设计质量得到保证，确保
an endogenous backwash that takes two hours. 了可实施性。以三维形式的施工交底、以
四维形式为基础的工艺安排及施工方案的
确立，已经适时地渗透到安装工程的施工
Electrical Comprehensive Supervisory Systems 管理过程中。同时，以BIM参数化设计为基
础的管道预制加工，使得机电安装工程的
The power supply system of the Shanghai Tower includes a 110KV/10KV substation, an
模块化、工厂化进程也进入了数字化、信
emergency generator room, a combined cooling heating and power generator room, a
息化的阶段。
10KV/0.4KV substation, and a wind turbine. The power supply system uses the mode
variation-dividing to reduce the occupied area of cables and a heavy cable draw pit 上海中心项目机电安装单位–上安的BIM团
decreasing the total area(see Table 4.1). 队，在上海中心机电系统的主要运用成果
包括
The power supply system of the project is characterized by heavy loads and various vertical
partitions of different functions. The relay protection device distributes multiple partitions daily 基于BIM的机电协调和技术决策
during the operation management. This puts further requirements on the controlling strategy 从境外的方案设计到国内的施工图设计、
of the power system, the relay protection device, and the daily operation management of multi 从深化设计到现场实施、从设备招标采购
power distribution partitions. We designed and bid the electrical comprehensive supervision 到供货商设计加工，均是BIM以信息化、数
system of the building (electric energy management system/NANJING TIANSU). This includes, 字化的沟通模式，使各个团队以相通的工
but is not limited to, the local control and regional management for transformer substation, the 作模式、相同的工作语言在一个互通的平
centralized management for total variation, the relay protection for the high voltage electric 台上协同作业。机电深化设计正是在这样
power automation system, remote controlling, and running the monitoring for the whole power 一个信息交汇平台上，使得设计依据、设
quantity. This is also operated on an automated low voltage electrical power system providing 计成果更加直接和即时高效；同时，BIM模
decision support for the ATS emergency generator control system, the reserving interface for 型也是一次全面的“三维校审”过程， BIM工
wind power generation, the combined cooling and heating power, FAS, BAS, and flood-lighting. 程师发挥专业特长发现了大量隐藏在设计
中的问题，这点在传统的单专业校审过程
中很难做到，经过BIM模型的建立，使得隐
Special Lighting Design 藏问题无法遁形；机电深化设计正是在BIM
In addition to the functional lighting design, Shanghai tower is equipped with floodlighting 模型及运用过程中，发现了各机电专业、
situated within the V-groove, district atrium hanging gardens and tower crowns to fully embody 各系统之间、管线设备与实际空间之间
the architectural form and characteristic. 存在的众多设计问题和技术问题，以及可
实施性和可建造性等问题，也使得业主与
As a landmark, Shanghai tower is located in the core area of Lujiazui together with the Jin Mao
设计、施工之间的沟通更加有效、便捷，
tower and the global trade center as the core regional architecture (see Figure 4.3). Shanghai
使业主/设计/施工等各方面能更快速的找
Tower will display the beauty of Shanghai and solidify the city’s image of future development.
到问题的解决办法、更有效的做出技术决
Also, we selectively set up a reserve lighting system and framework for light shows on the
策和统一认知、解决问题的办法也更加准
ground.
确、顺畅和相互协作。
基于BIM的管线综合
BIM Applications for Detailed Electromechanical Design 传统的机电管线综合设计都是以二维图纸
The BIM system of the Shanghai Tower consist of 3-D building information, management 为基础，在CAD软件下进行各系统叠加。
information, and engineering systems. This is then combined with design, modeling, detection, 设计人员凭借自己的设计与施工经验在平
calculation and simulation, and data integration covering the whole life cycle of building. 面图中对管线进行排布与调整，并以传统
平、立、剖面形式加以表达，最终形成管

80  |  Environmental Controls and Safety

Figure 4.3. The top of the Shanghai Tower acting as a landmark (Source: Gensler)
图 4.3. 上海中心大厦塔顶地标（来源：Gensler）

The unique appearance and extraordinarily complex structure of the Shanghai Tower, 线综合设计。这种以二维为基础的图纸
together with many new concepts of electromechanical system, has brought unprecedented 表达方式，不能全面解决设计过程中不
challenges in the design and construction of the electromechanical system. For instance, the 可见的错漏碰撞问题，影响到一次安装的
pipeline integration design and construction includes a high and low energy center, a tower 成功率。同时在一般的深化过程中只对管
equipment zone, a device net of partitions, and details of coordinating the compactness for 线较为复杂的地方绘制剖面，但对于部分
the curtain wall and steel structure. It proves a difficult task for electromechanical engineers 未剖切到的地方，不能完全保证局部吊顶
to address the various kinds of spatial relationships between the electromechanical systems. 高度、操作空间等问题。在本项目中，上
The electromechanical and civil engineering, the tailored steel structures, and the curtain 安的机电深化设计团队，改变了传统的深
walls depend on 2-D drawings. This makes it difficult to establish electromechanical pipeline 化设计方式，利用BIM的三维可视化进行
integration. Using BIM, electromechanical 3-D models can export 2-D drawings, guaranteeing 设计。在三维环境下将建筑、结构以及机
quality of detailed designs and ensuring feasibility. Three-dimensional construction details 电等专业的模型进行叠加，并将其导入到
are for technical disclosures and establish construction plans. BIM also processes the specified Navisworks软件中进行碰撞检测，并根据检
arrangements on the basis of four-dimensional forms and has been duly infiltrated into 测结果加以调整。通过BIM三维可视化的特
the construction management process of installation project. Therefore, based on the BIM 点弥补个人空间想象不足，实现复杂区域
parametric design of the piping prefabrication process, modularization and industrialization 管线合理高效排布，确保各深化区域可行
processes of the electromechanical installation project entered the stage of the digitalization 性和合理性。
and informatization. 基于BIM的管线优化
The mechanical and electrical unit installation in the Shanghai Tower project was completed by 在三维环境下，可以通过任意角度的查看
a Shanghai Installation BIM team applying the results of the Shanghai Tower’s mechanical and 模型中的任意位置。所以，通过BIM软件
electrical system. 进行方案对比，可以根据实际情况选择最
Electromechanical Coordination and Technical Decision-Making Based on BIM 优的管线排布方式，创建更加合理美观的
The process of making the electromechanical system consisted of construction drawing 管线排列。在不影响原管线功能及施工可
designs, in-situ implementation, and equipment procurement. All steps of the process are 行性的前提下，将机电管线进行适当调
based on the ability of each team to quantify and digitize their coordinated operations. 整，优化空间，快速解决碰撞问题，管线
This occurred with a communication platform using the same methodology and working 合理布留。同时，通过高效的现场资料管
language. The in-depth electromechanical design utilized information interchanging, allowing 理工作，即时修改快速反映到模型中，获
a straightforward and effective implementation of the design. Meanwhile, the BIM model also 得一个与现场情况高度一致的最佳管线布
acted as a method of comprehensive “3-D examination.” BIM engineers utilize their expertise 局方案，有效提高一次安装的成功率，减
and discovered many design problems that were previously unapparent. This is really difficult 少返工。
to achieve in the traditional examination process. Through the establishment of a BIM model, 基于BIM的设计成果检测
insight into potential problems becomes available. For instance, the electromechanical design is BIM技术则通过将各专业模型汇总到一起
included in the BIM model. The model finds various design and technical problems between the 之后应用碰撞检测的功能，快速检测到并
electromechanical sectors, pipeline equipment, and actual spaces, which are then implemented 提示空间某一点碰撞，同时可高亮显示、
into the building. It also makes the communication between the proprietor and building designers 以便于快速定位和调整管路，大大提高了
more efficient and convenient thus making it possible for instrumental problem solving. 工作效率。本项目中机电深化设计利用
Pipeline Integration Based on BIM Navisworks软件的碰撞检测功能，直观地
Traditional electromechanical and pipeline design integration is all based on 2-D drawings 观察到了管线的碰撞检测情况和位置。然
consisting of systematic overlays in CAD software. By using a thorough design process and 后，返回到Revit软件中根据碰撞的情况将
building experience, the designer can make adjustments to the pipeline using traditional 各个碰撞点一一调整解决，调整完成之后
graphic techniques. For instance, façades and cut planes would inform the pipeline 再次对模型进行了第二次的检测，如有碰

环境控制与生命安全 | 81
     
integration design. This traditional design method was based only on two dimensions and 撞则继续进行修改，直至最终检测结果为“
cannot comprehensively solve some problems concealed within the drawings. The process 零”碰撞。
of designing will therefore influence the successful rate of installation. Meanwhile, section 图纸会审、技术交底
planes of the complex parts of the pipeline in the traditional process cannot guarantee the 利用BIM模型的设计能力与可视性进行机电
local height of a suspended ceiling, operation space, etc. In this project, Shanghai Tower’s 深化设计图纸会审和技术交底，减少各方
specialized electromechanical team strayed from the traditional design method, utilizing 的沟通障碍，提供最为便利、直观的沟通
BIM’s 3-D visualization in order to make design decisions. Using the 3-D approach, designers 方式，从而提高工作效率。
were able to overlap the model of the constructor with the structural and electromechanical
designs. Further, Navisworks software conducted collision examination and made adjustments 基于BIM的自动化预制加工
throughout the entire design process. By using BIM’s 3-D visualization, traditional human 历来，超高层工程的垂直运输矛盾是制约
oversight could be corrected. This aided in the realization of the highly efficient lay-out of 项目顺利推进的最大困扰，而工厂化预制
complex sections, ensuring the feasibility and reasonability of every in-depth section. 则是减轻垂直运输压力的一个重要途径。
然而，在600多米高度的塔冠内外八角框架
Pipeline Optimization Based on BIM 处及帽桁架处的管道预制加工设计则更具
In the 3-D environment, a model can be examined at any angle. Therefore, by comparison 实际意义。由于施工流程安排，设备及管
of BIM, software may choose optimal pipeline configurations according to actual conditions, 道的安装必须先于幕墙施工之前，因此，
thereby creating rational and beautiful line arrangements. The proposed arrangement 超高空户外施工的风险是显而易见的。同
will not adversely affect the function and construction feasibility of the original pipeline. 时，众多的主系统设备安放在巨型桁架之
The mechanical and electrical pipelines may be adjusted, appropriately optimizing space 间，与主干线系统纵横交错，施工空间狭
while quickly solving the problem of collision. At the same time, through efficient site data 小也使得预制加工势在必行。截至目前，
management, instant modifications can be quickly reflected in the model thereby reflecting the 机电采用自动化预制加工技术方案已为本
best plan layout which is highly consistent with actual conditions. This immediacy improves the 项目减少30%现场工作量；减少60%的焊接
success rate of one-time installations and reduces the amount of repeated work. 与有毒有害作业；实现50%管道制作预制
Detection of Design Achievements Based on BIM 率；有效节省6%的人工成本。
BIM technology is capable of collision detection by collecting all various professional models 基于BIM的施工模拟
together in a single workspace. The software then highlights conflicts to quickly locate and 针对本项目的特点，大型设备的吊装方案
adjust pipelines, greatly improving work efficiency. Designing the mechanical and electrical 等，通过三维、四维BIM模型演示，管理者
systems in this project uses the collision detection function of Navisworks. It visually observes 能够更科学、更合理地对重点、难点进行
the location of pipeline and determines collisions. It then returns to the Revit software solving 施工方案模拟及施工指导，BIM的应用提高
and adjusting collision points one-by-one according to the collision’s data. Then secondary 了专项施工方案的质量，使其更具有可建
models detect collisions after adjustment. Should a collision remain, it may be modified until, 设性。利用BIM软件在施工方案模拟的动画
finally, the results of the final test detects “zero” collisions. 中，侧重具体的重点难点部位、施工工序
Examination of Working Drawings and Confiding Technical Intentions 的先后关系及时序，在动画中详细地对各
The BIM model then proceeds to examine working drawings and confides technical intentions 个工序之间的先后关系进行描述，使具体
by using the design capabilities and visibility of BIM model. This reduces communication 施工人员可以一目了然地了解施工的先后
obstacles and provides the most convenient, intuitive way of relaying information, so as to 顺序，并准确有效的完成重要节点的施工
improve the work efficiency. 工作，提高整个施工效率与质量。
Automatic Prefabrication Processing Based on BIM
Originally, vertical transportation contradictions within super high-rise projects were major 机电特殊施工方案和技术运用
issues. Prefabrication provides a vital way to reduce the pressure of vertical transportation.
However, it is more practical to prefabricate the interior and exterior framework of the 上海中心的设备、大宗材料，垂直吊运和
600-meter-high tower crown and hat truss. Due to the arrangement of the construction 设备安装的施工难点和特点包括：
process, installation of equipment and pipelines must precede the construction of the curtain 设备和大宗材料吊装和运输的施工量巨大
wall because of the risks of high-altitude outdoor construction. At the same time, many of the 楼层材料吊装运输4000吨，地下室2000
primary system are placed between the mega-truss and the criss-cross with the main system. 吨。楼层设备3500吨，地下室设备2500
The narrow construction space makes prefabrication a prerogative. So far, using automated 吨，总计约有12000吨左右的吊装运输施工
prefabrication processing technology on the mechanical and electrical systems have reduced 工作量。
30% of the on-site workload in the project overall, reducing 60% of the welding and harmful
大型设备吊装高度高，区域分布广，吊装
work. 50% prefabrication rate of pipeline production effectively saved 6% of the labor costs.

82  |  Environmental Controls and Safety

Construction Simulation Based on BIM 难度和风险大。
According to the characteristics of the project and the large equipment hoisting plan, the 设备吊装和运输主要集中在地下一至五
3-D and 4-D model simulates the key difficulties of the construction schemes and provides 层，楼面设备层主要有9个区域，从6层至
construction guidance. The application of BIM improves the quality of the specialized 塔冠，每隔15层就有两个设备层。其中82
construction schemes, making it more efficient. The construction scheme animation of the 层有6台20吨的冷冻机要吊装进楼层，吊装
BIM software focuses on specific and difficult details, successively revealing relationships 高度超过450米，塔冠设备吊装高度超过
between construction processes and time sequences. Also, it illustratively describes, in detail, 600米。高区吊装施工时受天气因素影响
the relationship of each working procedure allowing construction personnel to clearly 大，更加造成吊装难度和危险性加大。由
understand the construction sequences, and to accurately and efficiently accomplish 于设备分布区域非常广，设备就位安装完
important nodes of the construction work. This improves the efficiency and quality of the 成后的产品保护工作量大且难度大。 施工
whole construction process. 单位采用的吊装平台施工方案，有效顺利
地将各区大型机电设备吊装至各设备区。

Special Construction Scheme and Technical Application of Electromechanical 大型风管的预制安装

本项目所有风管均在工厂内生产加工，现
Features of the equipment, bulk material, vertical hoisting, and equipment installation of 场进行拼装。加快了现场施工进度，减少
construction in Shanghai Tower includes: 了有限作业场地的施工干扰和施工环境噪
Large Quantities of Equipment and Bulk Materials were Hoisted 声。
4,000 tons of story materials, 2,000 tons of the basement materials, 3,500 tons of story 轻型组合支吊架安装
equipment, 2,500 thousand tons of basement equipment totaling 12,000 tons of construction 根据BIM管线综合图纸，现场管线安装采用
workloads were hoisted. 了大量的轻型组合支吊架，均为工厂成品
Large–Scale Equipment Hoists with Wide Region Distribution 加工供货，减少了现场支吊架的焊接工作
Hoisting and transportation of equipment focused on the first to fifth ground floor, the nine 量，并且有效改善了现场安装工作环境，
equipment floor areas, and the sixth floor to crown tower. Every 15th layer has two devices. 82 且减轻了型钢材的总重量。
layers of the Shanghai Tower have six sets of 20 ton refrigerators that are lifted into each floor, 设备信息
each with a hoisting height of more than 450 meters. The tower crown equipment hoists each 上海中心大厦项目机电系统庞大，设备种
boast a height of more than 600 meters. The height of hoisting construction is affected by 类、分类、设备型号、设备数量、安装位
weather factors, which dramatically increase the difficulty and risk. The equipment distribution 置更是各有不同，数量巨大，为便于吊装
is wide while the protection of the workload remains a great factor even after the completion of 运输，分区分层分类安装，同时便于今后
the equipment installation. The construction scheme of the hoisting platform is adopted by the 物业运行管理主要设备、大型设备等，如
construction unit to effectively and smoothly lift electromechanical devices to each area. 风机、空调箱等等，在各设备出厂前均使
Installation of Prefabricated Large-Scale Air Ducts 用了二维码对设备进行信息录入，现场安
Air ducts of the project are all commercially produced by in-situ assembly. This accelerates the 装人员、各级管理人员等，均可根据二维
progress of construction, reducing construction interference of the limited operation site and 码查询设备关键信息。
consequently decreases noise pollution.
Installation of Light Group Hanger
According to comprehensive drawings of the pipeline, on- site piping would use a large amount
of light group hangers, all continuously commercially supplied as each unit was finished.
This reduced the on-site hanger welding workloads, effectively improving the installation
environment, and reducing the total weight of the steel.
Equipment Information
The mechanical and electrical systems of the Shanghai Tower project are categorically large,
creating unique challenges. With the sheer quantities of equipment being handled, using two-
dimensional coding to input information before the delivery of equipment became invaluable.
Equipment based on two-dimensional code made for convenient hoisting transportation,
partitioning, and hierarchical classification installation. At the same time, BIM facilitated the
efficient future property operation and management in conjunction with all electrical and
mechanized units.

环境控制与生命安全 | 83
     
Application of Performance-Based
Fire Safety Design
性能化防火设计的应用
Youdi Shen, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
沈友弟, 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司

It is well known that fire problems in super high-rise buildings are common issues throughout the world. Fire technology covers fire
prevention, fire suppression, and fire safety engineering. The application of science and engineering principles can protect skyscraper
occupants from destructive fire. This chapter addresses some of the features of the Shanghai Tower and the fire safety challenges faced by the
Tower. It then describes the application of a performance-based approach and modern fire technologies in the tower.

众所周知，超高层建筑的消防安全问题是世界性的难题。消防技术涵盖火灾预防、火灾扑救以及消防安全工程。应用科学及工程
原理能够保障人员的生命安全并避免火灾对超高层建筑的破坏。 本文将重点阐述上海中心大厦的一些重要特征及大厦所面临的消
防安全方面的挑战。之后，还将说明性能化消防设计及现代消防技术在大厦中的应用。

Fire Safety Challenges Faced by Shanghai Tower 上海中心大厦面临的消防安全挑战

Structure Safety Challenge 结构消防安全问题
Structural safety is paramount to building safety and also the basis of design for structural fire 建筑结构的安全是整个建筑的生命线，也
protection. The fire resistance rating of the main structures, such as the core with steel reinforced 是建筑防火设计的基础。上海中心大厦采
concrete shear walls, steel reinforced concrete columns, steel trusses, beams, and curtain wall 用的钢筋混泥土剪力墙核心筒，钢筋钢板
supporting system each contribute directly to the fire safety of the tower (see Figure 4.5). 混泥土巨柱，钢结构伸臂桁架和钢结构幕
Safety Evacuation Challenge 墙支撑体系，其耐火极限直接关系到整个
It is proven through modeling and case studies that evacuation time is directly proportional to 建筑的消防安全（见图4.5）。
building height and the occupant density of the building. The higher the building, the more 人员安全疏散问题
people it accommodates, which require more time for evacuation. Based on simulations and 根据计算机模拟和实际案例研究，建筑内
quantitative analyses, the tower could reach an occupant load of 31,300 people. It will be very 的人员疏散时间与建筑高度和人员密度成
challenging to evacuate this number of occupants in case of a fire. 正比。建筑越高、人数越多，所需疏散时
Atrium Fire Safety Challenge 间越长。根据使用功能和建筑规模计算，
The innovative and sustainable design of the tower incorporates two separate curtain walls, 上海中心大厦可容纳3.13万多人。火灾时
the exterior one is spiral-shaped, and the interior one is cylindrical. The space between the 保障人员安全疏散是一个非常棘手的问
curtain walls varies from 1.0m at the narrowest point to more than 10m at the widest, forming 题。
12-15-story tall open space atria, which will house the landscaped sky gardens at each zone 中庭消防安全问题
throughout the building. The landscaped sky lobbies will be the social and retail hubs for each 作为设计创新和绿色建筑，上海中心大厦
zone. The fire resistance rating of the interior curtain wall, smoke control, fire detection, and fire 采用内外双层玻璃幕墙，内外幕墙之间最
suppression system in the atria creates fire safety not only for the atria but also for the whole 窄处仅1.0m左右，最宽处有10m多，每区
tower. 内外幕墙之间形成12层~15层高的开放式
Reliable Water Supply Challenge 的园景中庭，将成为大楼各区的社交与配
It is practically impossible to ensure fire safety for the building without a reliable water supply, 套服务中心。中庭内幕墙的耐火极限、中
because it is fundamental to water-based fire extinguishing system. How to transfer fire water to 庭的防烟排烟以及火灾探测、灭火设施配
the floors above 600m and how to reliably transport water to the top of the building directly 置既关系到中庭的消防安全，也关系到大
affects the fire safety of the tower and poses challenges to the design team. 厦的整体消防安全。

84  |  Environmental Controls and Safety

Figure 4.4. Exterior podium of the Shanghai Tower (Source: Gensler)
图4.4. 上海中心大厦外部裙房（来源：Gensler）
Application of Performance-Based Fire
Safety Design in Shanghai Tower
For many buildings that are straightforward
in size, shape, and use, prescriptive codes
provide the designer with sufficient guidance.
The prescriptive codes, in which goals and
objectives are absent, set forth minimum
requirements for protection and are generic
by occupancy. Examples include spacing
requirements for fire compartments,
detectors, sprinklers, fire resistance ratings,
and maximum travel distances. It is relatively
convenient for designers and reviewers to
adopt the prescriptive codes.
Figure 4.5. Tower Structure (Source: Gensler, 2009)
图4.5. 大厦结构（来源：Gensler, 2009）
消防供水可靠性问题
如果没有可靠的供水系统，就不能保证大楼的安全，因为消防给水的可靠性，是建筑消
防水灭火系统的根本，也是建筑消防安全的保障。如何把水供给到600m高的楼层，并保
持大楼顶部消防供水的可靠性，直接关系到上海中心大厦的消防安全，也是设计团队面
临的挑战。
上海中心大厦性能化防火设计的应用
对于大小尺寸、建筑形状、使用功能简单的建筑来说，处方式规范可为建筑设计人员提
供足够的指导。处方式规范的目的和目标明确，设定了消防的基本要求，例如，对防火
分区面积、火灾探测器设置、洒水喷淋头布置、建筑耐火等级、最大疏散距离等，都有
明确的规定要求。所以，采用处方式规范对设计人员和审核人员来说，是相对比较方便
的。
但是，火灾探测、火灾扑救、烟雾控制的处方式要求也许不适应设计场所热梯度和气流
形状，其结果是造成火灾探测器和洒水喷头动作响应的延误，或不能有效控制烟气。所
以处方式设计有时不能满足建筑业主、设计人员和官方审核人员的需求和期望，特别是
对于商业中心和中庭等复杂的高大空间建筑来说，更是如此。
近年来，性能化防火设计的理念日益被人们所接受采纳，以弥补处方式设计的不足。一
般而言，性能化防火设计主要解决高大共享空间的防火分区、安全疏散、烟气控制、结
构保护、消防设施配置等方面的消防安全难题。针对上海中心大厦的建筑特点和面临的
消防安全难题，性能化防火设计主要解决中庭消防安全和安全疏散的疑难问题。
中庭建筑结构消防保护措施
利用计算流体力学软件FDS模拟，设计2个8MW快速时间平方火灾场景模拟，主要分析评
估中庭的火灾温度。1个火灾场景位于内外幕墙之间的距离为2m处，另1个火灾场景位
于内外幕墙之间的距离为4m处，火灾场景效果参见图4.6和图4.7。FDS的输入参数见表4.2
，模拟时间为20分钟。模拟结果显示，内外幕墙之间的距离为2m处，烟囱效应明显；内
外幕墙之间的距离为4m处，烟囱效应减弱，模拟结果见表4.3。根据FDS模拟结果和性能
化分析，吊杆及对应高度范围内的水平支撑构件、顶层环梁应采用防火保护措施，使钢
环境控制与生命安全 | 85
However, prescriptive detection, suppression and smoke control requirements may not 结构构件的耐火极限不低于1.5h（见表4.2及
adequately account for the range of thermal gradients and air flow patterns within the design 表4.3）。
space. It may result in delayed detection or suppression response, or failure to control smoke 对建筑玻璃内幕墙，采用B1幕墙和B8幕墙
movement. Also, the prescriptive approach may not always meet the needs or expectations of 两种方式。其中，B1幕墙采用铝框单元
building owners, designers, or official reviewers, especially for more complex buildings, high- 式玻璃幕墙，玻璃为中空夹胶玻璃（中庭
ceiling or large-volume spaces, such as shopping malls, atriums etc. 侧）+C类防火玻璃（室内侧），设于火灾环
In recent years, the concept of performance based fire safety design has been favorably 境下最高温度不大于摄氏240度的区域，即
received as a means to address some of the disadvantages in prescriptive approaches. Generally 每个中庭第4层至中庭顶部区域，并设置
speaking, performance-based approaches usually solve fire safety problems involving fire 窗喷淋保护措施；B8幕墙采用钢框单元式玻
compartment isolation, safety evacuation, smoke control, structure fire protection, and fire 璃幕墙，中空玻璃内外侧均为C类防火玻
facility configuration in large-scaled space. Based on characteristics and the functions of 璃，设于火灾环境下最高温度可能大于摄
Shanghai Tower, a performance-based approach was mainly applied to solve the problems of 氏240度的区域，即中庭底部的3个层面。
atrium fire protection and safety evacuation where the current prescriptive Chinese fire codes 天津消防研究所进行的火灾试验结果证
cannot be followed. 明，这样的设计是安全和合理的。
Fire Protection for Atrium Building Structure 中庭消防设施的配置
Applying the computational fluid dynamics software of Fire Dynamic Simulator (hereinafter 性能化防火设计综合考虑消防策略，将各
referred to as FDS), the analysis specifically evaluated the ambient temperature of fire in the 个消防系统有机整合起来，而不是将其隔
atrium from 2 design fires. Two fire scenario models are shown in Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7. 离开来或机械的叠加。如何有效地配置中
Detailed FDS input parameters are shown in Table 4.2, where a duration of 20 minutes was 庭的火灾报警系统和灭火系统，是一个重
modeled. It was found from FDS modeling that a chimney effect is obvious in the atrium, 要的课题。根据计算机模拟和性能化分
where there is 2m distance between the curtain walls, but the effect is reduced where the space 析，9个区段的每个大空间中庭分三层设
between curtains reaches 4m, as shown in Table 4.3. According to the FDS results, steel structure 置空气采样火灾自动报警系统，其火灾探
components that include belt trusses; horizontal bracings and radial supports; and the top belt 测点设置在中庭底部距楼板10m高的灯架
trusses of the atrium, should be protected by fireproof coating in order to increase the steel 处、中庭中部和中庭顶部，并在中庭10m
structure’s fire resistance rating to nothing less than 1.5 hours (see Table 4.2 and Table 4.3). 处设置自动跟踪扫描智能射水灭火系统，
Two types of curtain walls are used for the interior wall, namely B1 and B8. The B1 wall, which 以提高中庭火灾报警和自动灭火的有效性
is an aluminum unitized curtain wall with laminated tempered glass and fire resistant glass, is 和可靠性。
installed in locations where the environment temperatures do not reach 240 oC (in case of fire), 烟气蔓延和排烟效果与中庭的气流分布、
from level 4 to the top of each atrium, and in areas protected by a window sprinkler system. The 建筑形状和火灾部位密切相关。因此在
B8 curtain, which is an aluminum unitized glass curtain wall with hollow fire resistance glass, 确定中庭的控烟方式前，运用计算流体
is installed in locations where the temperature exceeds 240 oC on the bottom 3 floors of the 力学软件，对中庭的烟气流动和烟气控
atrium. Theses designs were proven correct and reasonable by the results of fire tests conducted 制进行计算机模拟。根据FDS模拟结果
by Tianjing Fire Research Institute. 和适用的火灾场景，中庭排烟量取值为
220,000m3/h，采取上排下送的模式，即
在每个中庭的顶部利用设备层设置机械排
烟风机进行排烟，中庭的底部进行机械补
风。
垂直安全疏散的设计
对于上海中心大厦来说，由于建筑超高，
人员众多，确保人员安全疏散尤为关键。
上海中心大厦的疏散设计，在三维仿真疏
散软件STEPS计算机模拟和FDS模拟火灾场
景的基础上，应用性能化方法，进行优化
完善。
首先，根据建筑面积和人员数量设计安全
疏散楼梯。 1区包括裙房，体量大，人员
Figure 4.6. Fire Scenario – Model A (Source: Gensler, 2009) Figure 4.7. Fire Scenario – Model B (Source: Gensler, 2009)
图4.6. 火灾场景－模型A（来源：Gensler, 2009） 图4.7. 火灾场景－模型B（来源：Gensler, 2009）
多，所以在2层设计19座楼梯，3、4层设计
17座楼梯，5层设计16座楼梯，6层设计7座

86  |  Environmental Controls and Safety

 Fire scale 火灾规模 8MW兆瓦

t-square fast fire T型快

Fire type 火灾类型
速火焰

Fire source area 火源面积 3.3x3.3=10.9m2 平方米

Heat release rate 释热率 550kW/m2千瓦/平方米

smoke generation rate 烟

0.05
生成率
Fire A position 火灾模型 2m distance between two 楼梯，7层设计4座楼梯。2区至4区设置4座
A 位置 curtains 内外幕墙之间
的距离为2m 防烟楼梯间。根据楼层面积的缩小，楼梯
Fire B position 火灾模型 4m distance between two 数量也相应减少。5区和6区设置3座防烟楼
B 位置 curtains 内外幕墙之间 梯间，7区至9区设置2座防烟楼梯间。楼
的距离为4m
梯布置参见图4.8、图4.9和图4.10。此外，
Fire grid size 火网尺寸 0.1m（米）x0.1m（米） 在7、21、36、51、67、83、100、116层设
x0.1m（米）
置了避难层（区），空中休闲大堂的每个中
Outdoor temperature 室 庭中均设有1个通往下层避难层（区）的疏
40℃
外温度
散楼梯。
Indoor temperature 室内
24℃
温度 其次，应用高速穿梭电梯作为辅助安全疏
smoke extraction volume 排 220000m3/h立方米/
散设施。根据性能化设计分析技术，采用
烟体积 小时 STEPS模拟，如果利用疏散楼梯将楼内人员
make-up volume 补风体积 110000m3/h立方米/
疏散完毕，需要138分钟。为了提高上海
小时 中心大厦人员的疏散效率，对13台高速穿
Table 4.2. FDS input parameters 梭电梯采取防火、防烟、防水的电梯井和
表4.2. 模型输入参数 保障供电等技术措施，用于火灾等紧急情
况下辅助人员疏散，火灾时穿梭电梯停靠
避难层，将避难层的人员疏散至地面，提
高大厦整体人员疏散的效能，时间缩短为
Temperature 温度 (℃)
108分钟。
Height 高度
Scenario 场景 再次，上海中心大厦设置了先进的集中控
5m （米） 10m （米） 55m （米） 制智能型消防应急照明和疏散指示系统。
该系统与FAS系统联动，可以根据FAS的火
Fire A
火型A
500 250 240 灾信息，选择相应的疏散预案，适时调整
疏散指示方向，提高建筑内人员安全疏散
Fire B
火型B
500 200 180 的效率。传统的疏散指示标志灯具都以独
立单体的形式出现，而且都是静态的，无
Table 4.3. FDS modeling results
表4.3. FDS模拟结果 法根据火灾情况调整疏散指示方向, 因而往
往会影响火灾时疏散诱导的安全性。
大厦消防供水设计
Fire Facilities Designed for the Atrium 上海中心大厦室内的消防给水采用重力
Performance based design results in a comprehensive fire protection strategy in which all fire 供水和临时高压供水相结合的方式，116
protection systems are integrated rather than isolated. Equipping the atrium with an efficient 层以上采取临时高压消防给水系统，B5至
fire alarm and fire extinguishing system is a key issue. In response to simulation results, every 115层采取重力给水系统，在B5、20、50
atrium is designed with three layers of air sampling detection systems, for the purpose of 、83、116分别设置消防水池水箱和消防
improving the availability and reliability of fire detection and alarming systems. The detectors are 传输泵接力供水，在128层屋顶设置屋顶
located at the bottom, in the light rail 10m from the atrium floor, and at the middle and top of 消防水箱，除了接力转输水管外，作为冗
the atrium. An automatic water fire extinguishing system is also provided 10m above the lobby 余措施，另设置200mm的水管将6个水箱
floor, in order to increase the level of fire protection for the tower. 串连起来。此外，设置2根从B5直通顶层
The effects of smoke spread and smoke exhaust is closely related with air distribution, building 的DN100压缩空气泡沫灭火专用立管，在
shape, and the location of the fire in the atrium. Therefore, using the CFD, a simulation for smoke 地面设置水泵接合器，在每个楼层设置栓
movement and smoke control was conducted for the atrium before the smoke control method 口，为消防灭火救援提供了更为有利的条
was selected. Based on the CFD results and suitable fire scenarios, the capacity of smoke 件。
extraction in the atrium was recommended to be 220,000m3/h. Additionally, it was found that
the ideal location for ventilation systems are at the top of the atria, while the make-up air supply
should be located at the bottom of each atrium in the tower.

环境控制与生命安全 | 87
     
Vertical Evacuation Methods Designed for
the Building
Safety evacuation is a hot topic for Shanghai
Tower, because of its height and its large
Figure 4.8. Arrangement of Stairs in Zone 2 (Source: Gensler, 2009)
number of occupants. The safety evacuation
图4.8. 区域2内楼梯布局（来源：Gensler, 2009）
design was improved and perfected for the
tower using a performance-based approach
that relied on results from the design
of fire scenarios from the FDS and from
computer simulations of evacuation using
the Simulation of Transient Evacuation and
Pedestrian Movements (hereinafter referred
to as STEPS) software.
First, adequate egress stairs are designed for
the tower according to the floor space and
amount of occupants. Due to large floor
space within the podium in zone 1, there
are 19 stairs designed for level 2, 17 stairs for
level 3 and level 4, 16 stairs for level 5, 7 stairs
for level 6, and 4 stairs for level 7. For zone 2
to zone 4, 4 egress stairs are provided. Based
on floor area, egress stairs are reduced to 3
in zone 5 and 6, and 2 in zone 7 to zone 9. In
addition to the stairs provided above, there
is also one additional egress stair for each
atrium sky lobby to the refuge areas located Figure 4.9. Arrangement of Stairs in Zone 5 (Source: Gensler, 2009)
on level 7, 21, 36, 51, 67, 83,100 and 116 in 图4.9. 区域5内楼梯布局（来源：Gensler, 2009）
the building (see Figures 4.8–4.10).
Second, shuttle elevators are designed for
supplemental safety evacuation. Based on
the case study and simulations by STEPS,
the conclusion shows that it will take about
138 minutes to evacuate every occupant
from the building by stairs. In order to
improve the efficiency of evacuation, 13
high-speed shuttle elevators are allocated for
use during emergency evacuations. These
elevators, which are designed to be fire-
proof, water-proof, and have smoke-proof
shafts and a dependable power supply, will
be driven to the respective refuge floors to
take people to the ground level in case of a
fire, or emergency evacuation, reducing the
evacuation time to 108 minutes.
Third, in order to improve evacuation
efficiency, Shanghai Tower is designed
with a centrally controlled intelligent Figure 4.10. Arrangement of Stairs in Zone 7 (Source: Gensler, 2009)
fire emergency lighting system which is 图4.10. 区域7内楼梯布局（来源：Gensler, 2009）
coordinated with the fire alarm system and

88  |  Environmental Controls and Safety

automatically changes the direction of evacuation signs based on fire information from the 结束语
fire alarm system. Traditional fire emergency lighting and evacuation indication systems do 超高层建筑消防安全，是一个极为复杂的
not allow the evacuation direction to change with the situation in an event of a fire as they are 系统工程。对于体量高大、功能复杂、设
single point units, and as a result may affect safe evacuations. 计新颖、人员密集的超高层建筑，当执行
现行国家消防技术标准规范确实难以实现
Gravity Water Supply System Applied in the Building 其功能和设计特色的，应采用性能化防火
A combination of a gravity-fed water supply and temporary high-pressure water supply is 设计方法，解决消防疑难问题，保障建筑
provided in Shanghai Tower. The gravity-fed water supply is used for level B5 to level 115 and 的消防安全水准。
the temporary high-pressure water supply is used from level 116 to the top of the tower. The
gravity-fed water tanks and transfer pumps are located on basement 5, level 20, 50, 83, and
116. There is also one roof water tank on level 128. These 6 water tanks are further connected
in series by a 200mm water pipe, adjacent to the transfer pipes, as redundancy will improve
the reliability of the water supply. Additionally, two independent stainless pipes are provided
between the fire department connection on the ground and fire hydrant outlets on every
floor to supply compressed air foam from fire trucks, for the convenience of the fire fighting
operation.

Conclusion
Fire safety of super high-rise buildings is a very complicated systematic engineering problem
covering fire prevention and fire suppression. A performance-based design should be used to
solve unusual and unique problems in large-scale projects where fire requirements are not fully
addressed by codes or where strict compliance with codes compromises the function of the
building for the purpose of ensuring the safety of occupants and the building itself.

References (参考书目):
Custer, R.L.P. and Meacham, B.J. (1997) Introduction to Performance-based Fire Safety, Libraby of Congress No.: 97-067356, Printed in the U.S.A.
Gensler. Expert Panel Comments Responses on Shanghai Center Fire Design. July 23, 2009.
Tienan, G. (2006) Fire Protection Handbook of China, Shanghai Science and Technology Press, vol. 3.

环境控制与生命安全 | 89
     
 5.0 Technology and Management
技术与管理
The Making of a Vertical Intelligent Community
Through Information Systems
通过信息化系统打造垂直的智慧社区
Qi Hu, Jiankun Information and Technology Co., Ltd.
胡琦, 上海建坤信息技术有限责任公司

Shanghai Tower is devoted to creating a vertical intelligent community. From the detailed demands of the stakeholders, the owner’s team
clarified the direction of intelligent applications, demonstrated the rational top-level design architecture, selected mature, stable and forward-
looking technical measures, and organized a rigorous design and construction process. The team also constructed a Cloud Computing Center
for Shanghai Tower that hosts massive data and information services by providing communication support with high reliability. The team
also introduced BIM technology for applying energy-intelligent running, building intelligent operation management and intelligent customer
services throughout the whole lifecycle of the building.

上海中心大厦致力打造一个垂直的智慧社区，业主团队从详细的社区应用需求出发，明确智慧应用方向，论证合理的顶层设计架
构，选择成熟稳定具有前瞻性的技术措施，组织严谨严密的设计施工过程，通过提供高可靠度的通信配套保障，建设上海中心云
计算中心承载海量数据及信息服务，引入BIM技术在建筑全生命期的应用，着力实现的能源的智慧运行、大厦的智慧运营管理及客
户的智慧服务。

Introduction 引言
Shanghai Tower is a multifunctional building that acts as a vertically distributed city. The 上海中心是一个形态柔和、垂直、螺旋的
vertical height of the building is divided into ten functional zones. Each section also contains a 多功能大厦，就像一个垂直分布的城市，
combination of multi-functional spaces. 大楼缓缓向天空延伸的形体中，从低到高
This is a vertical community, a combination of neighborhood-like zones. The people within can 分隔成十个相邻的功能区段，各个功能区
find the best balance of art and science, technology and beauty, emotion and rationality, safety 段中又包含多功能的组合空间，为使用者
and convenience. 提供多样的生活空间。

From an angle of intelligence, the Shanghai Tower is a living vertical community. It is driven by 这是一个垂直的社区，一个由垂直相邻的
energy through intelligent systems via the control center. It also is a community system that 邻里区域组合而成的社区。生活在内的市
provides safe, convenient, energy-efficient, environmentally friendly, and human-oriented service. 民能够寻找到最佳的平衡：艺术与科技、技
术和美感、感性与理性、安全与便捷……
From an informational perspective, both inside and around the periphery of the Shanghai Tower,
vertical communities are producing a large amount of data. This allows building operators to 从智能化视点来看，上海中心大厦这个垂
accumulate a great deal of summary information such as data-sensing, data collection, data 直的社区，他是一个有生命的建筑，他是
transmission, data integration, data analysis, driving the integrated control, joint command, and 一个以能源为驱动力、以智能化系统为控
decision support. This data can later be used to optimize the operations of future buildings. 制中枢、以设施设备为执行机构的整体，
提供安全、便捷、节能、环保、人性化服
From the perspective of the contractor and administrator, a numbers of challenges and 务的社区系统。
problems have arisen. Both the contractor and administrator dealt with everything from the
allocation of assets and affairs to the combination of delivery technologies. 从信息化的视点来看，上海中心大厦这个
垂直的社区，从他酝酿建造的那一刻起，
Therefore, organized by the builder, the cooperative team formed by the project management, 内部及周边就周而复始产生着大量数据，
consisting of consultants, designers, and a construction team was put together to create a 并能够汇总形成各种信息——数据感知、
vertical intelligent community based on the need to cope with challenges. 数据采集、数据传输、数据集成、数据分
析等驱动着综合控制、联动指挥、决策支
持、优化运营的实现。
Analysis of Details Determines the Pivotal Point of the Intelligent Community
从建造者及管理者角度来看，上海中心大
1. Analysis clarifies the functional demands and the technical requirements of the
厦这个垂直的社区，面临大量的挑战和难
intelligent systems in different regions, through a comprehensive analysis of the
题——面对人员、资产、事件的服务保
regional functions of the architecture.

92  |  Technology and Management

 2. Further considering the human
factor, analysis clarifies the
functional demands and technical
requirements of the intelligent
system by distinguishing different
roles through the simulation of
users, managers and policymakers
throughout the operational period.
3. By considering investments made
during the construction period and
benefits throughout the operational
period, a balanced relationship
between the two was established,
fully ensuring the owners of
investment returns and reflecting
the concept of sustainability.
4. From a technological development
perspective, technological
innovation in specific application
areas and achieving the application Figure 5.1. The Shanghai Tower, upon completion, will act as a vertical community (Source: Gensler)
图5.1. 即将竣工的上海中心大厦将扮演垂直社区的角色（来源：Gensler）
of those results was only possible
by integrating new technology with
traditional technology. 障、整合建筑功能提供社区运营服务、各种运管系统的技术集成、安全可靠的环境保
障、便捷人性化的功能保障、绿色环保节能的运营保障、高效的日常及应急保障等。
5. From the vantage point of data
and information usage, achieving 因此在建设方组织下，由项目管理、咨询顾问、设计方、施工方组成工作团队，本着从
technological breakthroughs in 需求出发，合力打造一个垂直的智慧社区，一起应对挑战并创造奇迹！
terms of integrated control, joint
command, decision support, and
细致的需求分析决定智慧社区的着力点
energy optimization in the operation
period was made possible by the 1. 从建筑功能出发，通过全面分析建筑各区域功能，明确不同区域内对智能化系
integration of both intelligent 统功能需求和技术要求。
systems and information systems. 2. 从建筑功能出发，通过全面分析建筑各区域功能，明确不同区域内对智能化系
统功能需求和技术要求。
Top-Level Design Based on Forward- 3. 从投资效益的因素出发，兼顾考虑建设期投资和运营期效益，平衡两者关系，
Looking Intelligence and Information 充分保障业主投资效益，体现可持续理念。
Technology Determines the Technical 4. 从技术发展的因素出发，考虑新技术与传统技术整合的可能性，在专项技术应
Architecture of the Intelligent Community 用上进行科技创新并实现成果应用。
The construction period of Shanghai Tower 5. 从数据及信息使用的角度出发，考虑智能化系统与信息化系统整合，在运营期
comes at a time of surging new information 中的综合控制、联动指挥、决策支持、能源优化方面的实现科技突破。
technology and new applications. The new
technologies, such as cloud computing, big
前瞻性的智能化、信息化顶层设计决定智慧社区的技术架构
data and BIM applications, are continuously
infused into the traditional applications and 上海中心的建设周期内正值IT新技术及新应用风起云涌的时刻。物联网、云计算、大数
the demands of Shanghai Tower during the 据、BIM应用等新技术新理念不断灌注到上海中心大厦建设期和运营期的传统应用和实
both the construction and operation periods. 际需求中来，通过一个完整的策划，不但能够获得新技术新理念带来现实红利，为上海
Through a comprehensive plan, the new 中心的运营提供技术工具，更能够为上海中心今后的发展奠定智慧基础。
technologies and new ideas not only provide 根据需求分析，制定标准、成熟、可靠的智能化系统顶层设计。在实现各项运营管理功
technical tools for the operation of Shanghai 能正常运转的基础上，关键在于：

技术与管理 | 93
     
 Integrated Building Management System in Shanghai Tower
上海中心综合中央集成管理系统（IBMS）
The First Layer – Integrated Operation and Management
Clock System
第一层：综合管理，系统集成 时钟系统

Fire Alarm System Public Address System Security System Integrated One-card Communication Building Control Energy Monitoring Ancillary Facility
火灾报警系统 公共广播系统 安全防范系统 Pass System System System System Interface
一卡通管理系统 通讯系统 楼宇自控系统 能源计量系统 配套接入
Security Video
Surveillance System Parking Management Information Indoor Wireless
视频安防监控系统 System Distribution System Network System
停车库管理系统 信息发布系统 室内无线覆盖系统
Video Analysis
System Electronic Key Fixed-line Telephone
Management System Conference System
视频分析系统 Access
电子钥匙管理系统 会议系统
Security Alarm 固话接入
System Emergency Help Telephone System for
防盗报警系统 System Property Management
紧急求助系统 物业用固话通信系统

Fire Alarm System Wireless Walkie Talkie System

安全防爆系统 for Property Management
物业用无线对讲系统
The Second Layer – Intelligent Subsystems Access Control
System Wireless Walkie Talkie System
第二层：个智能化子系统管理层 出入口控制系统 for Fire Fighters
消防用无线对讲系统
Guard Tour Patrol
System Satellite and Cable Television
电子巡更系统 System
卫星及有线电视系统
Visitor Management
System Satellite Communication
访客管理系统 System
Elevator Control 卫星通讯系统
System
梯控
Fast Pass Manage-
ment System
速通门管理系统

The Third Layer – Basic Support Level of the Building Intelligent System
第三层：智能化系统基础配套层
Central Control Weak Current Signal Security Network Load System Integrated Cabling System
Room System Room System 网络系统 综合布线系统
中控室 弱电机房 信号防雷系统

Figure 5.2. The 31 intelligent subsystems of the Shanghai Tower

图5.2. 上海中心的31个智能子系统

Tower, but also lay the foundation of intelligence for the future development of Shanghai Tower. • 完成系统构架的完整性和可扩展
Development of reliable standards appropriate for the top-level design of intelligent systems 性；
was directed by demand analysis. Each standard was developed on the basis of achieving • 保障各类运营数据的实时获取和
properly functioning operational management standards. The emphasis is as follows: 调用；
• The completion of the integrity and expansibility of the system architecture • 注重各项数据安全及统一。
• The safeguarding of real-time access to all types of operational data 上海中心大厦仅传统意义上的智能化子系
• Focus on data security and conformance 统就包括31个，供划分了三个逻辑层次，
The Shanghai Tower consists of 31 intelligent subsystems in the traditional sense, and is divided 包括：
into three logical levels, including: 1. 上海中心大厦仅传统意义上的智
1. The bottom layer provides basic support level for the building intelligent systems, 能化子系统就包括31个，供划分
including the physical location of the core equipment placement, basic cabling 了三个逻辑层次，包括：
and network load of each subsystem, signal security, electricity security and other 2. 中间层是各独立运行，承担专业
subsystems. 监控和运转的智能化子系统，包
2. The middle layer houses the intelligent subsystems that are independently running 括负责大厦安全运营方面的火灾
for professional monitoring and operation. Monitoring occurs on the fire alarm 报警系统、公共安全防范系统、
system, public security system, public address system, building control systems for the 公共广播系统；以及负责大厦设施
operation of building facilities and for the safety operations of the building. Energy 设备运转的楼宇控制系统、能源

94  |  Technology and Management

 Visual Presentation Layer Integrated Display Platform
可视化展示层 综合展示平台

Comprehensive Analysis Layer Process Monitoring KPI Index Monitoring

综合分析层 流程监测 KPI指标监测

Process status
流程状态 Comprehensive
The external environment
performance
Monitor Process performance 外部环境
综合绩效
监测 流程绩效 Operating conditions
运营情况 Core resources
Process compliance 核心资源
流程合规

Comprehensive Analysis Thematic Analysis Trend Analysis

综合分析 专题分析 趋势分析

Comprehensive
External environment Performance
analysis 综合绩效
monitoring systems, an integrated 外部环境分析
Development Capacity
Trend prediction
Analysis 趋势预测分析
one-card pass management system, Analysis of long-term
operation
发展能力
Data monitoring
分析
and integrated communications 长期运营情况分析 Risk control
数据挖掘
风险控制
systems manage all types of Coordination analysis
Competitive ability
协调情况分析
communications coverage within 竞争能力

the building.
3. The top layer contains the IBMS
systems for all integrated collection,
storage, processing, analysis, and
display of all subsystems. It also
unifies coordination of the clock
system for each subsystem.
A clear hierarchy positions the standard
data transmissions and clears the system
interface to clarify the relationships between
the aforementioned levels. This arrangement
is not only for safety insurance, but
expandability insurance as well. Late in the
design process, unique intelligent subsystems
of Shanghai Tower have been respectively
super-imposed at all levels. For instance,
the expansion of the BIM-based operations
management system is at the top layer, the
expansion of the building security monitoring
system is in the middle layer, and the intelligent
curtain-control systems and floodlighting
control systems are on the bottom.
Development of the top-level design for
the forward-looking information system
was established according to demand
analyses. For the integration of the Shanghai
Tower operations, the following guidelines
were created by the management in
consideration of the period and various
types of information application systems. The
guidelines are as follows:
• Rational combination of functions of
various information systems achieves
optimization and information sharing
during the operation period
• Real-time dynamic data from the
intelligent systems should be
compatible and interoperable
with the various types of running
information systems
• Continuous improvement of
the operation and management
measures should be sought
Finance, project, business, public relations, investment, risk, official website, office
Application Software Layer
应用软件层 automation
财务、工程、商务、公关、投资、风险、官网、OA……
Middleware Layer ERP, e-commerce, finance, information release, IBMS, business intellegence, BIM, GIS, big
data middleware, BPM
中间件层 ERP、电子商务、财务、信息发布、IBMS、商务智能、BIM、GIS、大数据中间件、BPM
Infrastructure Layer Database, operating system, network (intranet, internet, VPN)
基础设施层 数据库、操作系统、网络（内网、互联网、VPN）
Weak current systems, intelligence systems, CPMS systems, electrical and mechanical
Data Acquisition Layer
数据采集层 equipment, sensors, RF/ID
弱电系统、智能系统、CPMS系统、机电设备、传感器、RF/ID
Table 5.1. Unsupported circular foundation pit of 121 meters’ diameter (Source: Shanghai Construction Group)
表5.1. 主楼121米直径无支撑圆形基坑（出自：上海建工集团）
监测系统；负责客户服务及管理的综合一卡通系统；以及负责大厦内各类通信配
套覆盖的综合通讯服务系统等；
3. 最高层是负责对所有子系统综合采集、存储、处理、分析及展示的IBMS系统和
统一的协调各子系统的时钟系统。
明确的层次架构定位、标准的数据传递、清晰的系统界面，既理清了各层次关系，确保
了安全性同时也保证了各层次的可扩展性。在设计后期，分别在各个层次叠加了部分上
海中心特有的智能化子系统，比如在最高层次中扩展了基于BIM的运营管理系统，在中
间层扩展了大楼性态安全监测系统，智能窗帘控制系统、泛光照明控制系统等。
根据需求分析，制定前瞻性的信息化系统顶层设计。在整合上海中心大厦运营期以及管
理团队今后发展过程中的各类信息化应用系统基础上，关键在于：
• 大厦运营期各种信息系统的功能合理组合、流程优化、信息共享；
• 大厦运营期各种信息系统的功能合理组合、流程优化、信息共享；
• 完善优化各项运营管理措施；
• 完善优化各项运营管理措施；
信息化系统顶层设计符合开放性、可扩展性的要求，软件系统技术结构可采用多层体系
结构。
• 数据采集层¬——是负责各类数据采集的基础层，采用物联网技术采集包括上海
中心大厦的弱电系统、机电设备系统、智能化系统、信息发布系统、安防系统、
多能源管理系统的数据采集；
• 基础设施层——是维持应用系统的运行数据库和网络操作系统层；
• 中间软件层——是从应用层和底层系统软件分离出来的一个层次，它解决各应用
系统的公共支撑逻辑，为异构操作系统、异种网络、异构数据库等提供统一的处
理平台；
• 应用软件层——实现大楼管理的物业、酒店、商务，以及集团管理的办公自动
化、工程管理、综合管理、计划财务管理、资产管理、公共关系管理、人力资源

技术与管理 | 95
     
 • Design the system in consideration of possible group management and multi-property 管理等等；
management • 综合分析层——为实现集团的战
The top design level of the information system meets the requirements of openness and 略目标的决策分析层，它通过数
expandability, while the technical architecture of software systems can be multi-tiered. 据仓库/数据集市的建立，抽取、
• Data acquisition layer: The base layer for all various data is collected digitally. It collects 转换、装载数据，然后进行数据
data from the electrical and mechanical equipment systems, intelligence systems, 清理、挖掘、分析，形成所需的
information systems, security systems, and energy management systems of the 结果；
Shanghai Tower. • 可视化展示层——利用各种Web展
• Infrastructure layer: Maintains the operation database of application systems and 示方式、三维动态方式、基于BIM
network operating systems. 的全景展示方式、移动互联展示方
• Intermediate software layer: Separate from the application layer and the underlying 式、视屏图像的智能分析及其关联
system software, it figures out the public support logic for the various application 技术方式等各种可视化展示的手段
systems and provides a unified processing platform for heterogeneous operating 体现管理者的真正需求，让数据发
systems, networks, databases, etc. 挥增值效果，让管理人员在实际操
作中看到简单、干净、形象化、实
• Application software layer: Achieves office automation, project, general, planning and
时活化的表现形式，使得管理人员
financial, asset, public relations and human resources management for the building
可以通过形象生动的表示方法来处
property management.
理实际问题。
• Comprehensive analysis layer: This is the decision analysis layer for achieving the
合理技术选择及规模决定智慧社区的技术
strategic objectives of the group. It establishes a data warehouse, or data-mart for
基因；
extraction, analysis, transformation, and loading (ETL), after which the desired results can
be achieved. 1. 基于IP传输的智能化系统架构，
• The visual presentation layer uses all kinds of visual display methods, such as a variety 便于上海中心大厦智慧应用在
of 3D digital presentations via BIM-based panoramic displays. The hand-held mobile 基础传输方面的开放性和兼容
format allows data analysis and the technical methods for screen images to encompass 性——在主干万兆，水平千兆的
the demands of the managers. Allowing managers to see the actual operation vividly IP网络架构（并能平滑升级）基础
represented in real time affords better responsiveness. 上，构建各智能化子系统，包括
一卡通、BA、视频监控、广播、
消防、能源计量、智能窗帘、智
Rational Technology Selection and Scale Determines the Technical Genesis of the 能照明等，覆盖90%以上系统。
Intelligent Community 2. 系统集成技术有效整合智能化系
1. IP-based intelligent transmission systems architecture makes it easier for Shanghai 统以及信息化系统，便于社区智
Tower’s intelligent applications in terms of openness and compatibility to basic 慧应用的功能整合和叠加——在
transmission. More than 90% of the various intelligent subsystems, including one- 设备层次、传输层次、系统层次
card passes, video surveillance, broadcasting, fire protection, energy metering, smart 对各智能化子系统进行功能、数
curtains, and intelligent lighting consume are based on a 10-Gigabit backbone and 据、协议等方面的集成，打破原
1-Gigabit level IP network architecture, and can be smoothly upgraded. 有系统各自为营的现状，充分利
2. System integration technology effectively integrates intelligent systems and 用各设备前端采集数据和控制功
information systems, facilitates functional integrations and overlays community 能的复用性，降低投资，提高数
intelligent applications. Integration of functions, data, protocols, etc. for each aspect of 据整合带来的效益，并在应用层
the intelligent subsystems occurs at all system levels. This collects the independently 与各信息化系统整合，提供运营
coordinated system and makes full use of the front-end of each device for data 期的综合海量数据存储、应用、
acquisition and control functions. This reduces investment, to increase the economical 分析及整合能力。
benefits of data integration and provides comprehensive mass data storage, 3. 集约化设计有效节省空间预留今
application, and analysis while integrating capabilities during the operational period 后扩展，便于社区智慧应用在运
with via application layers and information systems integration. 营过程中的软硬件环境升级——
3. Intensive design measures effectively save space which can be reserved for future 在传输线路层次和网络设备层次
expansions. It is convenient for upgrading hardware and software environments 充分的集约化设计，利用好每一
during the process of operation in the community intelligent application. Intensive 项的垂直光纤资源和网络带宽资

96  |  Technology and Management

 design in the transmission-line level and network equipment levels should make 源；在设备管理间充分考虑机柜空
good use of all fiber and network bandwidth. The device management room should 间合理布局及挂墙设备布置，预
fully consider the rational distribution of cabinet space and wall-mounted equipment 留操作空间及设备空间。在核心
layout for the operation and equipment. In accordance with the command-hall layout, 机房按照指挥大厅布局，预留充
adequate management space and sufficient core equipment expansion areas should 分管理工位，预留充分的核心设
be put on reserve in the core machine room. 备扩展区域。
4. Highly centralized control of building energy facilitates continuous optimization and 4. 建筑物能源高度集中管控，便于
energy-saving operations in the Shanghai Tower. The integrated energy management 上海中心大厦能源使用方面的持
system governs the various mechanical systems (cooling-heating-power (CHP) energy, 续优化和节能运行——在上海中
ice storage energy, conventional electric refrigeration energy and geothermal heat 心大厦的多种产能侧（三联供能
pump energy) of the Shanghai Tower. Pointed energy measurements are taken via 源、冰蓄冷能源、常规电制冷能
the energy consumption monitoring systems (i.e. lighting, HVAC, elevators, plumbing, 源、地源热泵能源）上建设综合
etc.) in the building. Combined with relevant data information collected from other 能源管理系统；在大厦内大量耗能
informational subsystems, including indoor and outdoor environments, people, 侧（照明、暖通、电梯、给排水等
traffic and events, the analysis for integrated energy optimization and utilization is 大型设备）对使用能耗进行精细测
carried throughout, and continuous adjustments and optimizations will be carried on 量，建立能耗监测系统；并结合其
throughout operations. 他智能化子系统以及信息系统采
5. Services reflection 集的相关数据信息，包括室内外
环境、人流、车流、事件信息（大
6. Management reflection
型会议、高规格接待）等，进行综
合的能源优化利用分析，以期在
The Control of the Design and the Implementation of Key Points Ensures the Technical 运营期进行不断的调整和优化。
Realization of the Intelligent Community 5. 体现服务。
1. Strict construction design is optimized by the BIM model. 6. 体现管理。
2. Develop detailed technical specifications, clearing the control factors such as function
demands, technical requirements and parameter indexes of each subsystem.
设计及实施关键点的把控确保智慧社区的
3. According to the demands of the intelligent applications in the process, continuous 技术实现；
improvements and constant adjustment and optimization of system software
1. 严格的施工图设计，并通过BIM模
functions, data acquisition, data transmission and system functions are imperative.
型进行优化设计；——
2. 制定详细的技术规格书，明确各
子系统功能需求、技术要求、参
数指标等控制性因素——
3. 过程中根据智慧应用的需求不断
完善，对系统软件功能、数据采
集、数据传递、系统功能等内容
做不断调整优化——

技术与管理 | 97
     
Practical Application of BIM Technology
BIM技术的实际应用
Bin Zhao, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
赵斌, 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司

Using Shanghai Tower as an example, this chapter introduces the effective applications of BIM technology in project design and construction
along with the positive results achieved. The chapter also summarizes some problems encountered during the process of implementing BIM.
Along with the growth of the Shanghai Tower, 4 years of BIM technology applied to the project played has an important role in different phases.

本文以上海中心项目为例，介绍了通过BIM技术在项目设计、施工阶段的有效应用，取得了较好的效果。同时整理和归纳了在进行
BIM实施的过程中遇到的一些问题。 伴随着这幢大楼的成长，BIM技术在项目中的应用也度过了4个年头，并在不同阶段发挥了重要
的作用。

In the preliminary planning stage, the team set up the “lean management mode based on 在前期策划阶段，针对项目特点建立了“以
BIM technology dominated by the owner unit, with the fellowship of the participation unit,” 建设单位为主导，参建单位共同参与的基
according to the characteristics of the project. In order to complete the information and process 于BIM技术的精益化管理模式”。为了完成
management based on this mode, and considering that BIM data is vast and various, the project 基于该模式的信息和流程的管理，并且考
needed a unified platform. After multiple screenings, Autodesk Vault Professional was formally 虑到BIM资料的庞大繁多，项目需要规划及
chosen for the project. 开设一个统一的工作平台，在经过多种筛
Autodesk Vault Professional is a data management platform based on a variety of technologies 选之后，Autodesk Vault Professional被正式
such as AutoCAD and Revit. On this platform, various project participants may browse online 应用在该项目中。
data, and complete various tasks with that data, such as download, modify, upload, etc. Autodesk Vault Professional是基于
Meanwhile, this platform is highly compatible with other Autodesk software, which plays an AutoCad、Autodesk Revit系列等多种技术所
important role in comprehensive data management. With its data tracking function, Vault 开发的数据平台。在平台上，项目各参与
can also control and observe the source and flow of all the data in this platform. It can also 方可以做到线上数据浏览、下载、修改、
synchronize and network the data, which is more conducive for the BIM model update on site. 上传等各项工作。并且与AutoCad、Revit
The platform has been thoroughly applied in the Shanghai Tower project. In addition, on the 系列软件高度契合，起到综合性数据管理
basis of the existing platform, we did secondary developments in view of the problems accrued 功能。利用其良好的数据跟踪功能，还可
in the process. This optimized the management and processes, and helped to improve BIM 以控制及观察平台内资料数据流动来源去
implementation in the project. 向、数据网络同步，这样则更有利于BIM现
场模型的更新。
With responsible mechanisms and platforms in place, the whole project needed unification
with BIM implementation standards for specific work instructions and specifications of each 该平台已经在上海中心大厦项目中进行了
participant. Therefore, according to the BIM applications in Shanghai Tower, the owner set 深入的应用。此外，在现有平台的基础
up the project implementation standards with stakeholder (Figure 5.4 and 5.5). This included 上，建设方针对过程中出现的问题又做了
the specific responsibilities for each participant, architectural requirements of the application 二次开发，来优化管理和流程，以更好地
software, file exchange and release requirements, model creation, maintenance and delivery 帮助项目的实施。
requirements, and the details of each discipline term. As the project progresses, the standards 有了责任机制和平台后，整个项目还需要
will continue to be perfected. All project participants also hope to sum up the main points of 统一的BIM实施标准 来对各参与方的具体
the BIM implementation in the process of project, thereby helping to serve future projects. 工作进行指导和规范，针对上海中心的BIM
应用，建设方同各参与方一同制定了相关

98  |  Technology and Management

 Shanghai Tower
上海中心

BIM Consultant
BIM顾问

General Contractor Designer

总承包商 设计师

Sub Contractors | 分包商

Shanghai Decoration
Goldmantis Decoration
Jianghe Curtain Wall
Yuanda Curtain Wall

Mitsubishi Elevator

Steel Curtain Wall

Bao Steel

SCG MEP

Others

Figure 5.3. Working organization framework of BIM (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd)
图 5.3. BIM工作组织架构（来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司）

All of the above efforts aim to make BIM the 的项目实施标准（见图5.4, 5.5），其中详细规定了各参与方的具体工作职责，应用软件架
unified engineering language of the project 构要求，文件交换和发布要求，模型创建、维护和交付要求以及各专业的细化条款等
and achieve the maximum use of project 等。随着项目的进行，这套标准还将被继续完善，项目各方也希望通过这套标准总结出
information. 项目过程中BIM实施的要点，从而为以后的项目进行服务。
At the same time, each participation unit 所有这些工作的目的就是要将BIM作为项目统一的工程语言，并借此达到项目信息的最
established their BIM team under the request 大化使用。
of tendering documentation, and appointed 与此同时，各参与单位也在招标内容的要求下，分别组建了其BIM工作团队，并指派专
a specialist for BIM communication and 人负责BIM工作的沟通及协调。整个上海中心项目BIM工作团队的构成如图5.3所示。
coordination. The composition of the whole
BIM work team in Shanghai Tower is shown 在设计及建造过程中，BIM技术框架的内容也发生了很大的变化，使用的软件数量
in Figure 5.3. 逐渐增多，由原先最基础的建模软件Revit扩展到根据专业特点细分成：Tekla做钢结
构，Inventor配合工厂加工，Solidworks做擦窗机，Rhino做曲面异形等。应用的范围也日
In the process of design and construction, 益扩大：制定了模型审核制度，并尝试自主研发了BIM工程管理系统来对项目的质量、安
great changes in content of the BIM 全、进度进行信息化处理。
technology framework have also taken
place. The number of software programs 随着BIM技术应用的范围不断扩大，应用的深度不断加深，项目各阶段、各专业都取得
used gradually increased, from the most 了明显的效果。在外幕墙专业方面，实现了基于BIM的设计、加工、现场联动方式，绘
basic modeling software, Revit, subdivided 制加工图效率提升200%，加工图数据转化效率提升50%，复杂构件测量效率提高10%；在
into Tekla software to make steel structure. 机电专业方面，利用BIM技术减少了60%现场制工作量，减少了90%的焊接、胶粘等危险
Inventor software assisted with factory 与有毒有害作业，实现了70%管道制作预制率；而在室内装饰方面，从模块化、工厂化的
processing. Solidworks software made 角度出发，结合BIM技术特点，大幅提高了室内装饰的工作质量与工作效率。
the window-cleaning machine and Rhino 除此之外，我们还利用BIM模型在以下方面做了研究和实践，并实现了一定的价值 （见图
software made the free form curved surface 5.6）。
based on the professional characteristics. The
• 辅助统计工程量
scope of application is expanding increasingly
as well. For instance, a model checking system • 探讨短期及中期施工方案。
has been formulated and we are developing • 利用三维激光扫描等仪器提高现场施工的准确性。
our BIM engineering management system
从经济成本的角度来看，在大中型工程项目中，信息沟通问题导致的工程变更和错误费
independently for the quantification of
用约占工程总成本的3至5%。此类费用可以通过BIM信息化手段来避免。结合碰撞检测统
project quality, safety, and progress.

技术与管理 | 99
     
Figure 5.4. BIM technical framework (2010 version) (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd)
图 5.4. BIM技术框架（2010版）（来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司）

With the application scope of BIM technology expanding and the application depth deepening, 计的碰撞数量估算，在采用BIM信息化技
different stages and disciplines of the project have acquired obvious effects. This occurs in 术手段后，提前发现并解决的碰撞点总数
the external curtain wall discipline, design, processing, and site linkage mode based on BIM. 超过10万个, 按单个碰撞点平均单价1000元
Efficiency of the drawing and processing map has increased by 200% and the conversion 左右计,保守估计本工程节约费用至少超过
efficiency of processing map data has increased by 50%. Furthermore, the measurement 1亿元。
efficiency of complex components has increased by 10%. In MEP disciplines, using BIM 然而，BIM技术在项目实施的过程中依然
technology could lead to a 60% reduction of on-site workload with a 90% reduction on welding. 存在一些不可规避的问题，而这些问题是
This reduces the use of adhesives and dangerous, poisonous, and harmful activities. Also, the 现在以及今后几年内需要重点予以考虑并
application scope of BIM is achieving a 70% prefabrication rate of pipeline making. In terms of 解决的。
interior decoration, from the perspective of modularization and industrialization, work quality
and the efficiency of interior decoration have greatly improved (see Figure 5.6). 模型数据格式众多，软件兼容性有待进一
步提高。上海中心大厦项目目前在BIM技术
Besides the actions above, we also conducted research and used BIM models in the following 的应用上已经采用了超过10款软件，而每
areas, and achieved a certain value. 一款软件都有自己的数据格式。因此在软
• Quantity take-off assist 件之间进行无损的数据互导，以及模型整
• Investigation of the short and medium construction schemes 合上存在一定的难度。虽然目前国际上在
推广通用的数据格式IFC，各大软件商也皆
• The use of 3-dimensional laser scanning equipment to improve the accuracy of on-site
开发了相应的数据接口，但一方面IFC格式
construction
依然在完善过程中，另一方面各软件商针
Economically, engineering changes and error costs caused by information communication 对IFC格式接口的开发力度各不相同，导致
problems account for 3% to 5% of the total project cost in large and medium-sized construction 在进行IFC格式转换中会出现信息丢失，甚
projects. Such expenses can be avoided by means of BIM calculations. Estimation based on the 至构件缺失的情况。而在采用Navisworks软
clash quantities decreased by over 100,000 from clash detection statistics when BIM information 件进行模型整合时，虽然其能够读取超过
technology is used. If we calculate the unit price of individual clash point on the basis of 1,000 20种不同格式的软件数据，但依然存在部
RMB, more than 100 million RMB in total will be saved in the project. 分信息丢失的情况。
However, in the process of BIM technology’s implementation in the project, there are still 模型文件容量大，实际浏览操作不够顺
some inevitable problems, and these problems need to be considered and solved now and in 畅。在大型项目中，尤其是造型奇异、管
the next few years. 线复杂的项目上采用BIM技术的效果非常明
Formats of model data are numerous and compatibility of the managing software necessitates 显。通过BIM技术的有效运用可以显著减
further improvement. The BIM technology applied to the Shanghai Tower project has adopted 少设计错误，提高设计质量，缩短施工工
more than 10 kinds of software; each software having its own data format. Therefore there are 期，节约项目造价。而随着项目的规模越

100  |  Technology and Management

certain difficulties in achieving lossless data transformation between the software and model 来越大，模型的深度和精细度越来越高，
integration. Although the universal data format IFC has been promoted internationally, each big 模型文件的容量也变得越来越大。最明显
software vendor also develops their own data interface. On one hand, IFC format is still in the 的特点就是模型文件打开的速度越来越
process of perfection, on the other hand, software vendors have differing development strength 慢，可操作性变得越来越差。因此，需要
with the IFC format interface, resulting in information loss and even component loss which 对项目模型文件做合理的区域划分。
appears in IFC format conversion. And when we used Navisworks software for model integration, 模型重复使用的效率降低。此问题更多体
data loss accrued as well, even though it can read more than 20 kinds of different software formats. 现在由设计向施工过渡的阶段。目前大部
The model file is large in size, creating irregular browsing in actual operation. In large projects, 分的情况是BIM团队人员依据设计团队的图
the effect of using BIM technology is obvious, especially in the projects with free form shapes 纸来创建BIM模型，这就会产生模型与图纸
and complicated pipelines. Effective use of BIM technology can significantly reduce design 有不一致的可能性；设计阶段的模型到了施
errors, improve design quality, shorten the construction period, and reduce the building costs 工阶段时，模型的创建方式有所不同，建
of projects. As the scale of the project gets bigger and bigger, depth and precision of the 模深度与范围亦不足，需要由施工单位对
model get higher and higher. In conjunction, the size of the model file also becomes larger 模型做进一步深化，以满足施工阶段的应
and larger. The most obvious consequence is the loading speed of the model file becoming 用。当这些问题严重的时候，就会发生施
slower; its operability becomes increasingly worse. So, reasonable regional division for the 工单位自行依照设计图纸重新创建满足施
project model file is needed. 工应用需求的BIM模型，而设计模型被重复
使用的效率就会降低，项目有效信息重复

Figure 5.5. BIM technical framework (2013 version) (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd)
图5.5. BIM技术框架（2013版）（来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司）

技术与管理 | 101
     
Figure 5.6. BIM modelling used for interior finishes (Source: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd)
图 5.6. 室内装修中BIM模型的应用（来源：上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司）

Decreased efficiency of model reuse is a problem more embodied in the transition from the 使用的效果亦将受到影响。因此在项目前
design to construction phases. Generally, the current situation is that the BIM team members 期需要对BIM模型的建模规则、建模范围、
create BIM models according to design team’s drawings causing inconsistencies between 建模深度做有效的规范，同时建立行之有
models and drawings. When a model from the design phase moves to the construction stage, 效的审核机制，确保模型及信息能够被有
the method of model creation is different and lacks the necessary depth and range of modeling. 效地使用。
Contractors need further elaboration, in order to utilize the application through the construction BIM模型构件属性信息不够完善，信息
phase. When these problems become worse, contractors will recreate the BIM model in order 存储、调用方式有待完善。理想的状况
to meet the demand of construction application in accordance with the design drawing, and 下，BIM模型可贯穿项目的整个生命周期，
the re-use efficiency of the design model will be reduced. Re-use hinders information contained 其信息是要从设计到施工、再到后期运行
within the design. Therefore in the early stage of the project, modeling rules need to be 维护阶段，被不断地延续使用下去的。而
established. For instance, the range of modeling and the modeling depth should be effectively 大部分的模型构件信息均为软件自带的默
specified. Also, an effective auditing mechanism should be instituted to ensure that the model 认信息，其所包含的信息内容远达不到后
and information within it can be effectively used as needed. 期运维的应用需求。因此需要考虑在项目
Information about the attributes of the BIM model component is insufficient. The way 不同的阶段明确模型构件信息的内容，信
information is stored and retrieved must be improved because under ideal conditions, the BIM 息录入及维护的责任主体，构件信息的存
model would be used throughout the entire life cycle of the project. The information is used 储、调用方式，以及对信息的编辑、备份
constantly from design to construction and to the later operation and maintenance stage. Most 管理等。
of the model component information is default information which comes with the software. The BIM标准已有突破但需持续完善。上海中心
information content contained is far less than the late operational and maintenance application 初期进行BIM实施时，不仅国家和地方标准
requirements. Therefore, in the different stages of the project, clarification is necessary in the 没有出台，可参考的项目级标准都鲜有听
content of a model’s component information, the responsible subject of information input and 闻，只能参考国外的相关BIM标准。所以作
maintenance, and the component information storage need to be considered. 为业主方，我们需要根据项目自身的特点
There are breakthroughs in BIM standards, but these must be continually improved. At the early 和需求，制定相应的BIM标准和规范。同时
stage of BIM implementation in Shanghai Tower, there were no national or local BIM standards, 与项目各参与方沟通具体的BIM应用流程和
even standards of project level were rarely heard of. Therefore as the owner, we needed to 实施标准，以确保BIM标准的可实施性。随
set up relevant BIM regulations and standards according to the features and requirements 着这几年的积累，我们已形成了一系列过
of the project. Meanwhile, we needed to communicate with every participant involved with 程中的BIM技术应用标准。而随着工程竣工
the specific BIM application processes and implementation standards in order to ensure the 验收的到来，也在逐步形成各专业的BIM竣
feasibility of the standards. As the years went by, we have formed a series of BIM technology 工交付标准。同时，国家和地方标准也陆
续出台，如由中国建筑标准设计研究院承

102  |  Technology and Management

 Softwares Discipline Data Format General Format
常用软件 使用专业 常用数据格式 通用格式

All disciplines
AutoCAD .dwg
全专业

Architecture, secondary
structure, outter curtain wall,
elevator, lift, interior finishes
Architecture
建筑、二结构、外幕墙、
自动扶梯、垂直电梯、
Autodesk 室内装饰
Revit .rvt
Structure Structure 结构
Modeling
Mechanical and electrical
模型搭建 MEP pipelines, facilities
机电管线、设备 IFC

Inner curtain wall, podium

Rhino curtain wall .3dm
内幕墙、裙房幕墙

Steel structure
Tekla .db1
钢结构

Window washer
Solidworks .sldprt
擦窗机

Integrating All disciplines

Navisworks .nwd
模型整合 全专业

Table 5.2. Data format of BIM application software

表 5.2. BIM应用软件数据格式

application standards. With the arrival of the project completion acceptance, BIM delivery 担编制的BIM国家标准——《建筑工程设计
standards of every discipline will also have been set up gradually. At the same time, national and 信息模型交付标准》、《建筑工程设计信
local standards are developed as well, such as “BIM delivery standard for construction design,” 息模型分类编码标准》即将完成，而中国
and “BIM classification coding standard for construction design” that were mainly spearheaded 建筑科学研究院会同有关单位编制的《建
by China Institute of Building Standard Design & Research. The initial draft of “Construction BIM 筑工程信息模型应用统一标准》也已完成
application general standard” by China Academy of Building Research has also been completed. 征求意见稿，这就意味着今后我们的BIM实
This means we will have a general reference standard when implementing BIM in the project. 施可以有统一的参考标准，从而节省大量
We can also quantify the economic costs caused by communications among different 不同单位，不同人员之间沟通的成本。希
companies and staff. We hope these standards will be developed as soon as possible, to help 望这些标准能尽快出台并完善，并对项目
BIM implementation in future projects. 的BIM实施产生帮助。

技术与管理 | 103
     
Construction Technology and
Management Innovation
工程施工技术和管理创新
Zhenfeng Gao & Duanxue Shi, Shanghai Construction Group Co., Ltd.
高振锋 & 石端学, 上海建工集团股份有限公司

This project adopts a double glass curtain wall system. A vertical atrium is formed between internal and external curtain walls which cause the
external curtain wall system to be operated in midair. The height of concrete rises more than 600 meters, the consumption of steel structure
is up to 100,000 tons, and the total weight of the whole building is over 850,000 tons. An unsupported circular retaining wall system with an
inner diameter of 121 meters, a damper with a quality of 1,000 tons, and a 6-meter-thick foundation slab are used. The narrow construction
site, complex surrounding environment, difficult safety control, large time span, and a number of unsafe factors present large challenges to
the construction technology and management of this project. The project can be completed successfully only through the innovation of
construction technology and management.

本工程采用双层玻璃幕墙，内外幕墙之间形成垂直中庭，导致外幕墙系统呈凌空作业状态；混凝土使用高度达600多米，钢结构用量
达10万吨，整个建筑总重量超过85万吨；还采用了内径121米无内支撑的圆形地墙围护体系、厚达6米的基础底板、最大质量1000吨
的阻尼器等；工程场地狭小、周边环境复杂、立体交叉多、安全管控难、时间跨度大以及不安全因素多等：这些诸多特点给施工技术
和项目管理提出了严峻挑战，只有通过施工技术和管理创新才能圆满完成本工程。

The Innovation of Construction Technology 施工技术创新

Successful excavation of the unsupported circular foundation pit was an innovation in the 成功开挖了圆形无支撑基坑。主楼区域先
construction of the building. First, the main building area was constructed in sequence, and 行顺作施工，采用内径121米的无内支撑
then the unsupported circular underground continuous wall with an inner diameter of 121 圆形地下连续墙作为基坑围护（请见图5.7
meters was adopted as the retaining walls for pits (see Figure 5.7). The maximum digging depth ），基坑最大挖深33.7米，采取岛盆结合方
of the foundation pit is 33.7 m. A combination of island excavation and basin excavation was 式挖土，配合承压井降水，成功挖土36万
used. This dealt with precipitation by successfully using 360,000 cubic meter artesian wells. The 方。墙厚1.2米，地墙深50米，深入粉细砂
wall thickness is 1.2 meters with a depth of 50 meters into the silty, fine sand layer (commonly 层（俗称铁板砂层），故采用重斗成槽机和
known as the monolithic sand layer), thus the trenching machine and slot milling machine were 铣槽机进行成槽施工。
used for the construction of wall grooves. 完成了软土地基超深钻孔灌注桩。毗邻金
Secondly, super deep bored piles were completed on the soft soil foundation. The Shanghai 茂大厦、环球金融中心，打入桩对周边影
Tower is adjacent to the Jin Mao Tower and the Shanghai World Financial Center and 响太大，故采取钻孔灌注桩形式，该方法
conventional driven piles have too much impact on the surroundings, so the bored pile was 在软土地基的400米以上超高层建筑中应用
adopted. This is the first time bored piles have been used on a tall building over 400 meters 尚属首次。主楼桩径1米，最大桩深86.68
high in a soft soil foundation. The pile diameters of the main building is 1 meter with the 米，插入○92粉砂层近9米，单桩设计最大
maximum pile depth of 86.68 meters. Inserted into the piles is a 92 powder sand layer nearly 9 承载力10000千牛。通过桩端桩侧联合后注
meters thick with a maximum bearing capacity of 10,000kN per pile. The bearing capacity of 浆，采用注浆压力和注浆量双控原则，单
each pile is improved with post-grouting technology, grouting pressure and grouting quantity 桩承载力大幅提高，经试桩试验，单桩最
on the pile bottoms. Using this method, the pile test showed that the largest bearing capacity of 大承载力达26000千牛。
single pile was up to 26,000 KN. 先进的混凝土配制技术确保了混凝土施工
Advanced technology of compounding concrete ensures that the construction of concrete 不断刷新世界纪录。主楼基础底板厚达6
continuously breaks the world record. The thickness of foundation slabs of the main building 米，采用 C50混凝土，共计6万方。通过科
is up to 6 meters, adopting the C50 concrete with a total volume of 60,000 m3. Through 学配制混凝土配合比和优化施工工艺，实
scientifically making concrete and optimizing construction technology, 60,000 m3 of continuously 现了不设冷却水管、一次连续浇捣6万方大
cast concrete was produce without cooling pipes, breaking the current world record (see 体积混凝土，创造了世界房建领域的新纪
Figure 5.8). This world record was achieved by using the advanced technique of compounding 录（请见图5.8）。该记录的实现依靠先进的“
“high strength, high durability, high pumping, high flow, self-compacting” concrete. 高强度、高耐久性、高泵送、高流态、自
密实”混凝土配制技术的运用。

104  |  Technology and Management

Figure 5.7. Unsupported circular foundation pit of 121 meters’ diameter (Source: Shanghai Construction Group)
图5.7. 主楼121米直径无支撑圆形基坑（来源：上海建工集团）
Construction of the shear wall consisting
of steel plate and concrete was completed.
Shear walls with a large number of liner steel
plates and outer-packed concrete have been
used in the supertall building for the first
time (see Figure 5.9). It can be divided into
two forms: with one-layer steel plates and
two-layer steel plates consisting of two kinds
of concrete: C70 and C60. Before construction,
construction technology, the construction
process and the proportions for mixing
the concrete was optimized. A shrinkage-
reducing agent was added to improve the
crack resistance of concrete. When pouring
the concrete, the material was prepared at the
same time on both sides of the steel plate to
ensure that the concrete rises at a constant
speed on both sides.
The innovative hydraulic jack-up steel
platform and the template scaffold system
used for the core are square with a plane size
of 30 meters by 30 meters. It is divided into
nine grids and uses the C60 concrete with a
steel-framed structure inside. The core was
constructed first, adopting a system that
utilized a hydraulic jack-up steel platform and
template scaffold (see Figure 5.10). The tools
of modular design are convenient to deal
with the three-times-changed core system,
成功完成了新型钢板混凝土组合剪力墙的施工技术。超高层建筑领域首次大量使用内衬
钢板、外包混凝土的钢板-钢筋混凝土组合剪力墙（请见图5.9），分为内衬一层钢板和两
层钢板两种形式，混凝土强度有C70、C60两种标号。施工前，优化施工工艺和施工流
程，优化混凝土配合比，添加减缩剂，提高混凝土抗裂性；混凝土浇筑时钢板两侧同时
分皮下料，确保两侧混凝土等高匀速上升。
自主创新核心筒施工的液压顶升钢平台模板脚手体系。核心筒呈正方形，内部分成九
个格，平面尺寸为30米乘30米，全部采用C60混凝土，内设劲性钢结构。核心筒先行施
工，采用液压顶升钢平台模板脚手体系（请见图5.10）；工具化模块化设计，方便应对核心
筒3次体系变化、5次墙体收分及8个桁架层劲性钢结构吊装的影响；封闭式构造设计，平
台上方布置设备和材料堆放，下方施工作业，安全可靠。
电脑模拟预拼装技术在国内首次应用于建筑工程领域。本工程钢结构用量达10万吨以
上，主楼有8个桁架层，由伸臂桁架、双拼环带桁架、径向楼面桁架、悬挑桁架及楼层
钢梁组成，结构极其复杂。最大板厚达140毫米，单个构件最大重量近百吨。实物预拼
装难度大，周期长，因此创新性地采用电脑模拟预拼装技术，完美地解决了此难题，且
不受场地条件限制。
成功实现超大型动臂式塔吊外挂式布置和高空整体平移。结构施工阶段布置4台动臂式
塔吊（请见图5.11），3台M1280D和1台ZSL2700，起重能力达2450吨以上。如此大的重型塔
吊成功通过外挂方式布置，塔吊随结构施工自主向上爬升，每台塔吊爬升27次。随着核
心筒墙体厚度的5次收分，塔吊实现了四次超高空整体平移，这尚属世界首次。
大量自制施工设备、设施等施工技术装备创新。外幕墙是柔性悬挂结构体系，处于全
凌空作业状态。钢支撑施工时专门研发面积达2000平米的整体升降平台系统和极小半径
只有8米的弯轨行走式小塔吊（请见图5.12）；外幕墙板块施工时专门研发可斜向爬升的双
层吊篮和利用永久擦窗机轨道的轨道式悬臂吊机；中庭吊顶施工时专门设计了吊平台等
等。这些施工设备和设施的创新均是为上海中心定向研发的。
成功实现外幕墙支座系统创新性研究。外幕墙系统属于扭转的柔性悬挂结构体系，需大
量的高精度支座系统确保其结构稳定性和使用性。如此高精度的支座系统在幕墙领域甚
至建筑工程领域都没有使用的先例，而且国际上也没有配套的成熟产品可用。专门组建
技术与管理 | 105
Figure 5.8. Concrete casting for the base slab of tower (Source: Shanghai Construction Group)
图5.8. 主楼大底板混凝土浇筑（来源：上海建工集团）
five-times-changed walls and the impact of
lifting large steel structures. It is housed in an
enclosed structure design to make it possible
for equipment to be arranged and materials
to be piled up on the platform. This makes the
construction under the platform safe
and reliable.
Computer simulation pre-assembling
technology is used in the construction
engineering field for the first time at the
Shanghai Tower. In this project, more than
100,000 tons of steel will be consumed.
The main building has eight trusses which
consist of outrigger trusses, belt trusses,
radial floor trusses, cantilever trusses, and
steel floor girders. The structure is extremely
complex with the maximum floor thickness
of 140 mm and the maximum weight of
individual components nearing 100 tons.
Pre-assembly is difficult and takes a long
time, so the innovative adoption of simulated
pre-assembly solves these problems while not
affecting conditions at the site.
Successful realization of outdoor-hanging
arrangements and integral transitions at
high altitudes required a whip-type tower
crane. While constructing the structure,
four tower cranes were arranged (see Figure
106  |  Technology and Management
团队进行支座系统研发，历时一年多时间，圆满完成研发任务，并在工程中成功应用。
为实现重型机电设备吊装专门设计了移动式重型机电设备吊装平台，其中重型设备包
括：干式变压器、离心式冷水机组、板式换热器、空气处理机等。这不但解决了平台在
楼层无法固定的问题，而且安全可靠，方便快捷。
电涡流调质阻尼器首次成功应用。阻尼器设置在塔楼125层的楼面上，重达1000吨，采
用电涡流调质阻尼器，可以抵抗2500年一遇的罕遇地震。日常可以大幅减小大楼的摆动
幅度，提高舒适度。电涡流系统和质量箱体分别安装，专门设计了质量箱体的搁置平台
和同步升降系统，以确保阻尼器精确安装到位。
总承包管理创新
设计管理
专门成立设计协调部，全面负责原设计和专业深化设计出图的进度、协调和管理工作。
由于原施工图出图深度不足，总包及专业单位配备了大量的深化设计人员，建立了深化
设计五大专业协调平台，协调解决深化设计中遇到的各种问题与矛盾。原设计与深化设
计出图比例达到1：10。
进度管理
建立三级进度计划管理和监控体系，根据工况转换和施工进展，逐步对进度计划进行调
整、升版；采取“合同+行政措施”为主的资源配置机制和开设“绿色通道”为辅的资源快捷配
置和保障机制，确保进度计划顺利实现各个节点的目标。
安全管理
安全是工程顺利开展的前提条件，建立安全责任分区负责管理制度，每区落实安全责任
人。引入第三方安全评估和第三方消防安全巡视执法队，对工程的安全问题进行督查、
执法；建立消防灭火队，防患于未然。
完善立体交叉施工安全管理体系。建立立体交叉上报和公示制度，制订立体交叉施工安
全技术管理方案和应急预案，明确立体交叉施工安全责任人，确保立体交叉施工安全。
技术管理
5.11), including 3 M1280D and 1 ZSL2700, the lifting capacity of which is more than 2450 tons. 建立超高超限工程施工及验收标准。本工
Large heavy cranes were arranged by out-door hanging. The cranes climbed upwards with 程超高超限，在很多方面已经超出了现有
the structure throughout the construction process, each crane climbing 27 floors in total. The 工程规范的覆盖范围。为使工程施工及验
fluctuating core wall thickness required 4 integral transitions of cranes at super-high attitudes – 收有据可依，结合施工图纸、技术规格书
the first time in history in this has happened. 及施工经验，专门编制了一系列针对本工
An expansive amount of innovative construction equipment and facilities were devised 程的施工及验收标准，并经相关专家反复
exclusively for Shanghai Tower. The external curtain wall is a flexible suspended structural 论证，提交业主、监理及相关的政府监督
system which needs to be operated in midair. For instance, during the construction of 指导部门批准后施行，如外幕墙支座系统
steel supports, a lift platform system and walking tower crane was specially researched and 施工及验收标准等。
developed (see Figure 5.12). Also, when the external curtain wall plate is constructed, double 建立台风特殊天气下的长效管理机制。周
hanging baskets that can climb at an angle and a cantilevered crane that used the track of a 边高楼林立，特别是毗邻金茂大厦和环球
permanent window cleaning machine was developed. Furthermore, the lifting platform was 金融中心两大世界级的摩天大厦，导致高
specially developed and used to construct the atrium ceiling. All of these innovations were 空风场极其复杂。总包在深入调研上海最
created specifically for the Shanghai Tower. 近10多年来的特殊天气资料及环球金融中
心的风速监测资料后，进行分类整理、综

Figure 5.9. Steel - concrete composite shear wall (Source: Shanghai Construction Group)
图5.9. 钢板混凝土组合剪力墙（来源：上海建工集团）

技术与管理 | 107
     
A torsion flexible suspension structure system
was developed to support the external
curtain wall. This required a large number of
high precision supports to ensure structural
stability. Such a high precision support system
has not been used before for a curtain wall,
even in the construction engineering field.
A team was specially formed to develop the Figure 5.10. Hydraulic jack-up steel platform and template scaffold
support system, and it spent more than one system (Source: Shanghai Construction Group)
图5.10. 液压顶升钢平台模板脚手体系（来源：上海建工集团）
year completing the mission. The support
system was successfully applied to the
engineering of the Shanghai Tower.
A removable lifting platform was specially
designed to lift heavy mechanical and
electrical equipment, such as a dry type
transformer, centrifugal water chillers, a
plate heat exchanger, and an air processor.
This not only solves the issues inherent with
fixed platforms but is also is safe, reliable,
convenient and quick.
A tuned mass damper (TMD) using eddy
current damping was successfully applied
for the first time. The TMD was set up on the
125 floor of the tower, weighing 1000 tons.
Using Eddy Current Dampers, the tower
can resist a 2500-year earthquake. It can
significantly reduce the oscillation amplitude
of the building, and improve the comfort in
the daily lives of its users. The Eddy Current
System and quality cases are installed
respectively. The platform and synchronous
lifting system of the quality case were
specially designed to ensure that the damper
was installed accurately.

Innovation of General Management of

General Construction Contractor
Design Management
A design-coordination department is
responsible for the scheduling, coordination
and management of the original design.
Specialized designs were established for
the Shanghai Tower. Since the original
construction drawings were not thorough
enough, general contractors and specialized
companies were equipped with a large
number of design employees. The detailed
Figure 5.11. Four heavy cranes arranged in the way of out-door hanging (Source: Shanghai Construction Group)
design platform consisting of five specialties
图5.11. 四台重型塔吊外挂式布置（来源：上海建工集团）

108  |  Technology and Management

was established to resolve conflicts during the detailed design. The ratio between the original 合分析，并结合每年的施工工况，制订了
design and detailed design is up to 1:10. 极端天气的应对措施方案、应急预案和管
Schedule Management 理机制。
Three-level schedule management and monitoring systems were established. Based on the 质量管理
transformative working conditions and schedule of construction, the schedule itself can be 建立全专业全覆盖的质量考评体系。作为
modified and upgraded step by step. To ensure that every target can be achieved during the 地标性建筑，我司也立志将上海中心打造
schedule, it was necessary to take the resource allocation mechanisms controlling the “contract- 成精品工程，因此加强了全过程的质量管
administration measures” first and the “green channel” second. 控，建立了覆盖所有专业所有参建单位的

Figure 5.12. The walking tower crane and overall lift platform system (Source: Shanghai Construction Group)
图5.12. 行走式小塔吊和整体升降平台（来源：上海建工集团）

技术与管理 | 109
     
Safety Management
Safety is the precondition for the smooth
progress of construction. It is therefore
necessary to establish a management system
which is divided by safety and responsibility.
There should be a manager in every sector. To
supervise safety and code compliance, a third-
party safety assessment and the third-party
fire safety enforcement team were introduced.
The fire brigade was also established to
impose a fire safeguard.
The safety management system of
interchange construction was improved
by establishing the interchange report and
publicity system. In order to ensure the
safety of the interchange construction, it
was necessary to carry out the interchange
construction safety management plan
and create a contingency plan. This makes
the safety manager of the interchange
construction clear.
Technology Management
Set up the construction and acceptance
criteria of the height-exceeded and over-
limited project. This project is height-
exceeded and over-limited because it is
beyond the coverage of existing projects
in many aspects. Combined with drawings,
technical specifications and experience, a
serial construction and acceptance criteria Figure 5.13. View of Shanghai Tower early in its construction in urban context (Source: Gensler)
图5.13. 从城市角度看上海中心大厦施工图景（来源：上海建工集团）
was worked out for this project to make
construction and acceptance inevitable.
The criteria, such as the construction and
acceptance of external curtain wall bearing
system, can be repeatedly implemented after 千分制质量考评体系，每月召开质量例会，对各单位施工质量进行考评，表扬先进，曝
verification by relevant experts and approval 光落后，确保项目质量。
of the owners, supervisors, and relevant 建立公共资源统筹协调管理机制
governmental departments. 塔吊、电梯和临水临电等公共资源是整个项目的生命线工程。建立公共资源提前申请审
Long-term management mechanisms should 批机制，并综合现场的施工工况和进度要求，由总包统筹分配、协调管理，从而确保公
be set up in the event of extreme weather 共资源的高效利用（见图5.13）。
conditions such as a typhoon. The building 建立基于BIM技术的协调管理体系。
is surrounded by many other tall buildings, 上海中心极其复杂的结构、繁多的机电系统、大量的深化设计，紧靠二维平面已经远远
such as the Jin Mao Tower and the World 不能满足工程需求，BIM技术作为先进的技术和管理手段得到了深入、广泛的应用。总
Financial Center. As a result, the wind at 承包部成立BIM工作室，各专业分包成立BIM工作团队，分包BIM工作团队针对本专业的
high-altitudes is extremely complex. General 图纸深化、碰撞进行优化，在总包的协调下与相关专业合模，进行碰撞矛盾检查，上下
contractors carefully studied the special 协调，建立全方位的BIM管理体系。
weather information of Shanghai in the last
基于网格化、信息化的协调管理机制。
decades. The monitoring information of wind

110  |  Technology and Management

speed around the World Financial Center in combination with the changing conditions every 参建单位、专业及工人多，管理难度大。
year helped create the contingency plans and management mechanisms for extreme weather 采取现代化的管理手段，建立了基于网格
events. 化、工程信息化的工程管理系统，各参建
Quality Management 单位获得授权登录、上传，确保了工程信
Throughout the development process, the company has had the ambition to make the 息的及时性、准确性和完整性，大大提高
Shanghai Tower as high quality as possible. Quality management was reinforced by a thousand- 了工作效率。
point quality assessment system evaluating every participant of the project. Quality meetings
were held monthly to assess the construction quality of every participant. A reward system
praised the outstanding contractors and consequences were handed out to the lagging
contractors to ensure that the project retained its quality.
Establish a Coordination Management Mechanism of Public Resources
The tower crane, elevator and other public resources are the lifeline of the project. Applications
to acquire public resources were established well in advance. Combining the construction
conditions and schedule requirements through the general contractor ensured efficient use of
these public resources. (See Figure 5.13)
Establish the Coordination Management System Based on BIM
Due to the complex structure, many mechanical and electrical systems, along with a large
number of detailed designs, 2D planes are far from the needs of project. As an advanced
technology, BIM was used widely in the Shanghai Tower construction. General contractors set
up the BIM workshop while the subcontractors set up the BIM team to optimize and deepen
drawings in their respective specialties. Under the general contractor’s coordination, collision
checks were completed between relevant specialties and a BIM management system was
established.
Coordination Management Mechanism Based on Grid and Informatization
The large number of participating companies and workers proved perpetually challenging.
Modern management measures were used and an innovative project management system
based on grids and informatization was established. Each participant company was authorized
to login and upload the files creating an environment of timeliness, accuracy and completeness.
Also, engineering information is ensured, and efficiency was largely improved.

技术与管理 | 111
     
The Construction Supervision Process
施工监理的创新管理方式

Yadong Li, Haochuan Lang, Jing Sun & Xiangdong Xu, Shanghai Jianke Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd.
李亚东, 郎灏川, 孙静 & 徐向东, 上海建科工程咨询公司

This chapter summarizes innovative management methods in the construction supervision process of Shanghai Tower, outlining the
implementation process and application results. It includes key steps of the construction supervision process, acceptance criteria beyond
specification, targeted inspection methods, safety management, sustainable building management, and BIM technology. Results prove that
these innovative methods could satisfactorily meet the construction requirements of Shanghai Tower. Furthermore, these methods will provide
a reference for other ultra high-rise buildings in the future.
This new landmark building in Shanghai has no parallel in history in the size of its engineering and architectural features. Additionally, it
brought many challenges to the work personnel during the construction process. This article, from the perspective of supervision personnel,
illustrates some innovative management practices used during the course of construction.

文章总结了上海中心大厦施工监理过程中若干创新管理方式，包括创新工作的提出、实施情况、应用效果等。具体内容有：超高层
施工监理关键工序、超规范的质量验收标准、针对性检查方式、安全监理模式、绿色建筑、BIM实施等。工程实际效果表明，这些
创新手段较好的适应了上海中心工程推进需求，并将能够有助于今后类似超高层项目的工程咨询实施。
上海中心大厦作为上海市的新地标建筑，其工程规模和建筑特色史无前例，同时也给参与其中的各单位在工作方式方面众多挑
战。本文从监理单位角度出发，阐述了在该工程施工监理过程中的一些创新管理做法。

The Innovation Comes from Challenges 创新来源于挑战

The Challenges in Techniques 上海中心的技术难度
The construction process of the project required a broad range of engineering techniques. 本工程的建造过程基本涵盖了房屋建筑领
Furthermore, because the height of the building makes it the tallest in China, many technical 域的所有分项工程内容。由于本工程建设
aspects were beyond common practice. The main responsibility of supervision staff is to ensure 总高度在国内属于首位，因此其中许多技
quality results and accurate implementation at every step during construction. Therefore, the 术内容都超出了目前的常规。监理在现场
main challenge is identifying the essential elements of quality and controlling the key processes 主要的工作职责在于确保各分项内容质量
in this extraordinary project. 的可靠实施，因此如何在这些超常规的工
The Challenges in Management 程中识别质量关键环节并进行控制，是面
For this project, management methods differ from normal engineering projects because of the 临的首要挑战。
numerous amount of involved subcontractors. Therefore, an innovation management model is 上海中心的管理难度
required in order to achieve high quality results. 本工程参与的分包单位众多，管理界面和
In addition to the routine work, there is the inevitable interface between the different 工作方式也有别常规工程。需要考虑采取
technologies used in the project. For example, elevators need to be constructed within the core 突破常规的管理模式，以顺利的实现工程
tube structure. For the sake of structural integrity, the structural steel personnel fabricated the 进度、质量、投资等全方位目标。
elevator separator beams and completed the on-site installation. After the transfer procedures, 除了常规协调工作外，不可避免的还有各
elevator construction began. There are many other examples like this, and they took up a large 技术之间的衔接。例如：超高层核心筒内电
part of daily technical coordination. 梯施工，出于结构安全的考虑，电梯分隔
梁由钢结构单位加工和现场吊装，完成移
交手续后，电梯分包在此基础上进行专业
Innovation and Technical Measures – The Keys to Addressing Challenges 施工。类似这样的例子还有许多，成为了
Identifying Key Processes in High-Rise Construction Supervision 日常技术协调中很大一部分内容。
Identifying and controlling critical processes are the key elements of quality management. This
was done early in the project preparation period and 20 key main procedures were identified
(see Table 5.3). These covered almost all of the engineering work, including the foundation, the 创新的技术措施——攻坚克难的关键
main structure, curtain wall installation and decoration, etc. 超高层施工监理关键工序识别
As the project progressed, thorough screening of key procedures was very important. For 我们首先将本工程的关键工序识别和控制
aspects that exceeded current standards or had specific engineering difficulties or unusual 作为质量管理的重点内容。早在工程准备

112  |  Technology and Management

Figure 5.14. The Shanghai Tower under construction (Source: Gensler)
图5.14. 正在施工的上海中心（来源：Gensler）

characteristics, we arranged further 阶段，我们已经识别了20个主要的关键工序环节。（见表5.3）涵盖了从地基基础、主体结

examination and identification. For many
divisional working units, we updated
the requirements and proposed specific
evaluation criteria for components including
the bored piles, the steel structure, the
internal and external curtain wall and the
supporting system, etc.
In addition, these key elements contain some
requirements outside normal construction
industry standards, such as: window coverings
for the entire inner and outer curtain wall
构、幕墙围护、装饰装修等大部分的分部工程内容。
在工程进展过程中，我们对关键工序进行了深入地筛选，对于其中可能出现突破既有规
范的内容，或是具有本工程难度和特点的内容，进行了深入探索和识别。在很多分项内
容方面都提出或指定了特有的验收规范和要求，例如：钻孔灌注桩验收规范、钢结构验
收规范、内外幕墙及支撑体系验收规范等。
20 Main Procedures Required For Preliminary Indentifying
初步识别的20个主要关键工序

system, a large substation providing power Engineering Measurement Bored Grouting Pile Diaphragm Wall Deep Foundation Excavation
for the building, a damper with the total 工程测量 钻孔灌注桩 地下连续墙 深基坑

weight up to 1,000 tons, a wind turbine group Mass Concrete Concrete Construction Steel Construction Damper
located at the height of 580 m, etc., all of 大体积混凝土 混凝土结构 钢结构 阻尼器

which demanded a high level of technical Curtain Wall Installation & Decoration
Roof Protection & Anti- Water Supply & Drainage,
leaking Firework
performance and comprehensive evaluation 幕墙 装饰装修
屋面与防渗漏 给排水与消防
of the strength and build ability of the
Ventilation & Air Condition Construction Electricity Intelligent Engineering Elevator
construction elements.
通风与空调 建筑电气 建筑智能化 电梯
Specific Inspection Methods Large-size Equipment Construction Energy
Outdoor General Engineering Sustainable Engineering
Hoisting Conservation
This section describes the innovative 室外总体 绿色生态建筑技术
大型设备吊装 建筑节能
technology measures of key sub project
Table 5.3. Twenty Key Engineering Procedures
procedures which were summarized above. 表5.3. 20关键工程流程

Inspection Method of Super-Deep Bored

Grouting Piles
The main aspect of the pile foundation is that
the pile diameter is large and the piles are

技术与管理 | 113
     
 此外，还涉及到一些建筑行业之外的内
容，比如：覆盖整个内外幕墙体系的擦窗
机，为大厦提供动力的大型变电站，总重
量达到1000吨的阻尼器，位于580m高度
的风力发电机组等。这些内容对各参建单
位的技术水平和综合实力提出了很高的要
求。
针对性的检查方式
本节主要就前节已经识别的突破常规的重
Figure 5.15. The heavy steel structure of the Shanghai Tower in it’s early stages (Source: Antony Wood)
点分项工程的创新技术措施进行阐述。
图5.15. 上海中心施工初期的重型钢结构（来源：安东尼·伍德）
超深钻孔灌注桩的检查方式
本工程桩基最大的特点在于桩径大且超
very deep, with the deepest being 86 m into the ground. Controlling the verticality of the piles 深，最深达到地面以下86m，需要重点控
is the primary focus. Therefore, in addition to routine checks, we insisted that the inspection on 制桩基的垂直度。因此除了常规的检查内
the entire process be carried out as summarized below: 容之外，我们突破常规,采用了全过程监督
检查方式：
1. Inspection of the entire pile forming process required 24-hour uninterrupted
monitoring. The proportion of sand in the mud had to be controlled in a certain range, 1. 对成桩过程全过程检查，采用24
or the wall of the pile may collapse. During this process, the weight of drilling mud was 小时不间断监控的方式，过程中
checked every 2 hours in order to ensure drilling verticality. 每2小时检查1次成孔泥浆比重，
确保成孔垂直度。
2. Since the project used post-grouting technology to improve the bearing capacity of
the pile foundation, grouting was the key to quality control. The post-grouting quality 2. 由于本工程采用了后注浆工艺来
control was refined in each step, including the grouting pipe connection, water 提升桩基承载力，因此我们将其
pressure testing of the grouting pipe, and controlling the amount of grouting and 作为了质量控制的重点环节。对
grout pressure. 后注浆的质量控制细化到了各个
环节：注浆管的连接及下放、注浆
Inspection Method for Large Steel Structures
管劈水试验、以及对注浆量和注
The total amount of steel structure in this project accumulated to more than 110,000 tons,
浆压力进行控制。
which was provided by two domestic steel work factories. Because of the steel structure system
that was adopted for the project, the number and size of components is very large, especially 大型钢结构的工厂检查方式
the trusses, the tower crown, and other key parts (see Figure 5.15). In the steel structure 本工程钢结构总量超过11万吨，分别由2家
fabrication factory, inspection methods were very important and are summarized as follows: 国内钢结构加工厂加工。由于本工程采用
劲性结构体系，因此构件数量和体型都十
3. It is important not only to inspect the components’ processing quality, but to ensure
分庞大，尤其是桁架层、塔冠等重点部位
that there were sufficient checking points to ensure the overall quality of the process.
（见图5.15）。在钢结构加工厂检查方面，
Therefore, the inspection of the quality management systems in the factories was
采用了如下的针对性的检查方式：
important. In addition to routine evaluations, we also used ad-hoc inspections and
statistical measurements, such as qualified welding procedures, to assess the quality of 3. 我们首先明确驻厂工作的重点，
the steelwork machining and welds. 不仅仅是对构件加工质量的检
查，更关键的是确保整个加工过
4. If all of the elements were pre-assembled in accordance with the general requirements,
程质量的总体平稳。因此我们注
it would be difficult to reach the project schedule and cost requirements. Therefore,
重对加工厂的质量管理体系进行
in this project, we used actual entity preassembly combined with BIM pre-assembly
检查：除了常规驻厂外我们还采用
to control the precision of trusses and other key parts. The geometry of large steel
不预先通知的飞行检查工作方式；
components was modeled in 3D. This took advantage of the ability to model the
并采用焊缝合格率的统计指标等
steelwork by using the electronic analog of pre-assembled components in the BIM and
反映各加工点的质量。
it replaced the need for actual pre-assembly of the steelwork.
4. 对于超大型钢结构的预拼装，如
Inspection Method of Flexible Suspension Curtain Wall System
果全数按照一般规范要求进行工
The double glass curtain wall of the building has a beautiful appearance, but it also brings
厂内预拼装，本工程进度和成本
extreme technical challenges. This can be seen in the outside curtain wall parts that require
要求都难以达到。因此本工程中
precision control from the curtain wall supporting system and curtain wall installation.
采用了实体预拼装结合BIM模型模

114  |  Technology and Management

The installation of the curtain wall supporting
ring beam required meeting the requirements
of the plate connector construction schedule
as well as requirements of the overall
construction site schedule. Therefore, the
method called “professional sub contractor
– overall contractor-supervision” model was
used. That is, the three parties respectively
measure and double check their data and
finally put their measured results into the BIM.
Inspection to Ensure the Sustainable
Construction
In addition to conventional engineering
objectives, the project also needed to
achieve the standard of American LEED-CS
Gold Standard and the Three-Star “double
certification” standard of Green Building of
China. Therefore, more than 30 green building
technologies were used in the design. In
order to achieve the “double certification”
target, we identified some special technical
improvements in the quality control points.
For example, the ground source heat pump
differed from the conventional buried pipe
approach. Different from normal ground
source pump, we used a “pipe pile” as the
source of ground source pump in this project.
Therefore, the survival rate of the buried pipe
is very important, because it is linked with the
requirements of final energy savings.
拟预拼装的方式，进行桁架层等部位的安装精度控制。将加工好的大型钢构件
的几何尺寸录入到三维模型中，用模型进行电子模拟预拼装以取代构件实体预
拼装。
柔性悬挂幕墙体系的检查方式
本工程双层玻璃幕墙打造了建筑柔美的外形，同时也带来了极大的技术挑战。尤其外幕
墙部分需要由幕墙支撑体系和幕墙板块安装进行精度控制。
幕墙支撑环梁的安装，既要满足板块转接件的施工进度要求，又要满足施工现场的总进
度要求，因此采用了由“专业分包-总包-监理”的模式，三方分别复测数据，测量结果输入
到BIM模型中。
保证绿色建筑效果的检查方式
本工程除常规工程目标外还需要达到美国LEED-CS金奖及中国绿色建筑三星级“双认证”标
准。因此设计采用了多达30余项的绿色建筑技术。为达到“双认证”目标，我们对一些专
项技术的控制重点进行了识别。
以地源热泵为例，区别于常规的地埋管做法，本工程采用了“桩埋管”方式。因此埋管的
成活率对于最终节能要求是否能够达到十分关键。
创新的管理内容——平稳运行的保证
调整的安全监理模式
安全技术保证
安全生产文明施工，离不开科学合理的技术方案。特别是对于特大型项目，涉及到较多
的安全技术突破，比如深基坑开挖、高大支撑排架等等（见图5.16）。在施工过程中，要
做到安全，必须有完备的技术方案保证，并严格按程序进行审核和论证。
在现场，监理严格按批准同意的方案，督促施工单位落实各项安全生产文明施工的保证
措施。不符合要求，不得投入使用，不得进行质量验收。比如钢筋隐蔽验收和模板验
收，必须做到排架验收合格挂牌。要求做到方案怎么写，现场就怎么做，现场做不到，
方案就得改，并经过验算和审核。这样做，督促施工单位必须重视方案的合理和科学，
并重视技术交底和现场实施。
安全管理模式

Innovation Management – Guarantee of

Efficient Operation
Safety Supervision Mode of Adjustments
Guarantee of Safety Technology
It is difficult to introduce safe production
and non-hazardous construction processes
without reasonable scientific and technical
solutions. This is especially true for large
projects, involving more breakthroughs in
safety technology, such as the excavation of
deep foundations, tall braced bents, etc. (see
Figure 5.16) In the construction process, safety
is highly inter-related with complete technical
proposals, and they should be reviewed and
demonstrated to comply with approved
Figure 5.16. The construction workers following safety procedures during the concrete pouring process (Source: Antony
procedures. Wood)
图5.16. 施工人员按照安全程序浇筑混凝土（来源：安东尼·伍德）

技术与管理 | 115
     
During on-site management, supervisors must follow the approved procedures and coordinate 落实项目负责人的安全生产责任制。
with construction personnel to ensure production safety and safe construction practices. It • 保证落实项目负责人的工作到位，
was forbidden to use non-approved quality checking processes and to use any behaviors 一把手真正上岗到位了，才能对安
that were not aligned with the approved process. For example, in the acceptance process for 全生产实行全员、全方位、全过程
concealed steelwork and templates, there must be an approved acceptance listing. The on-site 的管理和监督，才能形成“一把手
implementation must strictly follow the approved construction proposal. If they were unable 是安全第一责任者为核心的各级安
to be executed in accordance with approved procedures, then the proposal would be adjusted 全生产责任制”。
accordingly, after verification. It was a useful methodology to ask the construction units to
做到安全生产层层有责
consider their proposals in detail. They had to be reasonable and scientific. This methodology
emphasized the importance of verification and on-site implementation. • 做到安全生产层层有责、按照“谁
主管、谁负责”的原则，明确从一
Safety Management Model
把手、总工程师到专责主管及其工
Clarify that the main safety production responsibility is with the project leader:
作人员安全责任。做到层层把关，
• It is essential to ensure that the main responsibility for safety is with the project leader. 分兵把守，群防群治，群策群力，
When the project leader is committed to his responsibility and involved in onsite 使安全生产处于受控在控状态。
construction, the supervision and management of construction safety can be fully
层层签订安全生产责任状
achieved. This brings awareness to the project team members at all levels. On-site
management can be developed once they are aware that the project leader is the main • 层层签订安全生产责任状，建立起
person responsible for all onsite production safety. 自下而上、分级控制事故，层层保
护，一级对一级负责的保证体系。
Clarify the safety responsibilities for each role in the project.
要将安全目标通过责任状的形式加
• It is essential to follow the main principle that everyone must be committed to their 以细化和量化，建立、完善实施细
responsibility in their position. Defining the safety responsibilities of the project leader, 则和考核办法。通过实行过程跟踪
the general engineer, the functional head, and the relevant team members is essential. 和阶段考核，进行动态管理，确保
The goals of safety management should be achieved when everyone is clear about their 安全记录与日俱进，安全形势日臻
responsibilities and that they can improve site safety from their own position. 稳定．安全目标如期完成。
Set up the management system for safety in construction for all levels of personnel: 创新的BIM监理模式
• The accident control responsibility covers all levels of project members and it requires 在目前多数超大型项目均开展BIM技术应
bottom-up management, so that everyone in the team is actively involved. It is also 用的背景下，本工程也在多个专项工程中
important to set up evaluation systems, such as specificity and measurability that ensure 很好的推进了BIM工作。围绕监理工作的
safety in construction. Secondly, timely tracking and periodic appraisal systems carried 特点开发并实践了一系列与BIM相关的技
out by management must be implemented to ensure the continuous and consistent 术方法。
improvement of safety records. As a result, safety objectives should be achieved BIM工作平台开发
successfully and on schedule. 在该BIM信息平台的开发过程中，考虑的
Innovative BIM Supervision Mode 主要因素是工程的重要信息管理，例如质
Currently, BIM technology has been used in many large projects. For instance, it was used 量、安全、进度等方面。基于既有的工程
efficiently and developed in some specific process throughout the Shanghai Tower project. A BIM模型，引入了“数据标签”的概念，将数
series of BIM related technology and methods were developed and practiced, according to the 据与模型进行关联。标签中能够包含各种
characteristics of the supervision work. 重要信息，例如：工程材料信息、检查验收
Development of BIM Platform 信息、问题整改情况等。对于单个标签，
In the development process for the BIM platform, the main factor was the management of 可以详细的展示其中包含的具体质量信
important engineering information, such as quality, safety, progress, etc. Based on the existing 息，并能够具体的定位出在建筑模型中的
engineering BIM, the concept of “data label” was introduced to associate the data in the model. 精确位置。对于工程总体，具有非常直观
The labels contain important information and data including engineering material, inspection, 的一览表功能，便于预警提醒。
acceptance and solutions for specific problems. Furthermore, the label orientates the exact 此外，监理人员可以在工作平台中进行常
position of the element in the model. For the overall project, there is a summary list which is 规的工程管理流程操作。因为有了BIM模
very clear and useful for early warnings of discrepancies. 型的引入，使得一些常规工作能够更加直
观、有序，提升管理效率。
BIM辅助现场技术

116  |  Technology and Management

Figure 5.17. Shanghai Tower’s impact on the Shanghai skyline creates an anchor for the many people travelling nearby. (Source: Gensler)
图5.17. 上海中心对上海天际线的改变吸引了许多来附近旅游的人 （来源：Gensler）

Additionally, the supervisors can implement conventional engineering management processes 在进行BIM平台管理功能开发的同时，进行
on the BIM platform. With the application of BIM, we simplified the routine works and improved 了一系列关于BIM应用技术的监理应用。在
the efficiency of the project management. 此介绍2种利于现场使用的扫描方式：三维
BIM-Aided Technology 扫描和全景扫描。
In the development of BIM platform, a series of BIM-aided technology for supervision was • 三维激光扫描可以在现场精确的获
applied. We summarize two scanning modes for on-site management, 3D scanning and 得扫描对象的三维点云模型，具有
panoramic scanning. 高效率、高精度的特点。因此一定
• 3D laser scanning can accurately obtain the 3D geometry model of the object; it is very 条件下可将该项技术与关键部位的
efficient and precise. Therefore, under certain conditions, 3D laser scanning measurement 实体测量相结合。
technology can be combined with physical measurement of key parts. • 全景扫描技术是另外一种获取现场
• Panoramic scanning technology is another tool to acquire the entire on-site model 实体模型的工作方式。与三维扫描
but it is different from the 3D scanning. The image in panoramic scanning is not high- 的区别在于，这种方式虽然没有极
precision, but it can record the construction site at specific times. This technology is 高的精度，但是可以最大程度的还
very useful to rapidly review the on-site situation in quality management. 原特定时间节点的施工现场。这样
尤其可以在质量管理中起到较好的
追溯作用。
The Implementation Effect and Summary: Future Inspiration
The purpose of innovation is not only for achieving construction targets, it is also very
实施效果与总结——对未来的启发
important to inspire the project participants through the accumulation of engineering
technology and management experience in innovative construction practices. By reviewing, 创新的目的不仅仅在于达成工程建设目
recording, and refining this experience, we will achieve better application of innovations in 标，更关键的是能够对参与者起到很好的
similar projects in the future. 思维启发作用。在本工程创新实践中积累
的技术和管理经验，经过亲身经历者的进
一步总结提炼，将能够在未来类似项目中
得到更好的应用。

技术与管理 | 117
     
Property Management: Moving Towards Sustainable
Vertical Urbanism
物业管理：迈向可持续发展的垂直城市主义
Xiaobo Chen, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd
陈晓波, 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司

As the highest tower in Shanghai, and at the forefront of a new generation of supertall towers nationwide, Shanghai Tower will anchor the city’s
Lujiazui district, which has emerged as one of East Asia’s leading financial centers. The following chapter will present Shanghai Tower’s property
management structure, in addition to the applied concepts of supertall high-rise property management. The focus will be placed on how to
integrate, to the greatest extent, our best property management services, and even our specific operation modes. The chapter will also explore
the property management structure in regards to its synergistic active participation and support of various public welfare and environmental
protection activities. Therefore, corporate responsibility and the ultimate goals of creating a comfortable and harmonious commercial, working
and living atmosphere are achieved. In that regard, keeping up with the pace of city development as a whole is simultaneously maintained.

上海中心大厦坐落在陆家嘴核心地区，该区域已经成为东亚首屈一指的金融中心之一。本文详细介绍了将应用于上海中心大厦这
一超高层建筑的物业管理理念，着重阐述如何将物业管理服务同参与及支持各类公益及环保活动融合起来，做到相辅相成，为实
现缔造和谐舒适的商业、办公、生活环境及城市发展作出贡献。

As the highest tower in Shanghai, and at the forefront of a new generation of supertall high-rise 上海中心大厦作为上海第一、全国领先的
towers in China (see Figure 5.18), Shanghai Tower will be overseen by a professional property 新一代超高层建筑 （见图5.18），将凭借出
management service team. They will be committed to maintaining and improving the already 色而优秀管理层级别的服务团队，致力维
high standards of enterprise operations. Specifically, they will be aiming at shaping the highest- 持高水平的企业管理。凭借领先市场的雄
quality Shanghai-style property culture, providing attentive and considerate customer service 厚实力，以及高瞻远瞩的创见，致力打造
while creating a celebrated and excellent brand. This brand is fully expected to emerge as one 最高质素的“海派”物业文化，以及提供最
of the best enterprises in Shanghai, or even the whole nation, depending on its strong and 周全的客户服务，建立强大优质品牌，有
abundant market strength. 望成为上海乃至全国最出色的企业之一。

Intelligent Building Management 智能建筑管理

Control Room 中央控制室
The establishment of a control room will certainly transform and promote the traditional 形成将传统监控中心向集群指挥中心的转
monitoring center into a mass command center, thereby, necessitating the monitoring and 变和提升，监控指挥整个大厦的信e息和
control of information and dispatch systems for the tower as a whole. As information will be 调度系统。充分发挥集中监控的作用，
centralized and monitored in a timely fashion, emergency events can be handled appropriately, 及时采集、处理突发事件，保障大厦安全
ensuring safety and accessibility within the tower. The transformation of decentralized control 畅通。形成了对传统行业工作行为规范的
into a concentrated one produces a breakthrough in traditional work specifications. The control 突破，将分散管控转变为集中管控，提升
room will be upgraded through centralized cooperation and additional support, coinciding with 了监控指挥中心的核心地位，使之可以得
the national initiative. Already fully applied and integrated into the building’s critical systems, 到更多方支持和配合，并着力成为国内首
like illumination, heating, cooling, ventilation and power generators, various intelligent building 创。各种智能化楼宇控制技术的高度集约
control technologies, which are already highly intensive, can enormously reduce energy 化，甚至可以通过监控和调试来有效降低
consumption. The reduction is achievable merely by monitoring and commissioning a truly 大厦的能量消耗，这些技术已充分运用渗
orderly, controllable and effective management system. 透到大厦的照明、采暖、制冷、通风和发
Standard work inspection instructions have been prepared for active itemized video inspection 电等主要心脏系统，使大厦真正可以做到
work done by the security team on duty in the control room. Instructions have also been 有序有控有效管理。
made for the operation of all equipment and facilities in the tower, in addition to daily safety 创建中央控制室值班长规范作业指导书，
and maintenance checks. The goal is to fundamentally change old behaviors and concepts 由管理者每天主动定时按作业书要求对大
厦各项设备设施的操作进行逐项动态检

118  |  Technology and Management

like “no event, no danger.” As a result, site
management will be changed from a
passive management model to an active
management model.
Realize Highly Intelligent Building
Management and Further Promote BIM
System Development
The achievement of positive development
results using BIM will in consequence
accelerate the application and integration
of BIM into property management services.
The submission of the concept “Property
Asset Operation Platform = BIM + FM + IBMS”
and the formation of 3D visible space (i.e. an
innovative integration of three-dimensional
animation, dynamic operation, plane
management, instant dynamic video and
effective operation management interface) Figure 5.18. Rendering of the Shanghai Tower at night (Source: Gensler)
图5.18. 上海中心大厦夜景效果图（来源：Gensler）
will consequently improve management
effectiveness and accuracy while ultimately
enriching the overall management model.
Utilizing BIM will, in a true sense, meet 查，以期从根本上改变以往“没有情况报告就是正常和安全”的固定行为观念和模式，将
the targets of energy conservation and 现场管理从被动管理方式向主动管理方式进行转变。
environmental protection. Ultimately, we
高度智能化建筑管理，深化BIM系统的研究发展
perform BIM application-based information
在取得BIM建设方面成果后，及时开展将BIM应用和结合于物业管理服务中，创建“物业资
management to promote management
产运行平台=BIM+FM+IBMS”的概念，形成生动的3D观感空间（立体动画、动态操作、平
efficiency, improve management quality,
面管理，以及即时的动态视频，高效的运行管理界面相结合的创新手段），提升了管理
shorten different kinds of construction terms,
的有效性和准确性，也丰富了管理者的管理模式和手段，充分建立以BIM应用为载体的
reduce management costs, analyze and
管理信息化，提升管理效率、提高管理质量、缩短各类施工周期、有效降低管理成本，
realize minimum energy consumption, and
分析、实现最低最佳的能耗，借助通风、采光、气流组织以及视觉对使用者心理感受的
directly consider the user’s feelings through
控制等，实现真正意义上的节能环保，并确保使BIM系统在以下方面得到全面完善的体
external ventilation, lighting, air distribution
现。
and visibility.
三维渲染，宣传展示；快速算量，精度提升；精确计划，减少浪费；多算对比，有效管控；
Other benefits of BIM are: 3D renderings and a
虚拟施工，有效协同；往返检查，减少返工；疑问调用，决策支持。
promotional demonstration; quick calculations
and upgraded accuracy; precise scheduling
and less extravagance; synchronized 安全管理
comparisons and effective control; virtual
操作管理
construction and effectual coordination; round
实现智能建筑立体化，构筑全方位立体通讯架构（有线与无线相结合，公共公用频率与
inspection and reduced reworking; trouble
专用频率相结合，专用通讯设备与通用通讯设备相结合，普通功能与专用功能相结合）
extracting and decision supporting.
。物业人员仅需利用便携式电脑于物业管理日常工作，即可进行图像、视频、图纸、报
表、文字等信息的即时快速交换，全面提高工作质量和效率，同时有效起到工作操作过
Safety Management 程中的人身安全保护。
Operation Management 建设对设备运行的视频控制系统，确保对重点设备可实施重点观测和保护，利用高速网
A realized three-dimensional intelligent 络通道可进行双向交流和电话会议、图纸传送。
building and a comprehensive stereoscopic 消防安全管理
communication setup is composed of: wired 上海中心的消防设计管理系统包括：规划用地红线以内的室内外消火栓灭火系统、自动
and wireless communications networks; 喷水灭火系统、水喷雾灭火系统、IG-541气体灭火系统、大空间智能灭火系统、干粉自

技术与管理 | 119
     
 动灭火装置和建筑灭火器的配置等。一旦
发生火灾，系统探测组件向消防控制中心
的火灾报警控制器发出火警信号，启动声
光报警装置报警，报告发生火灾的位置；打
开相应洒水器管网的电磁阀，迅速有效的
扑灭火灾，火灭停止，复燃则重新启动。
系统同时具有手动控制、自动控制和应急
操作功能。
在常用的高低压配电房、变压器房、开关
柜、通讯机房、后备电源间、电梯机房等
均设置全淹没IG-541洁净气体灭火系统。
在重要的地下一层总控中心、调光室、电
梯机房、UPS机房以及各类通信机房均采
用高压细水喷雾系统。高压细水雾灭火是
水灭火系统的一种新科技，具有压力高、
水雾微粒超细的特点，大大提高了水灭火
的效能，从而第一时间有效保证重要机房
Figure 5.19. Intelligent curtain wall. (Source: Gensler)
图5.19. 智能窗帘及照明 （来源：Gensler） 及大厦核心的安全。
疏散管理（火灾或者非火灾的紧急、危机
处理）
public and dedicated frequencies; exclusive and common communication equipment; as well
上海中心大厦作为100层以上的超高层建
as ordinary and special functions that are all respectively mixed with each other. Additionally,
筑，内部拥有一个“加长型并扭转”疏散楼
all the property management staff require the ability to transmit images, videos, drawings,
梯，大规模的人员快速疏散会使很多人们
statements, and other types of information related to daily work activities. These capabilities will
精疲力竭，尤其对于老人、行动不便者也
be achieved merely by using portable computers, with the aim of improving work quality and
许更加不可能。因此上海中心在满足现行
efficiency, while also protecting the personal safety of staff during operation.
国际安全标准设计的同时，结合自身特殊
Construction of media video control systems for equipment operation is fundamental in 情况及需求，突破创新，形成“上海中心大
guaranteeing the protection and observation of critical facilities. Dually important is the 厦的疏散方案”。
utilization of a high-speed network channel to perform mutual communications, telephone
• 分阶段疏散（办公区域）：所有区域
conferences and the transmissions of drawings.
都有设置电梯以及疏散楼梯以及整
Fire Fighting Management 体区域的避难层。在建筑顶端，每
Fire fighting management systems in Shanghai Tower, consist of indoor and outdoor fire 12层设置独立两层高的设备层并结
hydrant extinguishing systems, automatic sprinkler and water fog sprinkler systems, a IG- 合避难层设计，独立分成10段，当
541 gas fire control system, an intelligent fire fighting system for large spaces, automatic dry 有紧急情况，每段可独立控制增压
powder extinguishing systems and other building fire extinguishers within the planned project 排风。该疏散方式并不考虑彻底将
boundary. In the event of a fire, the system detection component will send fire alarm signals to 楼内人员疏散出去，它的主要策略
a fire alarm control unit in the fire control center. It will then initiate an audible alarming device 是将人员安置到楼内的避难层。基
while reporting the specific location of the fire. The solenoid valve of the relevant sprinkler pipe 于紧急情况的类型以及处理该紧急
network will be opened in the mean time, so as to rapidly and effectively extinguish hazardous 情况的应急响应方法，管理者配合
fires and using the same system to cope with any reignitions. Additionally, the fire fighting 消防部门分阶段将人员从避难区移
system is endowed with such functions as manual operation, automatic control and emergency 离或者将人员妥善安置在这些安全
operation. 区域。
The total flooding IG-541 clean gas extinguishing system will be separately fixed in a • 部分疏散（酒店、观光区域）：使用
conventional high and low voltage power distribution room, transformer room, switch cabinet, 高区消防电梯将酒店、观光（均在
communications room, backup power grid room and lift machine room. 高区位置）较为集中的人员直接疏
The main control room, dimmer room, lift generator room, UPS machine room and other 散至楼外或者疏散至一个安全区
communication rooms located in the basement will all be installed with high-pressure water 域。
mist fire suppressing systems, which represents cutting-edge technology in water-based fire • 改造部分转换层客用电梯，紧急时

120  |  Technology and Management

protection. It is peculiarly characterized by its high pressure and ultrafine water mist for the main 刻作为疏散电梯使用。由于上海中
purposes of enormously improving water-based fire suppression efficiency, while guaranteeing 心大厦避难区域之间的空间又细分
the critical safety of the generator room and whole tower. 成了几个区，其中最大的区为酒店
Evacuation Management (Fire or Non-Fire Emergency Management) 区（含15层），遇到火宅或者危机时
As a supertall high-rise building with more than 100 floors, Shanghai Tower features a “stretched 刻，比较谨慎的做法为：先采用楼
and torsional” evacuation staircase in consideration of extreme events which require a large 梯将每个区人员疏散至最近的避难
scale evacuation. This is especially troublesome for the elderly and those with limited physical 区，然后（根据区位）采取具体的电
mobility. Therefore, Shanghai Tower attentively consolidates its own exceptional circumstances 梯只从避难层疏散人员。因此，我
and demands, with the satisfaction of prevailing international design safety standards, to 们对到塔楼内的特殊区和特殊使用
actively seek breakthroughs and innovations and ultimately complete the “Shanghai Tower 楼层部分电梯设置成带保护措施的
Evacuation Plan.” 电梯（改造13部办公区域穿梭电梯
为紧急疏散电梯），贯穿整个上海
• Evacuation by Zone (Office Region): Lifts and evacuation staircases on each floor and a 中心不同业态区域，为迅速疏散大
refuge floor for each entire office zone are all arranged across the office region. Every 12 量人员提供可靠的硬件配套。
floors are equipped with an independent two-story mechanical layer with one refuge
floor therein. The whole tower is divided into 10 separate zones technically endowed
with independent control of increasing pressure and extracting air-flow in case of 节能管理
emergency. The said evacuation method primarily focuses on the arrangement of those 我们将绿色节能的概念带入设计和管理
displaced on the refuge floor, while not taking into account evacuating all the people 中，如：
from the tower.
• 用楼层的绿色植物做空气过滤（空
• Evacuation by Section (Hotel and Observation Area): Utilize high zone fire lifts to
中大堂植被） （见图5.19）
evacuate the people in such comparatively densely populated areas, such as hotel and
observation areas (both located in high zones) out from the building or to a safe region • 智能化的可调节遮阳系数的外墙
therein. （120°扭转外幕墙）
• Retrofit several passenger lifts arriving at the transfer layer as evacuation lifts for • 在夏季充分遮阳、充分利用自然光
emergency use. On account of the several zones between the refuge areas in Shanghai （智能窗帘）
Tower, in which the hotel covers the largest area (including 15 layers), a comparatively • 雨水收集重新利用（中水系统）
prudent way of evacuation in case of a fire or emergency is to assemble the people
using a staircase in the refuge area of the same zone. The evacuees would then be taken
from the refuge layer where they would be assembled by specific lifts by zone. The lifts 外层幕墙设计
arriving at the designated layers with specific functions in the tower shall be retrofitted 建筑中庭处设计为双层玻璃幕墙围护系
and equipped with protective settings for special use (i.e. retrofitting 13 office expresses 统。从本质上讲，空中中庭为主体结构第
into emergency evacuation lifts) in order to provide solid and substantial supporting 二层可呼吸的围护层。双层表皮结构之间
hardware measured for rapidly evacuating a large staff by swiftly shuttling up and down 形成的中庭结构犹如一层隔热毯一样将建
between different zones throughout Shanghai Tower. 筑包裹起来，减少能量消耗。双层围护结
构主要利用两层玻璃作为围护结构，玻璃
之间留有一定宽度的通风道，通过对温度
Energy Conservation Management 的调节达到节能的效果。在冬季，双层玻
Green energy conservation concepts will be integrated into the architectural design and 璃之间形成一个阳光温室，增加室外到室
management operations, for example: 内流通空气的温度。在夏季，可将室内温
度较高的空气排出室外。通过这样的室内
• Use of green plants on each floor as air filters (i.e., plants in sky lobby – see Figure 5.19) 空气循环，中庭空间可以帮助抵御夏季的
• Intelligent external façade with an adjustable shading coefficient (i.e., External façade 酷暑和冬季的严寒。
with 120-degree rotation)
智能窗帘、照明系统
• Providing enough sun shade in the summer while still fully utilizing daylight (intelligent 对于超高层建筑的外部采光、内部照明的
curtain) 可再生资源利用，上海中心大厦着手于：
• Harvest and reuse rainwater (water reclamation system) • 考虑冬季利用日照，夏季利用自然
通风。根据一年四季太阳光的照射
External Curtain Wall Design 角度自动控制整栋大楼不同朝向和

技术与管理 | 121
     
A central aspect of the atrium design is the double transparent façade which wraps the entire 不同楼层的每一幅卷帘调整到合适
building. Essentially, the atrium serves as a respirable second skin for the major structure, like 的位置，以实时保证遮阳、采光和
an insulating blanket which muffles the tower, and diminishes energy consumption as a result. 通透性的最佳平衡。
The buffer between the inside and outside warms up the cool air outside during winter, and • 高层建筑透明部分的主朝向为东
dissipates the heat from the building’s interior during the summer. Such round-the-clock indoor 南面，接近最佳朝向，使之真正实
airflow circulation indeed contributes to coping with the intense heat of summer and freezing 现可调节的透光度和可调节的隐秘
cold in the winter. 度。合理的朝向设计可提供随时可
Intelligent Curtain and Illumination Systems 调节的透光度去适应不同天气下的
As for the use of renewable resources in external and internal illumination of a supertall high- 室内环境，在一些特定的时间，通
rise, Shanghai Tower concentrates on: 过调节，最大化保障室内隐私和自
• Taking advantage of sunlight during the winter and ventilating the atria during 由度。
summer. Orienting the building automatically and adjusting roller blinds for each floor • 考虑到扭转螺旋形体特性，考虑彩
to the proper position, as per the angle of the sunlight all year round. This ensures the 釉玻璃作为遮阳方案。有些过大的
maximum balance between sun shading, lighting and transparency. 太阳或是过大的声响，总会对高效
• The main orientation of the transparent façade of the tower is southeast, which is the 的工作产生影响，不能给予舒适的
best approximate orientation that allows for adaptable transparency and controllable 办公环境，而且健康也是现代办公
privacy. Proper orientation design enables adjustable transparency for customization 人员所关注的焦点，过多紫外线照
of the interior environment in diverse climatic change whenever necessary, or even for 射会引起身体状态的不适。同时，
indoor privacy and freedom through certain adjustments. 公共场所和大面积租户的照明控制
采用可编程照明控制系统，所有其
• A spectrally selective low-E coating applied on the curtain shall be considered for sun
他照明将由光电感应和本地开关
shading in virtue of the spiraling form of the tower. Some intolerable sunlight or harsh
控制。
noise will inevitably exert adverse impacts on a work environment, in terms of comfort
and health as too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation may otherwise cause physical 在当前环保时尚流行的社会，有效的解决
discomfort. At the same time, programmable illumination systems shall be applied to 各类资源浪费问题，也是为整个地球环保
control illumination in public areas as well as in large tenant areas. Other illumination 工作尽一份绵薄之力，为所有在上海中心
will be controlled by photoelectric sensors and a local switch. 办公的用户融入更多环保时尚的办公生活
Effective solutions for various resource issues will not only be beneficial to global environmental 情趣。
protection, but in current society as well, since enthusiastically pursuing it has become popular. 风力发电
However, it will also inject a more fashionable brightness into the work and lifestyle of the 大厦可再生资源的利用包括对风能的利
Shanghai Tower tenants. 用，采用了专门应用于多种城市风环境的
Wind Energy 空气动力学，节省成本，便于安装在城市
The use of renewable resources in Shanghai Tower, such as wind energy, is characterized by 建筑物及构筑物上，能够在突变城市环境
aerodynamics which is specifically designed for various urban wind environments. This offers 和湍急的风流中有效运转。上海中心大厦
cost savings and the convenience of installation on urban buildings and structures, making it 将在塔顶安装270台并网组合式风力发电
possible to efficiently operate in gusty and turbulent winds. A total of 270 grid combined wind 机 (见图5.20)。他们将主要为建筑的外墙照
turbines will be installed at the top of Shanghai Tower (see Figures 5.20). They will primarily 明及一些停车空间提供能源。这些发电机
be powering the building’s exterior lighting and some of the parking areas. The turbines will 每年预计可以产生约5万4千千瓦时的可再
produce an estimated 54,000 kWh/year in renewable energy. 生能源。

Cogeneration 三联供
Two internal gas combustion engines are installed as the prime movers for a cogeneration 采用两台燃气内燃机作为三联供系统的原
system, whose generating capacity will be connected to the internal grid of the tower. High- 动机，所发电量并入大厦内部电网。燃气
temperature gas and water jackets are jointly produced during generation. The internal 内燃机发电时产生的高温烟气和高温缸套
combustion engines will respectively go through a heat exchange while the second side of 水分别经过交换器与二次侧的热水进行热
hot water and waste heat will be recovered afterwards. The secondary side of hot water will be 交换，回收余热，二次侧的热水夏季作为
used as a heat source in hot-water LiBr absorption refrigerants for air-conditioner cooling in the 热水型溴化锂吸收式制冷剂的热源，用于
summer and winter. It may also be used for heating after a heat exchange in cold weather. 空调供冷；冬季作为热水型溴化锂吸收式制
冷剂的热源，用于空调供冷，或通过热交
Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP), a kind of energy distribution, and one of 换后用于空调供暖。
the essential measures taken to cope with atmospheric pollution. It also increases multiple
energy resource rates, which is typically characterized by saving energy, ensuring an improved 冷热电三联供是分布式能源的一种，具有
environment, supplying more electricity and improving other extensive achievements. With 节约能源、改善环境，增加电力供应等综
its comprehensive efficiency rate of over 90% on one side, a cogeneration system will utilize 合效益，是城市治理大气污染和提高能源
the heat energy from natural gas to the full extent. On the other side, a part of the heating cost 综合利用率的必要手段之一，符合国家可
can be generally reduced and apportioned into electricity fees, thus relieving the burden on 持续发展战略。三联供系统能充分利用
operation costs. This will completely utilize heating energy and profoundly increase the overall 天然气的热能，综合用能效率可达90%以
energy efficiency. In light of the exceptional advantages of cogeneration for energy conversion 上。同时可降低供热成本，把一部分成本
efficiency, Shanghai Tower will take into account the implementation of this technology for 摊到电费上，减轻运营成本负担，并使热
energy conservation measures. 能被充分利用，大大提高了能源的综合利
用功效。由于三联供在能源转换效率方面
Ice Storage

122  |  Technology and Management

Figure 5.20. The building’s crown will house wind turbines to generate energy for the exterior
lighting of the building. (Source: Gensler)
图5.20. 建造顶冠 将安装风力发电机来为建筑的外墙照明提供能源。（来源：Gensler）

An ice storage system is equipped with three centrifugal electric refrigerators with two working 所具有突出优势，所以上海中心也极力参
conditions and ice coils with a total ice storage capacity of 26400 TRh, which, through its heat 与到此项高效节能措施的应用中来。
plate exchanger, supplies freezing water at 6 oC to the lower zones of the building with a return 冰蓄冷
water temperature of 13.5 oC. A heat plate exchanger combined with conventional centrifugal 冰蓄冷系统配置了三台双工况离心式电制
electric refrigerators supplies cooling to the lower building zones. An ice storage system can be 冷机及蓄冰总容量26400TRh的冰盘管，冰
operated under any of the four work conditions below: 蓄冷系统通过板式换热器向大厦低区提供
1. Single ice making and storage 6℃的冷冻水，冷冻水回水温度为13.5℃。
2. Single ice melting and cooling 板式换热器与常规离心式电制冷机，共同
向大厦低区供冷。
3. Single cooling by the machine
4. Combined cooling between a machine and an ice storage tank. 1. 冰蓄冷系统可在单制冰蓄冷

In addition to the above statements, an ice storage system is also endowed with the following 2. 单融冰供冷
favorable attributes: 3. 主机单供冷
• Meets electrical demand during peak-shifts so as to transfer huge electrical loads while 4. 主机与冰槽联合供冷四 种工况中
balancing electricity supply 的任何一种工况下运行
• Reduces emissions of CFC and inflamer from the building 同时也真正达到了以下有利方面：
• Cuts down total electrical load demand to relieve external demand stress • 实现电力“削峰填谷”，转移电力高
• Upgrades building infrastructure 峰负荷，平衡电力供应；

• Saves on investments, retrofitting, maintenance and other air-conditioning system costs • 减少建筑物侧氟氯烃和燃烧物的
to reduce operation expenses 排放；

Plants for Air Filtration • 降低总电力负荷，减少电力需求，

缓解对外需电的压力；
One-third of the building area in Shanghai Tower will be designated as green space in the
• 提高大厦基础设施的档次；
future, largely interspersed with indoor landscaping. When considering the fact that employees
will spend several hours of their time working indoors where air circulation is considerably • 节省对空调系统的投资、改造、运
lower, and where toxic material concentrations are an alarmingly 5 to 10 times higher than it 行维护等费用，降低空调系统的运
is outdoors, it is easy to understand the importance of using air filters to improve the indoor 行费用。
environment. Green plants will be brought into play for its natural air filtering capabilities. 植物空气过滤
今后，上海中心三分之一面积将为绿化所

技术与管理 | 123
     
Through reasonable distribution and planning, the large amounts of landscaping will 覆盖，包括室内植被绿化的大面积散布。
dramatically reduce the adverse impacts imposed by the heat island effect, while effectively 在室内工作，由于空气流通性远比室外环
absorbing and filtering air impurities. The high-efficiency irrigation systems, as well as low- 境要相对差，所以平均计算，室内的有毒
maintenance plants which require less watering and care, will further reduce the consumption 气体含量将可能是室外的5倍到10倍之多，
of water resources. 因此很有必要在对室内空气进行过滤。我
们充分利用了植物的天然过滤机功能，大
量绿色植物的合理分布和种植将大大减少
Service Management 热岛效应对建筑的影响，并对有害空气进
Zone and Outsource Management 行吸收、过滤和再释放，而且高效的浇灌
At present, those enterprises leading in the domestic property management field have 系统加上低耗水量的植被还将有效减少水
gradually completed the transformation from “service provider” to “service integrator.” During 资源的消耗。
which time, property management has specially segregated itself from property services for
the limitless purposes of refining professional quality service. Achieving the desired effects of
increasing efficiency by downsizing staff has also been implemented. 服务管理

The property management company that was specifically set up for Shanghai Tower shall forge 分区、外包管理
and promote our own unique core business model, developing it far beyond other imitators. As 当前全国物业领先企业都逐渐完成了从“服
for those non-core businesses, a tailored outsourcing strategy shall be applied in order to refine 务供应商”到“服务集成商”的转变过程，在
our competitive advantage and allow us to continuously develop within the company. 转型中，将物业管理和物业服务分离，达
到细化专业品质服务和减员增效的结果。
During the initial two to three years after opening, the business will use a 1/3 mode where
employees will be composed of: 1/3 self-recruitment (key staffs) + 1/3 outsourcing or labor 上海中心未来的物业公司要塑造和发挥自
export +1/3 (self-cultivation). 己独特的、难以被其他企业模仿或替代的
核心业务，非核心业务则采用外包策略，
Transform from a Simple Service Provider to an All-In-One Property Manager for the 构筑竞争优势，获得使企业持续发展的能
Schematization, Promotion and Implementation of Four Innovations: 力。
1. Innovation in Efficiency: based in operation and system interfaces. We shall take efforts 开业初期2-3年内，采用1/3模式：1/3自主
to provide our services more quickly and efficiently. As the saying goes, “time is money.” 招聘（骨干人员、重点岗位员工）+1/3外包
Innovation in efficiency is rooted in providing quicker and more efficient services that 服务商或者劳务输入+1/3实习生（自主培
save time for our customers and ourselves. 养）。
2. Innovation in Quality: based in service and procedure interfaces. What we shall take
由单纯的服务供应方向全方位资产运营管
into account is to provide a better service. The integration of concepts and direction of
理方的角色进行转变，规划、推动及落实
our 3Q Customer Service, is especially dedicated to cater to the goals of high-quality
四大创新：
international policies:
1. 效率创新：作业面与系统面之课题
• Quality: meaning, improving customer service quality
内容，我们将思考如何服务得更
• Quickly: meaning, satisfying a customer’s demands as soon as possible 快。“时间就是金钱”，效率创新就
• Emotional Quotient: meaning, providing considerate and thoughtful service 是思考如何服务得更快速，以节
Promote comprehensive [ISO 9001: 2000 Quality Management System Certification] 省客户与我们自己的时间。
in practice, standardize procedures of customer service and fully improve service 2. 质量创新：服务面与流程面之课题
quality, as service is all about customers. What our customers really need is immediate 内容，我们将思考如何服务得更
solutions for their troubles. 好。我们为整合统一客户服务的
3. Innovation in System: based in information and technology interfaces. What we shall 理念与方向，以“3Q服务”做为质量
pay great attention to is to make our service less complicated and more convenient. 政策与质量国际化之目标：

• Procedure Guidance: design operation proceedings for work procedures and data • 第1Q（高质量Quality），提升客服
information. 专业之素质；

• Meticulous Service: present service language standards for work procedures. • 第2Q（高效率Quickly），快速满
足客户之需求；
• Dynamic Display: accurately display detailed data information.
• 第3Q（高EQ，Emotional
• Task Reminder: reminders for important issues and special notes within 2 days.
Quotient），提供亲切周到的服

124  |  Technology and Management

 • Core Data: utilize core data for
access for targeted daily work.
• Common Service: familiarly deal
with common service items
(consultation or acceptance of
specific issues).
• Marketing Assistance: take
advantage of effective information
involving customers for marketing
and follow-up functions.
• Effect Summary: summarize work
from data for the real and direct
effects.
4. Innovation in Operation: based in
marketing and operation interfaces.
What we need to think deeply
about is how to save and make
money simultaneously. Promotion
and transformation in each stage
will always be accompanied by
innovations in efficiency, quality,
systems and operation. Only the
enhancement of efficiency and
quality in the service phase could
enable man power and practical
experiences to get access into the
Figure 5.28. Rendered view of the interior entry lobby. (Source: Gensler)
marketing phase. The operation 图5.28. 入口大堂室内渲染效果图 （来源：Gensler）
stage is otherwise premised by
the improvement of efficiency and
quality in the marketing stage. So 务。
only by acting on the core roles
在实务上则全面推动“ISO 9001：2000质量管理系统认证（Quality Management
in innovation and then orienting
System Certification）”，将客服作业流程标准化，以及服务质量高质化。“服务就
ourselves from the perspectives of
是在乎客户在乎的事！”其真正的需求是要我们以最快的速度并且一次就把他的
our customers can we consistently
问题解决，这就是服务质量。
make innovations and achievements
in efficiency, quality, systems and 3. 系统创新：信息面与技术面之课题内容，我们将思考如何服务得更轻松。
operation. This will gradually lift • 流程导向：依作业流程及数据内容来设计操作步骤。
our overall competitiveness and
• 服务精细：依作业流程规范服务之语言标准。
ultimately satisfy the needs of our
customers. • 动态显示：精准显示数据之详细内容。
Future challenges will otherwise give a • 工作提醒：提醒两日内重要内容与特殊注记等。
boost to the overall brand advancement and • 核心数据：利用核心数据进入日常针对性作业。
opportunity expansion for the actual purposes
of creating a harmonious and comfortable • 常用服务：常用服务项目（咨询/受理）熟练操作。
commercial workplace and living atmosphere • 助力营销：利用客户有效信息进行伴随营销内容与后续功能。
while making our contributions to the city’s
• 效果总结：以数据总结工作，真实直观。
development.
4. 营运创新：营销面与运营面之课题内容，我们将思考如何省钱和赚钱。每个阶
段之提升与转型，都必须要持续进行效率、质量、系统与营运之创新，在服务
阶段能将效率与质量提升了，方能有人力与时间进行营销阶段，在营销阶段能
将效率、质量与系统再提升了，方能有人力与经验进行经营阶段。而我们在企
业里应该扮演创新的核心角色！只要我们“站在顾客的立场来思考”，不断创新效
率、质量、系统与营运，便能逐步提升企业整体的竞争力，而达到客户对企业
的需求。
面对未来挑战，发挥品牌效应，拓新机，为缔造和谐舒适的商业、办公、生活环境，为
城市发展作出贡献。

技术与管理 | 125
     
6.0 References
参考书目
About the Contributors | 文章作者简介

Xiaobo Chen  |  陈晓波 Hongwu Fan  |  范宏武

Deputy General Manager, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Professor, Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences
Co., Ltd. 教授, 上海市建筑科学研究院（集团）有限公司
常务副总经理 , 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司
chenxiaobo@shtower121.com fanhongwu@gmail.com
www.shanghaitower.com.cn www.jk.sh.cn

5.5  Property Management: Moving Towards Sustainable Vertical Urbanism,
    see page 118
    物业管理：迈向可持续发展的垂直城市主义, 详见第118页
Mr. Chen Xiaobo is a Senior Economist, member of the Chartered Institute of Building, and
holds a Master’s degree in Business Administration. He served as the Project Manager of
a reconstruction project for the consulate-general of China in New York, Manager of the
Production Management Department for the Shanghai Construction Group, and the General
Manager of Shanghai Construction No.5 (Group) Co., Ltd. He is currently working as the
Deputy General Manager for the Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
陈晓波，男，1963年10月出生，高级经济师，英国皇家注册建造师（MCIOB），工商管理硕
士。曾任中国驻纽约总领馆改建项目项目经理、上海建工集团生产管理部经理、上海五
建集团总经理。现任上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司常务副总经理。
2.2  Making the World’s Greenest Tall Building, see page 22
    打造全球最生态的高层建筑, 详见第22页
Dr. Fan Hongwu, Professor, focuses on the research and practice of innovation technologies about
green building and building energy efficiency, responsible for the whole process of green building
consulting including scheme planning, strategy and technical implementation for key projects
such as Shanghai Tower (the highest green building in China), Suzhou Central Square (the biggest
building in China) and Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum Office (the tallest building of Shaanxi province).
范宏武，工学博士，教授级高级工程师，主要开展建筑节能与绿色建筑技术研发与服
务。承担上海中心大厦（中国目前最高的绿色建筑）、苏州中心广场（中国目前体量最大的
绿色建筑）、陕西延长石油（陕西第一高楼）等重大项目的绿色建筑总体策划、技术策略、
技术落实等全过程咨询服务。

Jiemin Ding  |  丁洁民 Paul Fu  |  符国勇

President, Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd. Principal, Thornton Tomasetti Inc.
院长, 同济大学建筑设计研究院（集团）有限公司 合伙人, 宋腾添玛沙帝

djm@tjadri.comwww.tjadri.com PFu@ThorntonTomasetti.com
www.thorntontomasetti.com

3.3  Curtain-Wall System Design, see page 50 3.1  Unique Structural Design Aspects, see page 32
    幕墙系统设计, 详见第50页     独特的结构设计, 详见第32页
Professor Ding is the President of Tongji Architectural Design Co., Ltd. His research interests are in Paul Fu, Principal at Thornton Tomasetti, has 20 years of experience in structural analysis,
the areas of structural design and research of super high-rise buildings and long-span complex design, and review of supertall buildings and mixed-use structures. He has been involved in
structural systems. His accomplishments include multiple engineering projects ranging from super major projects in Asia and the US, including Shanghai Tower, Ping An International Finance
high-rise buildings, educational facilities, cultural centers, exhibition spaces and stadiums. In recent Center, Wuhan Greenland Center, and MGM CityCenter Block A in Las Vegas. Paul is a licensed
years, major scientific research projects include: “Key Technology Research on Super high-rise professional engineer in New York. He holds a master’s degree in civil engineering from the
Structure Life Circle Design and Maintenance”， “Key Technology Research for 500m+ Super high- University of Toledo and a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Southeast University,
rise Building Design”, etc. Nanjing, China.
丁教授是同济大学设计研究院（集团）有限公司总裁，他一直致力于超高层建筑结构以及 符国勇（Paul Fu），宋腾添玛沙帝公司（Thornton Tomasetti Inc.）副总裁。他在超高层建筑和
大跨度复杂结构系统的设计与研究。丁教授的成就涉及多种类型的工程项目，主要包括： 混合型建筑的结构分析、设计和审阅方面拥有20年的经验。他参与设计了亚洲和美国等
超高层建筑、教育设施、文化中心、展览馆和体育场等。近年来，研究的课题包括：《 地的许多著名建筑，包括上海中心大厦、平安国际金融中心、武汉绿地中心和拉斯维加
超高层结构生命周期设计与维护关键技术研究》、《500m以上超高层建筑设计关键技术 斯城市中心A地块等。符国勇是纽约州的注册职业工程师。他是中国南京东南大学的土木
研究》等。 工程学士和美国托莱多大学的土木工程学硕士。

128 | References
 Zhenfeng Gao  |  高振锋 Zhijun He  |  何志军
Deputy Chief Engineer, Shanghai Construction Group Co., Ltd. Deputy Chief Engineer, Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd.
副总工程师, 上海建工集团股份有限公司 副总工程师, 同济大学建筑设计研究院（集团）有限公司

Gaozhenfeng123@126.com 8hzj@tjadri.com
www.shanghaitower.com.cn www.tjadri.com

5.3  Construction Technology and Management Innovation, see page 104 3.3  Curtain-Wall System Design, see page 50
    工程施工技术和管理创新, 详见第104页     幕墙系统设计, 详见第50页
Dr. Zhenfeng Gao, Senior Engineer (professorship), doctoral supervisor & Deputy Chief He Zhijun graduated from Tongji University in Structural Engineering in 2004 with a Ph.D., His
Engineer of Shanghai Construction Group Co., Ltd., is in charge of several major projects such research interests are in the areas of structural design and research of high-rise and supertall
as the Donghai Bridge, the F1 Shanghai International Circuit, Shanghai Hongqiao Railway buildings and steel structure. The projects include Shanghai Tower, Shanghai World Expo
Station, Shanghai tower and more. Zhenfang has won several national and provincial science theme pavilion, Shanghai International design center, etc.
and technology awards and honorary titles.
何志军，于2004年毕业于同济大学结构工程专业，并获得博士学位。国家一级注册结构
高振锋：博士、教授级高工、博士生导师，任上海建工集团副总工程师。主持完成了东海 工程师，何博士一直致力于钢结构及超高层结构相关领域的设计与研究，参与设计的项
大桥、F1国际赛车场、虹桥交通枢纽、上海中心大厦等重大工程。多次荣获国家、省部 目主要有：上海中心大厦、上海世博会主题馆、上海国际设计中心等。
级科技奖励和荣誉称号。

Jihong Han  |  韩继红 Qi Hu  |  胡琦

Professor, Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences General Manager, Jiankun Information and Technology Co., Ltd.
教授, 上海市建筑科学研究院（集团）有限公司 总经理, 上海建坤信息技术有限责任公司

hjhsribs@vip.sina.com huqi@jkinfo.com.cn
www.jk.sh.cn http://www.jkinfo.com.cn/

2.2  Making the World’s Greenest Tall Building, see page 22 5.1  The Making of a Vertical Intelligent Community Through Information Systems,
    打造全球最生态的高层建筑, 详见第22页     see page 92
    通过信息化系统打造垂直的智慧社区, 详见第92页
Dr. Han Jihong, Professor, General Vice Director of Green Buildings R&D Centre of MOHURD
and Manager of 3-Star-Green-Building Consulting of Shanghai Tower, organizes the series Qi Hu is a senior engineer and senior professional manager, who graduated from the
of evaluation standards for green buildings in China and Shanghai. Dr. Jihong is also an Shanghai Jiao Tong University CMBA Programme. At present, he is the general manager of
advocate for green buildings in China by promoting green building concepts and practices Shanghai Jiankun Information Technology Co., Ltd., expert of the Information Technology
from single buildings to the communities and city and from the low-rise buildings to Application Committee of Shanghai Decoration Industry Association and the Intelligent
supertall buildings. Building Expert Committee.
韩继红，教授级高级工程师，建设部绿色建筑工程技术研究中心常务副主任，上海中心 胡琦，工学硕士，高级工程师，高级职业经理人，上海交通大学工商管理MBA核心课程
大厦三星级绿色咨询服务负责人，长期致力于中国绿色建筑的发展与创新，主编中国和 高级研修班毕业。目前任上海建坤信息技术有限责任公司总经理，上海市装饰装修行业
上海市绿色建筑系列评价标准，成功将中国绿色建筑理念和实践从单体建筑扩展到社 协会信息技术应用工作委员会专家、上海市智能建筑专家委员会专家。
区，从低层建筑走向超高层建筑领域。

参考书目 | 129
 Haochuan Lang | 郎灏川 Jiupeng Li | 何志军
Manager, Shanghai Jianke Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd. Structural Engineer, Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd.
项目经理, 上海建科工程咨询公司 结构工程师, 同济大学建筑设计研究院（集团）有限公司

langhaochuan@jkec.com.cn lijp317@163.com
www.jkec.com.cn www.tjadri.com

5.4 The Construction Supervision Process, see page 112 3.3 Curtain-Wall System Design, see page 50
施工监理的创新管理方式, 详见第112页 幕墙系统设计, 详见第50页
Mr. LANG has a Masters in Project Management from Tongji University. He is the Jiupeng Li, graduated from Tongji University in Structural Engineering with a Ph.D. His
representative of the general supervision engineer of Shanghai Tower. His expertise is in the research interests are in the areas of structural design and research of high-rise buildings. His
field of high-rise buildings, risk management, and BIM. projects include Shanghai Tower.
郎灏川毕业于同济大学并获得工程管理硕士学位。他是上海中心大厦总监理工程师的代 李久鹏，于2013年毕业于同济大学结构工程专业，并获得博士学位。致力于超高层建筑
表。他研究领域包括高层建筑，风险管理以及BIM。 结构相关领域的研究。他参与设计的项目包括上海中心大厦。

Xiaomei Lee | 李晓梅 Zhenghong Liu | 刘正红

Managing Director (董事总经理), Gensler Director, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
结构工程师, 总监 , 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司

xiaomei_lee@gensler.com liuzhho@hotmail.com
www.gensler.com www.shanghaitower.com.cn

3.4 The Payoff for Investing in the Human Experience, see page 60
用户体验的投资回报, 详见第60页
With over 20 years of experience, Xiaomei has led teams to successfully deliver some of the most
complex and innovative developments in China and throughout Asia. Her portfolio is as rich as
her experience including supertall high-rise towers, cultural facilities, resorts, office buildings,
retail and mixed-use centers, and residential developments. A Principal and Managing Director at
the Gensler Shanghai Office, Xiaomei is in charge of advancing Gensler’s expertise in the supertall
high-rise practice area throughout China. Projects include Shanghai Tower, Suzhou Zhongnan
Center, 21st Century Tower, Xiamen Shimao Tower, and BM Plaza.
晓梅拥有20多年的建筑领域从业经验，曾带领团队成功交付了中国和亚洲地区最为复杂
和最具创意的项目。她的项目领域同其设计经验一样丰富，涵盖超高层建筑、文化设
施、旅游度假项目、办公楼、城市综合体和住宅项目的研究。晓梅现任Gensler上海分公
司的总经理，负责提高Gensler在全中国范围内的超高层设计水平。她负责的项目包括上
海中心，苏州中南中心， 21世纪大厦、厦门世贸大厦、以及宝矿国际广场。
4.1 Introduction of MEP Technology, see page 74
机电关键技术简介, 详见第74页
Zhenghong Liu is a senior engineer, national registered public equipment engineer, the
current electromechanical director of Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co.,
Ltd., vice general manager of engineering management headquarters. She has engaged
in electromechanical professional design, consultancy, and project management for nearly
twenty-eight years. Zhenghong has a rich experience in design and project management in
terms of different types of building electromechanical engineering within many areas.
刘正红：高级工程师，全国注册公用设备工程师，现任上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司机
电总监，工程管理总部副总经理。从事机电专业设计、顾问、项目管理近28年，对多领
域不同类型建筑的机电工程有着丰富的设计及工程管理经验。

Yadong Li | 李亚东 Michael Peng | 彭武

Deputy General Manager, Shanghai Jianke Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd. Senior Designer (资深设计师), Gensler
副总经理, 上海建科工程咨询公司

yadonglee@jkec.com.cn michael_peng@gensler.com
www.jkec.com.cn www.gensler.com

5.4 The Construction Supervision Process, see page 112 2.1 The Parametric Design of Shanghai Tower’s Form and Façade,
施工监理的创新管理方式, 详见第112页 see page 12
上海中心大厦造型与外立面参数化设计, 详见第12页
Mr. Li is the Vice General Manager of Shanghai Jianke Engineering Consultant Co Ltd. He
is also the general supervision engineer of Shanghai Tower. He has more than 20 years Michael Peng, Senior Associate and Senior Designer at Gensler, has been dedicated to the
of supervision and project management experience in large projects, including high- practice of design for the past 10 years. He received his B.A. in Architecture from China
rise buildings. His expertise is in construction material, construction management, risk Academy of Art. Since joining Gensler in 2007, Michael has been involved in designing the
management, and quality management. Shanghai Tower. As a core team member, he has used advanced digital design platforms
李先生是上海建科工程咨询有限公司副总经理。他是上海中心大厦的总监理工程师。他 to optimize the systematic design, translating creative and strategic thinking into fast
拥有超过20年的大项目工程监理经验，包括高层建筑项目。他的主要专业领域为施工材 implementation. As an assistant professor, Michael also teaches digital media in the Faculty
料，施工管理，风险管理以及质量管理。 of Architecture at the University of Hong Kong.
彭武，Gensler的高级项目经理及资深设计师，在过去的十年中致力于建筑设计的发展。
他在中国美术学院获得了建筑学学士学位。自从2007年加入Gensler以来，彭就从事与上
海大厦的设计工作。作为一名小组核心成员，他运用了高级数码设计平台来优化系统化
的设计，将富有创造力与策略性的理念迅速地转换为可执行的方案。彭还是一位大学讲
师，他在香港大学建筑学院教授数字媒体课程。

130 | References
 Dennis Poon  |  潘子强 Weining Song  |  宋伟宁
Vice Chairman, Thornton Tomasetti Inc. Director, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co. Ltd.
副主席, 宋腾添玛沙帝 总监, 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司

DPoon@ThorntonTomasetti.com songweining163@163.com
www.thorntontomasetti.com www.shanghaitower.com.cn

3.1  Unique Structural Design Aspects, see page 32
    独特的结构设计, 详见第32页
Dennis Poon, Vice Chairman at Thornton Tomasetti, has 30 years of experience in the
design of supertall structures and mixed-use buildings worldwide. High on the list of his
accomplishments is the role he played in leading the structural design teams for three
of the tallest buildings in China: Wuhan Greenland Center, Shanghai Tower, and Ping An
International Finance Center, currently under construction. He was named one of the 25 Top
Newsmakers of 2010 by Engineering News-Record magazine for the effort to modernize
China’s building codes for supertall structures. Dennis is also a CTBUH Trustee.
潘子强（Dennis Poon），宋腾添玛沙帝公司（Thornton Tomasetti Inc.） 董事会副主席。他在超
高层和混合功能建筑的结构设计方面拥有30年的经验。潘子强是上海中心大厦（高632米）
和深圳平安大厦项目（高660米）结构设计的主要负责人，这两个项目目前处于施工阶段。
他也是武汉绿地中心项目（高606米）的主要负责人，目前这个项目处于设计阶段。2010
年，他被美国工程新闻纪录杂志评为年度25大新闻人物。 Dennis同时也是CTBUH的董
事。
3.2  A Review of the Structural Performance Monitoring Project,see page 40
    工程结构性态监测项目实施综述, 详见第40页
Weining Song is a senior engineer, structure and technical director of Shanghai Tower
Construction & Development Co. Ltd. His working history covers municipal engineering
structure design, domestic and foreign industrial and civil building structure engineering
design, project management, project engineering general contracting foreign technology,
management and developers’ project engineering management. He has a wide range of
technology and management experience in the field of construction engineering, especially
in the field of large and complex ones.
宋伟宁：高级工程师，现任上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司结构技术总监。工作履历覆盖
市政工程结构设计、国内和国外工业与民用建筑结构工程设计、设计项目管理、国外项
目工程总承包技术管理、开发商项目工程技术管理等，在建筑工程领域尤其是大型复杂
工程方面具有较广泛的技术和管理经验。

Youdi Shen  |  沈友弟 Jing Sun  |  孙静

Director, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd. General Engineer, Shanghai Jianke Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd.
总监 , 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司 总工程师, 上海建科工程咨询公司

shxfsyd@163.com sunjing@jkec.com.cn
www.shanghaitower.com.cn www.jkec.com.cn

4.2  Application of Performance-Based Fire Safety Design, see page 84 5.4  The Construction Supervision Process, see page 112
    性能化防火设计的应用, 详见第84页     施工监理的创新管理方式, 详见第112页
Mr. Shen graduated from East China Normal University. He is a senior engineer and level 1 Ms. Sun is the General Engineer in the 4th department of Shanghai Jianke Engineering
certified fire engineer. When he was a Chief Engineer of Shanghai Fire Department since Consultant Co. Ltd. She has a Masters in Project Management from Hohai University. She is
1999 to 2009, he signed off the fire approval for almost all tall and comprehensive buildings the representative of the general supervision engineer of Shanghai Tower. Her expertise is in
including Jin Mao Tower, World Financial Center and Shanghai Tower, etc. He organized to the field of high-rise buildings, construction material, and sustainable construction.
draft a series of Shanghai local fire codes and standards as well as fire safety management
孙静女士是上海建科工程咨询有限公司第四所。她毕业于河海大学并获得工程管理硕士
regulations, and also promoted the application of performance-based fire safety design in
学位。她是上海中心大厦总监理工程师的代表。她的专业领域是高层建筑、施工材料以
Shanghai.
及可持续建造。
沈友弟先生毕业于中国华东师范大学。他现为高级工程师及中国注册一级消防工程师。
他在1999年至2009年任上海市消防局总工程师期间，负责签发包括上海金茂大厦、上海
环球金融中心以及上海中心大厦在内的几乎全部上海市范围高层建筑的消防审批许可。
他组织起草了一系列上海市消防地方规范、标准及消防安全规章，同时，也积极促进了
性能化防火设计在上海地区的应用。

Duanxue Shi  |  石端学 Benedict Tranel

Engineer, Shanghai Construction Group Co., Ltd. Senior Project Architect (资深项目建筑师), Gensler
工程师, 上海建工集团股份有限公司

sduanx@163.com benedict_tranel@gensler.com
www.scg.com.cn www.gensler.com

5.3  Construction Technology and Management Innovation, see page 104
    工程施工技术和管理创新, 详见第104页
Duanxue Shi, Masters of Engineering has long been engaged in research in building engineering
construction technology, construction simulation and construction control technology. Duanxue
is also involved in several major construction projects such as Guangzhou new TV tower, Shanghai
Tower and more.
石端学：硕士，工程师。长期从事建筑工程施工技术、施工仿真及施工控制技术研究。曾
参与完成广州新电视塔、上海中心大厦等重大工程建设。
3.4  The Payoff for Investing in the Human Experience, see page 60
    用户体验的投资回报, 详见第60页
Compelled by his belief that architects are stewards of the built environment, Ben inspires
teams to relentlessly pursue the highest aspirations for each project. Responding to the
increasingly demanding and complex context in which architectural design takes place, Ben
amalgamates diverse points of view among stake holders to discover transformational design
solutions. Current projects include Shanghai Tower, The Tower at PNC Plaza, and LinkedIn
Tower. Ben received his Masters of Architecture degree from Columbia University and has
worked in the offices of Steven Holl, Stan Allen, Robert Heintges, and Gensler.
本着“建筑师是建成环境的管家”的信念，Ben激励团队坚持不懈地追求每个项目达到最高
愿望。在建筑设计日趋复杂严格的背景下，Ben综合分析项目相关各方的多角度观点，寻
求变革性的设计解决方案。Ben当前负责的项目包括632米高的上海中心、PNC广场塔楼、
以及LinkedIn塔楼。Ben获得了哥伦比亚大学的建筑硕士学位，曾先后就职于Steven Holl,
Stan Allen, Robert Heintges和 Gensler。

参考书目 | 131
 Jun Xia  |  夏军 Yi Zhu  |  朱毅
Design Director (设计总监), Gensler Senior Principal, Thornton Tomasetti Inc.
资深董事, 宋腾添玛沙帝

jun_xia@gensler.com yzhu@thorntontomasetti.com
www.gensler.com www.thorntontomasetti.com

2.1  The Parametric Design of Shanghai Tower’s Form and Façade, 3.1  Unique Structural Design Aspects, see page 32
    see page 12     独特的结构设计, 详见第32页
    上海中心大厦造型与外立面参数化设计, 详见第12页
Yi Zhu, Senior Principal of Thornton Tomasetti, has extensive experience internationally in
Jun Xia, Principal and Asia Regional Design Director at Gensler, thrives on analyzing the the structural analysis, design and review of a variety of building types, including high-rise
physical, spatial, and behavioral aspects of buildings. He received his B.A. in Architecture buildings and mixed-use complexes, in both steel and concrete. His notable projects include
from Tongji University and his M.A. in Architecture from the University of Colorado. Under Taipei 101 in Taiwan, China; the Petronas Towers in Malaysia; Shanghai Tower and the 66-story
Xia’s leadership, the Gensler Shanghai office was established in 2003. His commitment to Plaza 66 in Shanghai, China. He holds a bachelor’s degree in structural engineering from
innovative design has produced some of the most visionary projects in China, including Tongji University and a master’s degree in structural engineering from the City College of
Beijing Chang’An International Center, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, Chartered New York.
Tower, Dongyin Center, JW Marriot Hotel, BM Plaza, Yangtze International Financial Center, 朱毅先生，宋腾添玛沙帝资深董事。他在各种建筑类型（包括超高层和多功能项目）中拥
and Shanghai Tower. 有丰富的结构分析设计经验。他的代表项目包括台北101大厦、马来西亚的石油双子塔、
夏军，Gensler的主创设计师和亚洲区设计主管，专注于建筑的物理，空间，及性能表现 上海中心大厦和上海恒隆广场。他是同济大学结构设计学士、纽约城市大学结构设计硕
等方面的研究。他在同济大学接受了建筑学本科教育，又从卡罗拉多大学获得了建筑学 士。
硕士学位。在他的领导下，Gensler上海分部于2003年设立起来。他对革新型建筑的执著
使他在中国创作了数栋最具前瞻性的建筑，其中包括北京长安国际中心，上海浦东发展
银行，渣打大厦，东银中心，J.W.万豪酒店，上海宝矿国际广场，长江国际金融中心，及
上海大厦等等。

Xiangdong Xu  |  徐向东 Qing (Steve) Zuo  |  左晴

General Supervision Engineer, Shanghai Jianke Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd. Principal, Thornton Tomasetti Inc.
总监理工程师, 上海建科工程咨询公司 合伙人, 宋腾添玛沙帝

xuxiangdong@jkec.com.cn SZuo@ThorntonTomasetti.com
www.jkec.com.cn www.thorntontomasetti.com

5.4  The Construction Supervision Process, see page 112 3.1  Unique Structural Design Aspects, see page 32
    施工监理的创新管理方式, 详见第112页     独特的结构设计, 详见第32页
Mr. XU is the representative of the general supervision engineer of Shanghai Tower. He has Steve (Qing) Zuo, Principal at Thornton Tomasetti, has experience in the structural design,
more than 15 years of supervision and project management experience in large projects, investigation and review of a variety of building types, including high-rise buildings,
including high-rise buildings. His expertise is in the field of high-rise buildings, quality commercial/residential, and mix-used complex. He is also well versed in conducting
management, and curtain wall. structural investigations of existing and proposed structures. Steve has been involved in the
design of a number of high-profile projects in China over the past several years, including
徐向东先生是上海中心大厦总监理工程师的代表。他拥有超过15年的大型项目监理与管
Shanghai Tower in Shanghai, Ping An International Financial Center in Shenzhen, and the
理经验，包括高层建筑项目。它的专业领域包括：高层建筑、质量管理以及幕墙施工。
Shangri-La Hotel in Shenzhen.
左晴，宋腾添玛沙帝董事，他擅长不同建筑形式（包括超高层建筑、办公楼和商业建筑、
住宅建筑、体育建筑以及医疗和健康设施等）的结构分析、设计和审阅。他在中国拥有多
年的项目经验，参与设计了众多大型项目，包括上海中心大厦、平安金融中心大厦和深
圳福田香格里拉酒店等。

Bin Zhao  |  赵斌
BIM Deputy Director, Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd.
BIM副总监, 上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司

www.shanghaitower.com.cn

5.2  Practical Application of BIM Technology, see page 98

    BIM技术的实际应用, 详见第98页
BIM Deputy Director of Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd. From
2004 to 2006 in Korea, he mainly engaged in the construction process optimization, the
application of RFID technology in the construction site, and budget automatic statistics
based on BIM technology research. He cooperated with Samsung Construction of South
Korea, Daewoo, Daelim in multiple projects. Joined in China Construction of International
Design consulting CO., LTD. in 2007, worked as BIM supervisor of construction digitalization
business department in Shanghai area, engaged in the BIM sustainable design process and
formulation of rules, internal BIM technical training and communication, and completed
many large and medium-sized projects of company by using BIM technology. Having
been working in Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd. since 2010, and is
responsible for BIM and scientific research work of the Shanghai Tower project.
上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司BIM副总监。2004-2006年在韩期间，主要从事建筑施工流
程优化、RFID技术在施工现场的应用、以及基于BIM技术的概预算自动统计方面的研究。
并与韩国三星建设、大宇建设、大林建设等建筑公司进行多个项目合作。2007年进入中
建国际设计顾问有限公司，任职于上海区域建筑数字化业务部BIM主管，从事BIM可持续
设计流程及规则的制定，内部BIM技术培训与交流，并利用BIM技术先后完成了公司多个
大中型项目。2010年至今就职于上海中心大厦建设发展有限公司，负责上海中心大厦项
目的BIM及科研工作。

132 | References
CTBUH Height Criteria | CTBUH高度评判标准
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is the official arbiter 世界高层都市建筑学会是测量高层建筑高度的官方判定者，并决
of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and the 定“世界（或国家、或城市）最高建筑”头衔的归属。学会持有对高
title of “The World’s (or Country’s, or City’s) Tallest Building” determined. 层建筑进行测量、分类的一系列广泛的定义和评判标准，并将此
The Council maintains an extensive set of definitions and criteria for 作为“世界最高的100座建筑”的官方排名榜的依据。
measuring and classifying tall buildings which are the basis for the 什么是高层建筑？
official “100 Tallest Buildings in the World” list. 什么是“高层建筑”并没有一个绝对的定义，它是在以下一个或多
个范畴中体现一定“高度”要素的建筑：
What is a Tall Building?
There is no absolute definition of what constitutes a “tall building.” It is a • 高度与环境相关：建筑的高度不是简单绝对的，应当考虑
building that exhibits some element of “tallness” in one or more of the 到其所处的环境。因此，在像芝加哥或是香港这样的摩
following categories: 天城市中，一座14层高的建筑也许不会被认作为高层建
筑，但在欧洲的省市或在城郊区域或许会显得比在市区
• Height Relative to Context: It is not just about height, but about 高很多。
the context in which it exists. Thus, whereas a 14-story building
• 比例：同样，高层建筑不仅仅与高度相关，也与比例有
may not be considered a tall building in a high-rise city such
关。有很多建筑尽管在高度上并不非常突出，但因外形
as Chicago or Hong Kong, in a provincial European city or a
细长也呈现出高层建筑的形象，尤其是处在低矮的城市
suburb this may be distinctly taller than the urban norm.
环境中。相反，很多建筑尽管实际很高但占地面积非常
• Proportion: Again, a tall building is not just about height, but 大，所以因其尺寸/或楼层面积使其被排除在高层建筑范
also about proportion. There are numerous buildings which 畴之外。
are not particularly high, but are slender enough to give the
• 高层建筑技术：如果一座建筑所运用的技术可以被归为“高
appearance of a tall building, especially against low urban
层”产品（例如采用独特的垂直交通技术、或结构性抗风支
backgrounds. Conversely, there are numerous big/large-
撑作为“高度”的产物等），那么这座建筑可被认作是高层
footprint buildings which are quite tall, but their size/floor area
建筑。
rules them out of being classed as a tall building.
尽管由于建筑类型和功能的不同会导致楼层高度的变化（例如，
• Tall Building Technologies: If a building contains technologies
办公建筑与住宅因使用功能不同层高也不同），这种情况下楼层
which may be attributed as being a product of “tall” (e.g., specific
总数很难作为衡量是否是高层建筑的一个标准，然而一座楼层等
vertical transport technologies, structural wind bracing as a
于或者超过14层，或是在高度上超过50米（165英尺）的建筑，也
product of height, etc.), then this building can be classed as a tall
许能够被看作衡量是否是“高层建筑”的临界值。
building.
Although number of floors is a poor indicator of defining a tall building 什么是超高层建筑和巨型高层建筑？
due to the changing floor to floor height between differing buildings CTBUH将高度超过300米（984英尺）的建筑定义为“超高层建筑”，超
and functions (e.g., office versus residential usage), a building of 14 or 过600米（1968英尺）的建筑定义为“巨型高层建筑”。截止至2014年
more stories – or over 50 meters (165 feet) in height – could perhaps 8月，全球范围内有大约82座超高层建筑和2座巨型高层建筑竣工
be used as a threshold for considering it a “tall building.” 并投入使用。

What are Supertall and Megatall Buildings? 如何测量高层建筑的高度？

The CTBUH defines “supertall” as a building over 300 meters (984 feet) CTBUH确认了以下三种测量高层建筑高度的方法：
in height, and a “megatall” as a building over 600 meters (1,968 feet) in • 至建筑顶端的距离：高度是从最底的、主要的2、开放的3
height. As of August 2014 there are 82 supertall and 2 megatall buildings 、步行的4入口的水平面1至建筑顶端（包括塔尖，但是天
completed and occupied globally. 线、标志、旗杆或其他功能或技术性设备5不包括在内）的
How is the Height of a Tall Building Measured? 距离。此种测量方法的使用最为广泛，并且是用来判定世
The CTBUH recognizes tall building height in three categories: 界高层建筑与都市人居学会（CTBUH）“世界最高建筑”排名
的依据。
• Height to Architectural Top: Height is measured from the
• 至最高使用楼层的距离：高度是从最底的、主要的2、开放
level1 of the lowest, significant,2 open-air,3 pedestrian4 entrance
的3、步行的4入口的水平面1至建筑最高使用楼层6的楼面
to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but
层的距离。
not including antennae, signage, flagpoles, or other functional-
technical equipment.5 This measurement is the most widely • 至顶尖的距离：高度是从最底的、主要的2、开放的3、步
utilized and is employed to define the Council on Tall Buildings 行的4入口的水平面1至建筑最高点的距离，与最高构件的
and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) rankings of the “World’s Tallest 材料或功能无关（例如天线、旗杆、标志和其他功能性/技
Buildings.” 术性设备）。
• Highest Occupied Floor: Height is measured from the level1
of the lowest, significant,2 open-air,3 pedestrian4 entrance to 楼层数
the finished floor level of the highest occupied6 floor within the 楼层数应包含地面层，应为地面以上主要楼层的数量，其中包括
building. 重要的夹层与主要设备层。如果设备夹层的楼层面积相比其下面
的主要楼层的面积小很多的话，那么不应计算在内。类似的，屋
• Height to Tip: Height is measured from the level1 of the lowest,
顶设备房或者位于主要屋顶区域之上的凸起的设备房也不应当计

参考书目 | 133
 World’s tallest 10 buildings according to “Architectural Height” (as projected by end of 2014)
根据“至建筑顶端的距离”标准评判出的世界最高的十座建筑（预测至2014年年底）

800 m㊩

600 m㊩

400 m㊩

200 m㊩

1 2 3 4 5 6 =7 =7 9 10
Burj Khalifa Makkah Royal Clock One World Taipei 101 Shanghai World International Petronas Towers 1 & 2 Zifeng Tower Willis Tower
828 m / 2,717 ft Tower Hotel Trade Center 508 m / 1,667 ft Financial Center Commerce Centre 452 m / 1,483 ft 450 m / 1,476 ft 442 m / 1,451 ft
Dubai, 2010 601 m / 1,972 ft 541 m / 1,776 ft Taipei, 2004 492 m / 1,614 ft 484 m / 1,588 ft Kuala Lumpur, 1998 Nanjing, 2010 Chicago, 1974
Mecca, 2012 New York, 2014 Shanghai, 2008 Hong Kong, 2010
૾࡟⌋ຊ 哜ࣖⲽᇬ䫕ᾲ侣ᓍ ь䍮ѣᗹжਭᾲ ਦ् р⎭⧥⨹䠇㷃ѣᗹ ⧥⨹䍮᱉ᒵ൰ ਂጦຊૂ ㍡ጦཝড় ့࡟ᯥཝড়
㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ
䘠ᤒθ 哜ࣖ 㓳㓜θ ਦ्θ р⎭θ 俏⑥θ ਿ䲼඗θ ঍Ӣ 㣓ࣖଛ

World’s tallest 10 buildings according to “Highest Occupied Floor” (as projected by end of 2014)
根据“至最高使用楼层的距离”标准评判出的世界最高的十座建筑（预测至2014年年底）

800 m㊩

600 m㊩

400 m㊩

200 m㊩

1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Burj Khalifa Makkah Royal Clock Shanghai World International Taipei 101 KK100 Guangzhou Willis Tower Two International One World
585 m / 1,918 ft Tower Hotel Financial Center Commerce Centre 438 m / 1,437 ft 427 m / 1,401 ft International 413 m / 1,354 ft Finance Centre Trade Center
Dubai, 2010 559 m / 1,833 ft 474 m / 1,555 ft 469 m / 1,538 ft Taipei, 2004 Shenzhen, 2011 Finance Center Chicago, 1974 388 m / 1,271 ft 387 m / 1,268 ft
Mecca, 2012 Shanghai, 2008 Hong Kong, 2010 415 m / 1,362 ft Hong Kong, 2003 New York, 2014
Ӣะ Guangzhou, 2010
૾࡟⌋ຊ 哜ࣖⲽᇬ䫕ᾲ侣ᓍ р⎭⧥⨹䠇㷃ѣᗹ ⧥⨹䍮᱉ᒵ൰ ਦ् ㊩㤧ተ ့࡟ᯥཝড় ള䱻䠇㷃ѣᗹӂᵕ ь䍮ѣᗹжਭᾲ
㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ␧൩θ ᒵᐔള䱻䠇㷃ѣᗹ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ
䘠ᤒθ 哜ࣖ р⎭θ 俏⑥θ ਦ्θ ㊩㤧ተ 㣓ࣖଛ 俏⑥θ 㓳㓜θ
ᒵᐔ

World’s tallest 10 buildings according to “Height to Tip” (as projected by end of 2014)
根据“至顶尖的距离”标准评判出的世界最高的十座建筑（预测至2014年年底）
800 m㊩

600 m㊩

400 m㊩

200 m㊩

1 2 2 3 4 5 6 76 8 =9 =9
Burj Khalifa Makkah Royal Clock One World Willis Tower Taipei 101 Shanghai World International John Hancock Petronas Towers 1 & 2
830 m / 2,723 ft Tower Hotel Trade Center 527 m / 1,729 ft 508 m / 1,667 ft Financial Center Commerce Centre Center 452 m / 1,483 ft
Dubai, 2010 601 m / 1,972 ft 546 m / 1,792 ft Chicago, 1974 Taipei, 2004 494 m / 1,622 ft 484 m / 1,588 ft 457 m / 1,499 ft Kuala Lumpur, 1998
Mecca, 2012 New York, 2014 Shanghai, 2008 Hong Kong, 2010 Chicago, 1969
૾࡟⌋ຊ 哜ࣖⲽᇬ䫕ᾲ侣ᓍ ь䍮ѣᗹжਭᾲ ့࡟ᯥཝড় ਦ् р⎭⧥⨹䠇㷃ѣᗹ ⧥⨹䍮᱉ᒵ൰ 㓜㘦㘹‫ށ‬ѣᗹ ਂጦຊૂ
㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ ㊩㤧ተ
䘠ᤒθ 哜ࣖ 㓳㓜θ 㣓ࣖଛ ਦ्θ р⎭θ 俏⑥θ 㣓ࣖଛθ ਿ䲼඗θ

134 | References
 significant,2 open-air,3 pedestrian4 entrance to the highest point 算在内。注释：CTBUH统计的楼层数也许跟已公开的项目信息不
of the building, irrespective of material or function of the highest 同，因为世界上一些地区通常不把某些特定楼层包括在内（例如
element (i.e., including antennae, flagpoles, signage and other 香港的建筑就没有4层、14层、24层）。
functional-technical equipment). 建筑用途
Number of Floors 高层建筑与电信/观光塔的区别是什么？
The number of floors should include the ground floor level and be 高度中有超过50%的部分属于使用楼层面积的高层“建筑”（区别于
the number of main floors above ground, including any significant 电信/观光塔）便有资格被列入“最高建筑”排名。
mezzanine floors and major mechanical plant floors. Mechanical
单一用途与混合用途建筑：
mezzanines should not be included if they have a significantly smaller
floor area than the major floors below. Similarly, mechanical penthouses • 单一用途高层建筑是指其总楼层面积中有85%以上仅作单
or plant rooms protruding above the general roof area should not be 一用途使用。
counted. Note: CTBUH floor counts may differ from published accounts, • 混合用途高层建筑是指包含两种或两种以上功能（或用途）
as it is common in some regions of the world for certain floor levels not 的建筑，且每个功能服务的面积占塔楼总空间的很大比例
to be included (e.g., the level 4, 14, 24, etc. in Hong Kong). 7。服务于诸如停车场或设备层的功能不被算作混合使用
Building Usage 的功能。CTBUH“最高建筑”排名中显示的功能是按照主次
What is the difference between a tall building and a 顺序依次排列的，例如“酒店/办公”表明建筑的酒店功能位
telecommunications/observation tower? 于办公功能之前。
建筑状态
A tall “building” can be classed as such (as opposed to a
telecommunications/observation tower) and is eligible for the “Tallest” • 已建成
lists if at least 50% of its height is occupied by usable floor area. 如果一座建筑同时符合以下三个标准，那么其可被归为“
已建成”状态（并会被列入CTBUH最高建筑列表）：(i) 结构上
Single-function and mixed-use buildings
和建筑上均已封顶 (ii) 围护材料完全覆盖 (iii) 投入运营，或
A single-function tall building is defined as one where 85% or more of
至少部分可以投入使用
its total floor area is dedicated to a single usage.
• 施工中（开始建造）
A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions (or uses),
如果一座建筑一旦完成施工现场的清理，并已开始进行地
where each of the functions occupy a significant proportion7 of the
基/打桩工作，那么其可被归为“施工中”状态。
tower’s total space. Support areas such as car parks and mechanical plant
space do not constitute mixed-use functions. Functions are denoted on • 已封顶
CTBUH “Tallest” lists in descending order, e.g., “hotel/office” indicates hotel 如果一座建筑在施工过程中，在结构上和建筑上均已完全
function above office function. 达到其最终高度（例如包括建筑塔尖、女儿墙等），那么其
可被归为“已封顶”状态。
Building Status
• 停滞
• Completed (Completion) 如果一座建筑已开始施工，尽管施工现场的工作被无限期
A building is considered to be “Completed” (and officially added 暂停但仍有计划在未来的日子按照原设计方案完成施工，
to the CTBUH Tallest Buildings lists) if it fulfills all of the following 那么其可被归为“停滞”状态。
three criteria: 1) Topped out structurally and architecturally, 2)
• 未完成
Fully-clad, 3) Open for business, or at least partially occupiable.
如果一座建筑已开始施工，但施工现场的工作被无限期中
• Under Construction (Start of Construction) 止且从未复工，那么其可被归为“未完成”状态。基地也许
A building is considered to be “Under Construction” once site 会进而容纳另外一座新的建筑（与原设计方案不同），这样
clearing has been completed and foundation/piling work has 原施工状态有可能会保留，也有可能不会。
begun.
• 方案阶段
• Topped Out 如果一座建筑满足以下所有标准，其可被归为“方案阶段”
A building is considered to be “Topped Out” when it is under 状态（需为真实的方案）：(i) 特定的基地（项目开发团队需取
construction, and has reached its full height both structurally 得土地所有权） (ii) 完善而专业的设计团队（能从概念阶段
and architecturally (e.g., including its spires, parapets, etc). 向前推进设计）(iii) 正式的规划许可/合法的施工许可（或者
• On Hold 此类许可正在办理中） (iv) 推进建筑施工直至建成的完整
A building is considered to be “On Hold” when construction 计划 – 被列入CTBUH“方案阶段”建筑列表的建筑必须是由
works had begun, but work on-site has been halted indefinitely, 业主公开发布项目的公告，且建筑符合以上所有标准。公
however there is still an intent to complete the construction to 告的消息来源必须是可靠的。由于在设计初期常有的改动
the original design at a future date. 性以及来自业主相关信息的局限性，建筑高度数据可能并
• Never Completed 不确定。
A building is considered to be “Never Completed” when • 愿景阶段
construction works had begun, but work on-site was halted 如果一座建筑满足以下任意一个标准，其可被归为“愿景
and never resumed. The site may go on to accommodate a new 阶段”状态：(i) 处于项目初期阶段但还不满足可归为“方案阶
building, different to the original design, that may or may not 段”的标准，或者 (ii) 是一个一直不可能发展到施工建造阶
retain the original construction. 段的方案，或者 (iii) 是一个理论命题
• Proposed (Proposal) • 拆除
A building is considered to be “Proposed” (i.e., a real proposal) 如果一座建筑因其达到使用年限而被人为拆除或因火灾、
when it fulfills all of the following criteria: 1) Has a specific site 自然灾难、战争、恐怖袭击或者其它故意或非故意的手段
with ownership interests within the building development team,
2) Has a full professional design team progressing the design
参考书目 | 135
 beyond the conceptual stage, 3) Has obtained, or is in the 而遭受破坏，其可被归为“拆除”状态。
process of obtaining, formal planning consent/legal permission 结构材料
for construction, 4) Has a full intention to progress the building
• 如果一座建筑主要的横向和竖向结构单元以及楼层体系都
to construction and completion – Only buildings that have been
是采用钢材建造，其可被定义为钢结构高层建筑。
announced publicly by the client and fulfill all the above criteria
are included in the CTBUH “proposed” building listings. The • 如果一座建筑主要的横向和竖向结构单元以及楼层体系都
source of the announcement must also be credible. Due to the 是采用混凝土建造，其可被定义为混凝土结构高层建筑。
changing nature of early stage designs and client information • 复合结构高层建筑是指其主要结构单元结合采用钢与混凝
restrictions, some height data may be unconfirmed. 土两种材料，因此带有混凝土核心筒的钢结构建筑也属于
• Vision 复合结构建筑。
A building is considered to be a “Vision” when it either: 1) Is in • 混合结构高层建筑是指采用钢结构与混凝土结构两种不
the early stages of inception and does not yet fulfill the criteria 同体系（前者位置可在后者之上或之下）的建筑。混合结
under the “proposal” category, or 2) Was a proposal that never 构体系主要有两种类型：钢/混凝土高层建筑是指钢结构体
advanced to the construction stages, or 3) Was a theoretical 系位于混凝土结构体系之上，与之相反的是混凝土/钢结
proposition 构建筑。
• Demolished 其它注释
A building is considered to be “Demolished” after it has been
destroyed by controlled end-of-life demolition, fire, natural (i) 如果具有钢结构体系的高层建筑其楼板体系是由覆盖混凝土砌
catastrophe, war, terrorist attack, or through other means 板的钢梁组成，其被归为钢结构高层建筑。(ii) 如果具有混凝土结
intended or unintended. 构体系的高层建筑其楼板体系是由覆盖混凝土平板的钢梁组成，
Structural Material 其被归为钢结构高层建筑。(iii) 如果高层建筑拥有钢柱加混凝土
梁的楼层体系，其被归为复合结构高层建筑。
• A steel tall building is defined as one where the main vertical
and lateral structural elements and floor systems are constructed
from steel.
• A concrete tall building is defined as one where the main
vertical and lateral structural elements and floor systems are
constructed from concrete.
• A composite tall building utilizes a combination of both Footnotes (脚注):
steel and concrete acting compositely in the main structural
1
Level: finished floor level at threshold of the lowest entrance door.
2
Significant: the entrance should be predominantly above existing or pre-existing
elements, thus including a steel building with a concrete core. grade and permit access to one or more primary uses in the building via elevators,
• A mixed-structure tall building is any building that utilizes as opposed to ground floor retail or other uses which solely relate/connect to the
immediately adjacent external environment. Thus entrances via below-grade sunken
distinct steel and concrete systems above or below each other. plazas or similar are not generally recognized. Also note that access to car park and/or
There are two main types of mixed structural systems: a steel/ ancillary/support areas are not considered significant entrances.
concrete tall building indicates a steel structural system located
3
Open-air: the entrance must be located directly off of an external space at that level
that is open to air.
above a concrete structural system, with the opposite true of a 4
Pedestrian: refers to common building users or occupants and is intended to exclude
concrete/steel building. service, ancillary, or similar areas.
5
Functional-technical equipment: this is intended to recognize that functional-technical
Additional Notes: equipment is subject to removal/addition/change as per prevalent technologies, as is
often seen in tall buildings (e.g., antennae, signage, wind turbines, etc. are periodically
(i) If a tall building is of steel construction with a floor system of concrete
added, shortened, lengthened, removed, and/or replaced).
planks on steel beams, it is considered a steel tall building. 6
Highest occupied floor: this is intended to recognize conditioned space which is
(ii) If a tall building is of steel construction with a floor system of a designed to be safely and legally occupied by residents, workers, or other building users
on a consistent basis. It does not include service or mechanical areas which experience
concrete slab on steel beams, it is considered a steel tall building.
occasional maintenance access, etc.
(iii) If a tall building has steel columns with a floor system of concrete 7
This “significant proportion” can be judged as 15% or greater of either: (1) the total
beams, it is considered a composite tall building. floor area, or (2) the total building height, in terms of number of floors occupied for the
function. However, care should be taken in the case of supertall towers. For example a
20-story hotel function as part of a 150-story tower does not comply with the 15% rule,
though this would clearly constitute mixed-use.
1
水平面：与入口大门的最低点相接的竣工楼面层。
2
主要入口：明显位于现有或之前存在的地面层之上的入口，且允许搭乘电梯进入建
筑内的一个或多个主功能区，而非仅仅是到达那些毗邻于室外环境的地面层商业空
间或其它的功能空间。因此，那些位于类似下沉广场这样空间的入口不算在内。同
时要注意的是通往停车、附属或者服务区域的入口也不被认定为是主要入口。
3
开放入口：入口须直接与室外空间相连，所在楼层可直接与室外接触。
4
步行入口：供建筑的主要使用者或居住者所使用的入口，而位于类似服务或附属区
域的入口不包括在内。
5
功能—技术性设备：这是为了识别那些作为一类普遍使用的技术，需被拆除/添加/
更换的功能—技术性设备。我们经常会在高层建筑上看到这些设备（例如天线、标
志、风力涡轮机等需要定期添加、缩短、延长、移除、和/或替换的设备）。
6
最高使用楼层：这是为了识别供居住者、工人以及其他建筑使用者安全并合法使用
的配备空调系统的空间，并不包括服务区或者设备区这类只需偶尔有人进入做维护
工作的空间。
7
“很大比例”可以看作是达到以下任意一个方面的15%以上：（1）总楼层面积；或
（2）总建筑高度（就服务于某种功能的楼层数而言）。然而需要注意的是在超高
层建筑中会出现的特殊情况。例如高达150层高的大厦包含20层的酒店功能，尽管并
不符合15%比例的规定，但此大厦显然会被归为混合用途建筑。

136 | References
100 Tallest Buildings in the World | 世界最高的100座建筑
(as of August 2014)  |  (截止至2014年8月)

The Council maintains the official list of the 100 Tallest Buildings in the 学会持有世界最高的100座建筑的官方排名列表，而此列表依据
World, which are ranked based on the height to architectural top, and 直至至建筑顶端的距离评判标准，其中不仅仅包括了已竣工的建
includes not only completed buildings, but also buildings currently 筑，也包括有目前处于施工状态的建筑。然而，如果建筑没有完
under construction. However, a building does not receive an official 全竣工，那么将不会被得到正式的排名。
ranking number until it is completed.

Color Key: 颜色图例：

Buildings in black are completed and officially ranked.
黑色代表已经竣工并得到正式排名的建筑。
Buildings in green are under construction and have topped out. 绿色代表正在施工但已经封顶的建筑。
Buildings in red are under construction, but have not yet topped out. 红色代表正在施工但还未封顶的建筑。

Height Height
Rank Building Name City Stories Year Material Function
(meters) (feet)

Kingdom Tower Jeddah 1000 ** 3281 167 2019 concrete residential / hotel / office
1 Burj Khalifa Dubai 828 2717 163 2010 steel / concrete office / residential / hotel
Suzhou Zhongnan Center Suzhou 729 2392 138 2020 hotel / residential / office
Ping An Finance Center Shenzhen 660 2165 115 2016 composite office
Wuhan Greenland Center Wuhan 636 2087 125 2017 composite hotel / residential / office
Shanghai Tower Shanghai 632 2073 128 2015 composite hotel / office
2 Makkah Clock Royal Tower Hotel Mecca 601 1972 120 2012 steel / concrete other / hotel / multiple
Goldin Finance 117 Tianjin 597 1957 128 2016 composite hotel / office
Pearl of the North Shenyang 565 1854 111 2018 office
Lotte World Tower Seoul 555 1819 123 2016 composite hotel / office

One World Trade Center New York City 541 1776 94 2014 composite office
CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou 530 1739 111 2016 composite hotel / residential / office
Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin 530 1739 97 2018 composite residential / hotel / office
Zhongguo Zun Beijing 528 1732 108 2018 composite office
3 Taipei 101 Taipei 508 1667 101 2004 composite office
4 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai 492 1614 101 2008 composite hotel / office
Hengqin Headquarters Tower 2 Zhuhai 490 1608 106 2017 composite office
5 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong 484 1588 108 2010 composite hotel / office
Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Chongqing 468 1535 100 2017 composite hotel / office
Guangdong Building Tianjin 468 1535 91 2018 composite residential / hotel / office

Lakhta Center St. Petersburg 463 1517 86 2018 composite office

Riverview Plaza A1 Wuhan 460 1509 82 2017 hotel / office
Changsha IFS Tower T1 Changsha 452 1483 88 2017 composite residential / office
6 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur 452 1483 88 1998 composite office
6 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur 452 1483 88 1998 composite office
Suzhou IFS Suzhou 450 1476 95 2017 composite residential / hotel / office
8 Zifeng Tower Nanjing 450 1476 66 2010 composite hotel / office
9 Willis Tower Chicago 442 1451 108 1974 steel office
World One Mumbai 442 1450 117 2015 composite residential
10 KK100 Shenzhen 442 1449 100 2011 composite hotel / office

11 Guangzhou International Finance Center Guangzhou 439 1439 103 2010 composite hotel / office
Wuhan Center Wuhan 438 1437 88 2015 composite hotel / residential / office
106 Tower Dubai 433 1421 107 2018 concrete residential
Diamond Tower Jeddah 432 1417 93 2017 residential
Marina 101 Dubai 427 1399 101 2015 concrete serviced apartments / hotel
432 Park Avenue New York City 426 1397 85 2015 concrete residential
225 West 57th Street New York City 425 ** 1394 92 2018 concrete residential / retail
12 Trump International Hotel & Tower Chicago 423 1389 98 2009 concrete residential / hotel
13 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai 421 1380 88 1999 composite hotel / office
14 Princess Tower Dubai 413 1356 101 2012 steel / concrete residential

* estimated height  |  估计高度

** minimum height  |  最低高度

参考书目 | 137
 Height Height
Rank Building Name City Stories Year Material Function
(meters) (feet)

15 Al Hamra Tower Kuwait City 413 1354 80 2011 concrete office

16 Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong 412 1352 88 2003 composite office
LCT Landmark Tower Busan 412 1350 101 2018 hotel / residential
Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Guiyang 406 1332 64 2017 composite -
Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Guiyang 406 1332 64 2017 composite -
Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing 400 1312 88 2017 steel / concrete residential / hotel / office
China Resources Headquarters Shenzhen 400 1312 70 2017 office
17 23 Marina Dubai 393 1289 90 2012 concrete residential
18 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou 390 1280 80 1996 concrete office
Logan Century Center 1 Nanning 386 1266 82 2017 composite hotel / office

Oberoi Oasis Tower B Mumbai 386 1265 85 2016 concrete residential

Capital Market Authority Tower Riyadh 385 1263 79 2015 composite office
19 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen 384 1260 69 1996 composite office
Eton Place Dalian Tower 1 Dalian 383 1257 80 2014 composite hotel / office
Abu Dhabi Plaza Astana 382 1253 88 2017 residential
20 World Trade Center Abu Dhabi - The Residences Abu Dhabi 381 1251 88 2014 concrete residential
21 Empire State Building New York City 381 1250 102 1931 steel office
22 Elite Residence Dubai 380 1248 87 2012 concrete residential
23 Central Plaza Hong Kong 374 1227 78 1992 concrete office
Federation Towers - Vostok Tower Moscow 373 1224 95 2015 concrete residential / hotel / office

The Address The BLVD Dubai 370 1214 72 2016 concrete residential / hotel
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Nanjing 368 1208 76 - hotel / office
Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower Shenzhen 368 1207 68 2016 composite office
24 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong 367 1205 72 1990 composite office
25 Bank of America Tower New York City 366 1200 55 2009 composite office
Dalian International Trade Center Dalian 365 1199 86 2015 composite residential / office
VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Hanoi 363 1191 68 2017 composite office
26 Almas Tower Dubai 360 1181 68 2008 concrete office
26 The Pinnacle Guangzhou 360 1181 60 2012 concrete office
Three World Trade Center New York City 357 1171 80 2018 composite office

28 JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 1 Dubai 355 1166 82 2012 concrete hotel
28 JW Marriott Marquis Hotel Dubai Tower 2 Dubai 355 1166 82 2013 concrete hotel
30 Emirates Tower One Dubai 355 1163 54 2000 composite office
OKO - South Tower Moscow 352 1155 85 2015 concrete residential / hotel
Forum 66 Tower 2 Shenyang 351 1150 68 2015 composite office
Hanking Center Shenzhen 350 1148 65 2018 office
Spring City 66 Kunming 350 1148 - 2018 office
31 Tuntex Sky Tower Kaohsiung 348 1140 85 1997 composite hotel / office
32 Aon Center Chicago 346 1136 83 1973 steel office
33 The Center Hong Kong 346 1135 73 1998 steel office

34 John Hancock Center Chicago 344 1128 100 1969 steel residential / office
Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur 343 1124 65 2017 residential / hotel
ADNOC Headquarters Abu Dhabi 342 1122 76 2014 concrete office
Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower Dubai 342 1122 76 2014 steel / concrete residential
Xiamen International Centre Xiamen 340 1115 61 2016 composite office
LCT Residential Tower A Busan 339 1113 85 2018 residential
35 The Wharf Times Square 1 Wuxi 339 1112 68 2014 composite hotel / residential
Chongqing World Financial Center Chongqing 339 1112 72 2014 composite office
36 Mercury City Tower Moscow 339 1112 75 2013 concrete residential / office
37 Tianjin Modern City Tianjin 338 1109 65 2016 composite residential / hotel

Orchid Crown Tower A Mumbai 337 1106 75 2016 concrete residential

Orchid Crown Tower B Mumbai 337 1106 75 2016 concrete residential
Tianjin World Financial Center Tianjin 337 1105 75 2011 composite office
38 The Torch Dubai 337 1105 79 2011 concrete residential
39 Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Hanoi 336 1102 72 2012 concrete hotel / residential / office
Wilshire Grand Tower Los Angeles 335 1100 73 2017 composite hotel / office
DAMAC Heights Dubai 335 1099 86 2016 steel / concrete residential
40 Shimao International Plaza Shanghai 333 1094 60 2006 concrete hotel / office
LCT Residential Tower B Busan 333 1093 85 2018 residential

138 | References
 Height Height
Rank Building Name City Stories Year Material Function
(meters) (feet)

Mandarin Oriental Hotel Chengdu 333 1093 88 2017 residential / hotel

41 Rose Rayhaan by Rotana Dubai 333 1093 71 2007 composite hotel
Jinan Center Financial City Jinan 333 1093 - - -
China Chuneng Tower Shenzhen 333 1093 - 2017 composite -
42 Minsheng Bank Building Wuhan 331 1086 68 2008 steel office
Ryugyong Hotel Pyongyang 330 1083 105 - concrete hotel / office
Gate of Kuwait Tower Kuwait City 330 1083 84 2016 concrete hotel / office
43 China World Tower Beijing 330 1083 74 2010 composite hotel / office
Thamrin Nine Tower 1 Jakarta 330 1083 71 - office
Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zhuhai 330 1083 67 2016 composite hotel / office

The Skyscraper Dubai 330 1083 66 - office

Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 Wuhan 330 1083 66 2016 composite office
Suning Plaza Tower 1 Zhenjiang 330 1082 77 2016 composite -
Hon Kwok City Center Shenzhen 329 1081 80 2015 composite residential / office
44 Longxi International Hotel Jiangyin 328 1076 72 2011 composite residential / hotel
44 Al Yaqoub Tower Dubai 328 1076 69 2013 concrete hotel
Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Nanjing 328 1076 69 2016 composite hotel / office
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Nanjing 328 1076 68 - office
Wuxi Suning Plaza 1 Wuxi 328 1076 68 2014 composite hotel / office
Concord International Centre Chongqing 328 1076 62 2016 composite hotel / office

Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Centre Tower 2 Shenyang 328 1076 - 2018 hotel / office
Greenland Center Tower 1 Qingdao 327 1074 74 2016 composite hotel / office
Huaqiang Golden Corridor City Plaza Main Tower Shenyang 327 1073 66 2018 hotel / office
Salesforce Tower San Francisco 326 1070 61 2017 office
46 The Index Dubai 326 1070 80 2010 concrete residential / office
47 The Landmark Abu Dhabi 324 1063 72 2013 concrete residential / office
47 Deji Plaza Nanjing 324 1063 62 2013 composite hotel / office
Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yantai 323 1060 59 2015 composite residential / hotel / office
49 Q1 Tower Gold Coast 323 1058 78 2005 concrete residential
Lamar Tower 1 Jeddah 322 1056 70 2016 concrete residential / office

50 Wenzhou Trade Center Wenzhou 322 1056 68 2011 concrete hotel / office
Guangxi Finance Plaza Nanning 321 1053 68 2016 composite hotel / office
51 Burj Al Arab Dubai 321 1053 56 1999 composite hotel
52 Nina Tower Hong Kong 320 1051 80 2006 concrete hotel / office
Sinar Mas Center 1 Shanghai 320 1048 66 2015 composite office
53 Chrysler Building New York City 319 1046 77 1930 steel office
Global City Square Guangzhou 319 1046 67 2015 composite office
54 New York Times Tower New York City 319 1046 52 2007 steel office
Foshan Suning Plaza Tower 1 Foshan 318 1043 90 - hotel / office
Runhua Global Center 1 Changzhou 318 1043 72 2015 composite office

Jiuzhou International Tower Nanning 318 1043 71 2016 composite -

Riverside Century Plaza Main Tower Wuhu 318 1043 66 2015 composite hotel / office
55 HHHR Tower Dubai 318 1042 72 2010 concrete residential
Yurun International Tower Huaiyin 317 1040 75 2017 composite office
Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing 317 1038 64 2016 composite hotel / office
Namaste Tower Mumbai 316 1037 63 2017 concrete hotel / office
Changsha IFS Tower T2 Changsha 315 1033 - 2017 composite office
Youth Olympics Center Tower 1 Nanjing 315 1032 68 2015 composite -
MahaNakhon Bangkok 313 1028 77 2016 concrete residential / hotel
The Stratford Residences Makati 312 1024 74 2015 concrete residential

Bank of America Plaza Atlanta 312 1023 55 2014 composite office

Moi Center Tower A Shenyang 311 1020 75 2014 composite hotel / office
57 U.S. Bank Tower Los Angeles 310 1018 73 1990 steel office
58 Ocean Heights Dubai 310 1017 83 2010 concrete residential
58 Menara Telekom Kuala Lumpur 310 1017 55 2001 concrete office
Bodi Center Tower 1 Hangzhou 310 1017 55 2017 office
Fortune Center Guangzhou 309 1015 73 2015 composite office
60 Pearl River Tower Guangzhou 309 1015 71 2012 composite office
Poly Pazhou C2 Guangzhou 309 1015 61 2017 composite office

参考书目 | 139
 Height Height
Rank Building Name City Stories Year Material Function
(meters) (feet)

61 Emirates Tower Two Dubai 309 1014 56 2000 concrete hotel

Eurasia Moscow 309 1013 72 2014 composite hotel / office
Guangfa Securities Headquarters Guangzhou 308 1010 62 2016 office
62 Burj Rafal Riyadh 308 1010 68 2014 concrete residential / hotel
Wanda Plaza 1 Kunming 307 1008 67 2016 composite office
Wanda Plaza 2 Kunming 307 1008 67 2016 composite office
Lokhandwala Minerva Mumbai 307 1007 83 2015 concrete residential
63 The Franklin Center - North Tower Chicago 307 1007 60 1989 composite office
64 Cayan Tower Dubai 306 1005 73 2013 concrete residential
One57 New York City 306 1005 79 2014 steel / concrete residential / hotel

65 East Pacific Center Tower A Shenzhen 306 1004 85 2013 concrete residential
65 The Shard London 306 1004 73 2013 composite residential / hotel / office
67 JPMorgan Chase Tower Houston 305 1002 75 1982 composite office
68 Etihad Towers T2 Abu Dhabi 305 1002 80 2011 concrete residential
69 Northeast Asia Trade Tower Incheon 305 1001 68 2011 composite residential / hotel / office
70 Baiyoke Tower II Bangkok 304 997 85 1997 concrete hotel
71 Wuxi Maoye City - Marriott Hotel Wuxi 304 997 68 2014 composite hotel
72 Two Prudential Plaza Chicago 303 995 64 1990 concrete office
Diwang International Fortune Center Liuzhou 303 994 75 2015 composite residential / hotel / office
KAFD World Trade Center Riyadh 303 994 67 2015 concrete office

Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza 1 Nanchang 303 994 59 2015 composite office
Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza 2 Nanchang 303 994 59 2015 composite office
73 Leatop Plaza Guangzhou 303 993 64 2012 composite office
74 Wells Fargo Plaza Houston 302 992 71 1983 steel office
75 Kingdom Centre Riyadh 302 992 41 2002 steel / concrete residential / hotel / office
76 The Address Dubai 302 991 63 2008 concrete residential / hotel
Gate of the Orient Suzhou 302 990 68 2014 composite residential / hotel / office
77 Capital City Moscow Tower Moscow 302 990 76 2010 concrete residential
Greenland Puli Center Jinan 301 988 61 2015 composite residential / office
Greenland Center North Tower Yinchuan 301 988 58 - composite hotel / office

Heung Kong Tower Shenzhen 301 987 70 2014 composite hotel / office
Brys Buzz Greater Noida 300 984 82 2017 concrete residential
78 Doosan Haeundae We've the Zenith Tower A Busan 300 984 80 2011 concrete residential
Supernova Spira Noida 300 984 80 2017 concrete residential
Al Habtoor City Tower 1 Dubai 300 ** 984 74 2017 concrete residential
Al Habtoor City Tower 2 Dubai 300 ** 984 74 2017 concrete residential
NBK Tower Kuwait City 300 984 70 2017 concrete office
Huachuang International Plaza Tower 1 Changsha 300 984 66 2016 composite hotel / office
Riverfront Times Square Shenzhen 300 984 64 2016 composite hotel / office
78 Torre Costanera Santiago 300 984 62 2014 concrete office

Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower C Nanjing 300 984 60 - office

78 Arraya Tower Kuwait City 300 984 60 2009 concrete office
78 Abeno Harukas Osaka 300 984 60 2014 steel hotel / office / retail
78 Shenglong Global Center Fuzhou 300 984 57 2017 composite office
Aspire Tower Doha 300 984 36 2007 composite hotel / office
Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 2 Shenzhen 300 984 - - office
Jin Wan Plaza 1 Tianjin 300 984 66 2017 hotel / office
Langham Hotel Tower Dalian 300 983 74 2015 composite residential / hotel
83 First Canadian Place Toronto 298 978 72 1975 steel office
83 One Island East Hong Kong 298 978 68 2008 concrete office

Ilham Baru Tower Kuala Lumpur 298 978 64 2015 concrete residential / office
Yujiapu Yinglan International Finance Center Tianjin 298 978 60 2016 composite office
85 4 World Trade Center New York City 298 977 65 2014 composite office
86 Eureka Tower Melbourne 297 975 91 2006 concrete residential
Dacheng Financial Business Center Tower A Kunming 297 974 - 2016 steel hotel / office
87 Comcast Center Philadelphia 297 974 57 2008 composite office
88 Landmark Tower Yokohama 296 972 73 1993 steel hotel / office
89 R&F Yingkai Square Guangzhou 296 972 66 2014 composite residential / hotel / office
90 Emirates Crown Dubai 296 971 63 2008 concrete residential

140 | References
 Height Height
Rank Building Name City Stories Year Material Function
(meters) (feet)

Xiamen Shimao Cross-Strait Plaza Tower B Xiamen 295 969 67 2015 composite office
91 Khalid Al Attar Tower 2 Dubai 294 965 66 2011 concrete hotel
Lamar Tower 2 Jeddah 293 961 62 2016 concrete residential / office
92 311 South Wacker Drive Chicago 293 961 65 1990 concrete office
Shang Xinguo International Plaza Chongqing 293 961 65 - hotel / office
93 Sky Tower Abu Dhabi 292 959 74 2010 concrete residential / office
94 Haeundae I Park Marina Tower 2 Busan 292 958 72 2011 composite residential
95 SEG Plaza Shenzhen 292 957 71 2000 concrete office
Indiabulls Sky Suites Mumbai 291 955 75 2015 concrete residential
96 70 Pine Street New York City 290 952 67 2014 steel residential / hotel

Hunter Douglas International Plaza Guiyang 290 951 69 2014 composite hotel / office
Tanjong Pagar Centre Singapore 290 951 68 2016 composite residential / hotel / office
Powerlong Center Tower 1 Tianjin 290 951 59 2015 composite office
220 Central Park South New York City 290 950 66 2017 residential
Zhengzhou Eastern Center North Tower Zhengzhou 289 948 78 2016 composite office
Zhengzhou Eastern Center South Tower Zhengzhou 289 948 78 2016 composite office
97 Dongguan TBA Tower Dongguan 289 948 68 2013 composite hotel / office
Busan International Finance Center Landmark Tower Busan 289 948 63 2014 concrete office
98 Key Tower Cleveland 289 947 57 1991 composite office
99 Shaoxing Shimao Crown Plaza Shaoxing 288 946 60 2012 composite hotel / office

100 Plaza 66 Shanghai 288 945 66 2001 concrete office

100 One Liberty Place Philadelphia 288 945 61 1987 steel office

* estimated height  |  估计高度

** minimum height  |  最低高度

参考书目 | 141
CTBUH Organization & Membership
CTBUH组织结构和会员级别
Board of Trustees | 董事会:
Chairman: Timothy Johnson, NBBJ, USA
Chair-Elect: David Malott, Kohn Pedersen Fox, USA
Executive Director: Antony Wood, CTBUH & IIT, USA
Treasurer: Steve Watts, alinea consulting LLP, UK
Trustee: Craig Gibbons, Arup, Australia
Trustee: Mounib Hammoud, Jeddah Economic Company, Saudi Arabia
Trustee: Dennis Poon, Thornton Tomasetti, USA
Trustee: Kam-Chuen (Vincent) Tse, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Hong Kong
Trustee: Cathy Yang, Taipei Financial Center Corporation, Taiwan ROC
Staff / Contributors | 职员/贡献者:
Executive Director: Antony Wood
Associate Director: Steven Henry
Operations Manager: Patti Thurmond
Membership Coordinator: Carissa Devereux
CTBUH Editor: Daniel Safarik
Leader Coordinator & Events Manager: Jessica Rinkel
Research Manager: Dario Trabucco
Web Developer / IT Support: Son Dang
Website Content Editor: Aric Austermann
Production Associate: Marty Carver
Production Associate: Kristen Dobbins
Media Associate: Jason Gabel
Administrative Assistant: Jonathan Reyes
Skyscraper Database Editor: Marshall Gerometta
Publications Associate: Tansri Muliani
Research Assistant, China Operations: Peng Du
Research Assistant: Meysam Tabibzadeh
General Counsel: Matt Rossetti
CTBUH Journal Associate Editor: Robert Lau
Special Media Correspondent: Chris Bentley
Advisory Group | 顾问组
Chair: Peter Weismantle, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, USA
Ahmad K. Abdelrazaq, Samsung Corporation, Korea
Sam Cuccurullo, CBRE, China
Donald Davies, Magnusson Klemencic, USA
Johannes de Jong, KONE Industrial Ltd., Finland
Jean-Claude Gerardy, ArcelorMittal, Luxembourg
Russell Gilchrist, Gensler, China
Mehdi Jalayerian, Environmental Systems Design, USA
Abdo Kardous, Hill International, China
Mikkel Kragh, Dow Corning, Belgium
Simon Lay, AECOM, UK
James Parakh, City of Toronto, Canada
Mic Patterson, Enclos, USA
Glen Pederick, Meinhardt, Australia
Robert Pratt, Tishman Speyer Properties, China
Mark P. Sarkisian, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, USA
Alfred Seeling, Woods Bagot, UAE
Working Group Co-Chairs | 工作小组联席主席
BIM: Trino Beltran, Nathan Miller & Sergio Valentini
Façade Access: Lee Herzog, Lance McMasters, Kevin Thompson & Peter
   Weismantle
Finance & Economics: Steve Watts
Fire & Safety: Simon Lay & Daniel O’ Connor
Foundations: Frances Badelow, Rudy Frizzi, Tony Kiefer, Sungho Kim,
  George Leventis & James Sze
Legal Aspects of Tall Buildings: Cecily Davis
Outrigger Systems: Hi Sun Choi, Goman Ho, Leonard Joseph & Neville
  Mathias
Research, Academic and Postgraduate: Philip Oldfield & Dario Trabucco
Seismic Design: Ron Klemencic & John Viise
142 | References
Sustainable Design: Antony Wood
Wind Engineering: Roy Denoon, Peter Irwin & David Scott
Committee Chairs | 委员会主席
Awards: Jeanne Gang, Studio Gang, USA
Height: Peter Weismantle, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, USA
Young Professionals: Sasha Zeljic, Gensler, USA
Regional Representatives | 区域代表
Australia: Bruce Wolfe, Conrad Gargett Architecture
Belgium: Georges Binder, Buildings & Data S.A.
Brazil: Antonio Macêdo Filho, EcoBuilding Consulting
Cambodia: Michel Cassagnes, Archetype Group
Canada: Richard Witt, Quadrangle Architects
China: Guo-Qiang Li, Tongji Univesity
Costa Rica: Ronald Steinvorth, IECA International
Denmark: Julian Chen, Henning Larsen Architects
Finland: Santeri Suoranta, KONE Industrial, Ltd.
France: Trino Beltran, Bouygues Construction
Germany: Roland Bechmann, Werner Sobek Stuttgart GmbH & Co.
Greece: Alexios Vandoros, Vandoros & Partners
India: Girish Dravid, Sterling Engineering
Indonesia: Tiyok Prasetyoadi, PDW Architects
Israel: Israel David, David Engineers
Italy: Dario Trabucco, IUAV University of Venice
Japan: Masayoshi Nakai, Takenaka Corporation
Lebanon: Ramy El-Khoury, Rafik El-Khoury & Partners
Malaysia: Matthew Gaal, Cox Architecture
Mongolia: Tony Mills, Archetype Group
Myanmar: Mark Petrovic, Architype Group
Netherlands: Paul Joop, Arup / Delft University
Nigeria: Joe Osammar, Osmo Geotechnical Energy Serv., Ltd.
Philippines: Felino A. Palafox Jr., Palafox Associates
Poland: Ryszard M. Kowalczyk, University of Beira Interior
Qatar: Shaukat Ali, KEO International Consultants
Romania: Mihail Iancovici, Technical University of Civil Engineering of
  Bucharest (UTCB)
Russia: Elena A. Shuvalova, Lobby Agency
Saudi Arabia: Bassam Al-Bassam, Rayadah Investment Company, KSA
Singapore: Juneid Qureshi, Meinhardt (S) Pte Ltd.
South Korea: Dr. Kwang Ryang Chung, Dongyang Structural Engineers
  Co., Ltd
Spain: Javier Quintana De Uña, Taller Básico de Arquitectura SLP
Sri Lanka: Shiromal Fernando, Civil and Structural Engineering
  Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd
Taiwan: Cathy Yang, Taipei Financial Center Corp.
Turkey: Can Karayel, Langan International
UAE: Dean McGrail, WSP Middle East
United Kingdom: Steve Watts, alinea consulting LLP
Vietnam: Phan Quang Minh, National University of Civil Engineering
CTBUH Organizational Brookfield Multiplex Construction Europe Ltd. Infrastructure Engineers (IACIE)
CBRE Group, Inc. Jiang Architects & Engineers
Members (as of 1st August 2014) CH2M HILL JLL
China Architecture Design & Research Group (CAG) KHP Konig und Heunisch Planungsgesellschaft
CTBUH企业会员（截至2014年8月1日） Enclos Corp. Langdon & Seah Singapore
Fender Katsalidis Architects LeMessurier
Supporting Contributors | 顶级会员 Halfen USA Lend Lease
Hill International Liberty Group Properties
AECOM Laing O’Rourke Lusail Real Estate Development Company
Al Hamra Real Estate Company Larsen & Toubro, Ltd. M Moser Associates Ltd.
Broad Sustainable Building Co., Ltd. Leslie E. Robertson Associates, RLLP Mori Building Co., Ltd.
Buro Happold, Ltd. Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Inc. Nabih Youssef & Associates
CCDI Group MAKE National Fire Protection Association
China State Construction Engineering Corporation McNamara / Salvia, Inc. National Institute of Standards and Technology
(CSCEC) MulvannyG2 Architecture (NIST)
CITIC Heye Investment Co., Ltd. Nishkian Menninger Consulting and Structural National University of Singapore
Dow Corning Corporation Engineers New World Development Company Limited
Emaar Properties, PJSC Nobutaka Ashihara Architect PC Norman Disney & Young
Eton Properties (Dalian) Co., Ltd. Outokumpu OMA
Illinois Institute of Technology Parsons Brinckerhoff Omrania & Associates
Jeddah Economic Company PDW Architects The Ornamental Metal Institute of New York
Kingdom Real Estate Development Co. Pei Cobb Freed & Partners PACE Development Corporation PLC
Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, PC Pickard Chilton Architects, Inc. Pei Partnership Architects
KONE Industrial, Ltd. PT Gistama Intisemesta Perkins + Will
Lotte Engineering & Construction Co. Quadrangle Architects Ltd. Pomeroy Studio Pte Ltd
Morin Khuur Tower LLC Rafik El-Khoury & Partners PT Ciputra Property, Tbk
National Engineering Bureau Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc. RAW Design Inc.
NBBJ Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin, Inc. Ronald Lu & Partners
Otis Elevator Company RTKL Associates Inc. Royal HaskoningDHV
Ping An Financial Centre Construction & Saudi Binladin Group / ABC Division Sanni, Ojo & Partners
Development Severud Associates Consulting Engineers, PC Shanghai Jiankun Information Technology Co., Ltd.
Renaissance Construction Shanghai Construction (Group) General Co. Ltd. Silvercup Studios
Samsung C&T Corporation Shum Yip Land SilverEdge Systems Software, Inc.
Schindler Top Range Division Shree Ram Urban Infrastructure, Ltd. Silverstein Properties
Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Sinar Mas Group - APP China SIP Project Managers Pty Ltd
Ltd. Skanska The Steel Institute of New York
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Solomon Cordwell Buenz Stein Ltd.
Suzhou Zhongnan Center Development Co., Ltd. Studio Gang Architects SWA Group
Taipei Financial Center Corp. (TAIPEI 101) Syska Hennessy Group, Inc. Tekla Corporation
Turner Construction Company TAV Construction Terrell Group
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) LLC Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd. (TJAD) TSNIIEP for Residential and Public Buildings
WSP Group Walter P. Moore and Associates, Inc. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Werner Voss + Partner Vetrocare SRL
Patrons | 赞助会员 Wilkinson Eyre Architects
Al Ghurair Construction – Aluminum LLC Contributors | 中级会员 Wirth Research Ltd
Arabtec Construction LLC Woods Bagot
Aedas, Ltd.
Blume Foundation Akzo Nobel
BMT Fluid Mechanics, Ltd. Allford Hall Monaghan Morris Ltd.
Participants | 普通会员
Bund Finance Center Alvine Engineering ACONSE CZ
Citic Pacific Bates Smart ACSI (Ayling Consulting Services Inc)
The Durst Organization Benoy Limited Adamson Associates Architects
East China Architectural Design & Research Institute bKL Architecture LLC ADD Inc.
Co., Ltd. (ECADI) Bonacci Group Aidea Philippines, Inc.
Gensler Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory AIT Consulting
Guild of Ural Builders Bouygues Construction AKF Group, LLC
HOK, Inc. The British Land Company PLC AKT II Limited
Hongkong Land, Ltd. Canary Wharf Group, PLC Al Jazera Consultants
ISA Architecture Canderel Management, Inc. Alimak Hek AB
KLCC Property Holdings Berhad CCL alinea consulting LLP
Langan Continental Automated Buildings Association Alpha Glass Ltd.
Meinhardt Group International (CABA) ALT Cladding, Inc.
Permasteelisa Group CTSR Properties Limited Altitude Façade Access Consulting
Ridley & Co. DBI Design Pty Ltd AMP Capital Investors
Studio Daniel Libeskind DCA Architects Pte Ltd ARC Studio Architecture + Urbanism Pte. Ltd.
Thornton Tomasetti, Inc. Deerns Consulting Engineers ArcelorMittal
ThyssenKrupp AG DK Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. Archetype Group
Tishman Speyer Properties Dong Yang Structural Engineers Co., Ltd. Architects 61 Pte., Ltd.
Weidlinger Associates, Inc. dwp Australia Pty Ltd Architectural Design & Research Institute of
Zuhair Fayez Partnership Far East Aluminium Works Co., Ltd. Tsinghua University
GGLO, LLC Architectus
Donors | 高级会员 Goettsch Partners Arquitectonica
Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, LLP Gradient Wind Engineering Inc. Atkins
American Institute of Steel Construction Graziani + Corazza Architects Inc. Azorim Construction Ltd.
Aon Fire Protection Engineering Corp. Hariri Pontarini Architects Azrieli Group Ltd.
ARCADIS, US, Inc. The Harman Group Bakkala Consulting Engineers Limited
Arup Hiranandani Group Baldridge & Associates Structural Engineering, Inc.
Aurecon Humphreys & Partners Architects, L.P. BAUM Architects
BALA Engineers Irwinconsult Pty., Ltd. BDSP Partnership
NV. Besix SA Israeli Association of Construction and Beca Group

参考书目 | 143
Benchmark Gravity Partnership Ltd. Profica
BG&E Pty., Ltd. Grimshaw Architects Project and Design Research Institute “Novosibirsky
BIAD (Beijing Institute of Architectural Design) Grupo Inmobiliario del Parque Promstroyproject”
Bigen Africa Services (Pty) Ltd. Guoshou Yuantong Property Co. Ltd. PT Anggara Architeam
Billings Design Associates, Ltd. GVK Elevator Consulting Services, Inc. PT. Prada Tata Internasional (PTI Architects)
BluEnt Halvorson and Partners Rafael Viñoly Architects, PC
BOCA Group Handel Architects Ramboll
Bollinger + Grohmann Ingenieure Heller Manus Architects Read Jones Christoffersen Ltd.
Bosa Properties Inc. Henning Larsen Architects Rene Lagos Engineers
Boston Properties, Inc. Hilson Moran Partnership, Ltd. RESCON (Residential Construction Council of
Broadway Malyan Hines Ontario)
Brunkeberg Industriutveckling AB Hong Kong Housing Authority Rider Levett Bucknall North America
Buro Ole Scheeren BSE, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Riggio / Boron, Ltd.
Callison, LLC Housing and Development Board Robin Partington & Partners
Camara Consultores Arquitectura e Ingeniería IECA Internacional S.A. Roosevelt University – Marshall Bennett Institute of
Capital Group ingenhoven architects Real Estate
Cardno Haynes Whaley, Inc. Institute BelNIIS, RUE Safdie Architects
Case Foundation Company INTEMAC, SA Sauerbruch Hutton Gesellschaft von Architekten
CB Engineers Ivanhoe Cambridge mbH
CCHRB (Chicago Committee on High-Rise Iv-Consult b.v. schlaich bergermann und partner
Buildings) J. J. Pan and Partners, Architects and Planners Schock USA Inc.
CDC Curtain Wall Design & Consulting, Inc. Jahn, LLC Sematic SPA
Central Scientific and Research Institute of Jaros Baum & Bolles Shanghai EFC Building Engineering Consultancy
Engineering Structures “SRC Construction” Jaspers-Eyers Architects Shimizu Corporation
China Academy of Building Research JBA Consulting Engineers, Inc. Sino-Ocean Land
China Institute of Building Standard Design & JCE Structural Engineering Group, Inc. SKS Associates
Research (CIBSDR) JMB Realty Corporation SL+A International Asia Inc. Taiwan Branch
City Developments Limited The John Buck Company Smith and Andersen
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI) John Portman & Associates, Inc. SmithGroup
COOKFOX Architects Johnson Pilton Walker Pty. Ltd. Somdoon Architects Ltd.
Cosentini Associates Kalpataru Limited Southern Land Development Co., Ltd.
COWI A/S KEO International Consultants Sowlat Structural Engineers
CPP Inc. KIM-SH LLC (Complex Engineering Workshop) Soyak Construction
CS Associates, Inc. Kinetica Stanley D. Lindsey & Associates, Ltd.
CS Structural Engineering, Inc. King Saud University College of Architecture & Stauch Vorster Architects
CTL Group Planning Stephan Reinke Architects, Ltd.
Cubic Architects King-Le Chang & Associates Sufrin Group
Cundall KPFF Consulting Engineers Surface Design
D. Bar-Akiva Consulting Engineers KPMB Architects Swinburne University
Dam & Partners Architecten LBR&A Arquitectos Taisei Corporation
Dar Al-Handasah (Shair & Partners) LCL Builds Corporation Takenaka Corporation
David Engineers Ltd. Ledcor Construction Limited Tameer Holding Investment LLC
Delft University of Technology Leigh & Orange, Ltd. Tandem Architects (2001) Co., Ltd.
Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man Architects & Engineers Lerch Bates, Inc. Taylor Thomson Whitting Pty., Ltd.
(HK), Ltd. Lerch Bates, Ltd. Europe TFP Farrells, Ltd.
Despe S.p.A. LMN Architects Thermafiber, Inc.
dhk Architects (Pty) Ltd Lobby Agency Tianjin Jinxiao Real Estate Development Co. Ltd.
Diar Consult Louie International Structural Engineers TMG Partners
DSP Design Associates Pvt., Ltd. Lyons TOBIN, PLLC
Dunbar & Boardman Mace Limited Transsolar
Earthquake Engineering Research & Test Center of Madeira Valentim & Alem Advogados The Trump Organization
Guangzhou University MADY Tyréns
EC Harris Magellan Development Group, LLC Umow Lai Pty Ltd
ECSD S.r.l. Margolin Bros. Engineering & Consulting, Ltd. University of Maryland – Architecture Library
Edgett Williams Consulting Group, Inc. Matthews Holdings Southwest Inc University of Nottingham
Eight Partnership Ltd. James McHugh Construction Co. UralNIIProject RAACS
Electra Construction Ltd. Meinhardt (Thailand) Ltd. VDA (Van Deusen & Associates)
Elenberg Fraser Pty Ltd Metropolis, LLC Vidal Arquitectos
ENAR, Envolventes Arquitectonicas Michael Blades & Associates Views On Top Pty Limited
Ennead Architects LLP MKPL Architects Pte Ltd Vipac Engineers & Scientists, Ltd.
Environmental Systems Design, Inc. MMM Group Limited VOA Associates, Inc.
Exova Warringtonfire Moshe Tzur Architects Town Planners Ltd. Walsh Construction Company
Farrells Murchie Consulting Pty Ltd Warnes Associates Co., Ltd
Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios LLP MVSA Architects Waxman Govrin Geva
Fortune Shepler Saling Inc. Nikken Sekkei, Ltd. Web Structures Pte Ltd
FXFOWLE Architects, LLP NPO SODIS Werner Sobek Group GmbH
GCAQ Ingenieros Civiles S.A.C. O’Connor Sutton Cronin wh-p GmbH Beratende Ingenieure
GEO Global Engineering Consultants onespace unlimited inc. Windtech Consultants Pty., Ltd.
Gilsanz Murray Steficek Option One International, WLL WOHA Architects Pte., Ltd.
M/s. Glass Wall Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd Ortiz Leon Arquitectos SLP Wong & Ouyang (HK), Ltd.
Global Wind Technology Services (GWTS) P&T Group Wordsearch
Glory Harvest Group Holdings Ltd Palafox Associates WTM Engineers International GmbH
Gold Coast City Council Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects WZMH Architects
Goldstein Hill & West Architects, LLP Philip Chun and Associates Pty Ltd Y. A. Yashar Architects
Gorproject (Urban Planning Institute of Residential PLP Architecture Yaron Offir Engineers Ltd.
and Public Buildings) Porte Construtora Ltda Zemun Ltd.
Grace Construction Products PositivEnergy Practice, LLC Ziegler Cooper Architects

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顶级会员会费每年$10,000; 赞助会员: $6,000; 高级会员: $3,00·0; 中级会员: $1,500; 普通会员 $750

144 | References
The Shanghai Tower is one of the most
ambitious skyscraper projects ever undertaken
on the planet, let alone in China. While the
distant silhouette and the proximate detail of
the tower will be immediately distinctive, the
purpose of the building is not simply to be seen
as an iconic landmark; it is much more than
that. Because it incorporates many advanced
techniques, it will be a learning laboratory for
the next generation of skyscraper designers.
Shanghai Tower provides a vision of vertically-
integrated space through a double façade that
contains numerous sky gardens, filled with
vegetation and the potential for socializing.
It provides relief from the isolative nature of
tall buildings without requiring descent to the
ground.

The CTBUH “In Detail” series provides an in-

depth, full-color exploration of some of the
most important tall buildings in the world,
drawing from the multi-disciplinary expertise
of the practitioners directly involved in
bringing these buildings to life.

上海中心是中国乃至全世界最有雄心的超高
层建筑项目之一。虽然这座摩天大楼的剪影
远眺显得与众不同，近处的细节设计也独具
匠心，但上海中心的目标绝不仅仅止步于被
看作一座地标性建筑，还有更多超前的理
念。由于应用了很多先进的技术，上海中心
将成为下一代高层建筑设计师学习的范例。
上海中心为我们提供了一个实现垂直一体化
空间的愿景，并通过独具匠心的双层幕墙设
计来实现，两层幕墙之间设置了数个空中大
堂，种植了绿色植物，提供了可能的社交场
所，将人们从脱离地面的高层建筑中解放出
来，无需到达地面层就能回归自然。

CTBUH“深入解读”系列是以全彩页的出
版形式对全球一些最重要的高层建筑
进行深入剖析。其中，直接参与项目
的不同领域的专家会参与此系列出版
物的撰文与编辑，力求将项目全方位
的信息生动呈现给读者。