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tan A tan B
tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
A B A B
sin A sin B 2 sin cos
2 2
A B A B
sin A sin B 2 cos sin
2 2
A B A B
cos A cos B 2 cos cos
2 2
A B AB
cos A cos B 2 sin sin
2 2
1
Section A : Answer ALL questions in this section. (80 marks)
2. Let , , be the roots of the equation x3 – 17x2 + kx – 125 = 0, where < < .
If , , are in geometric sequence, solve the given equation and also find the value of k.
(10 marks)
3. (a) Expand
2x 1 n 1 2x 1 in ascending powers of x as far as the term in x3.
2x
(b) Find the remainder when x2007 + 1 is divided by (x2 + 1)(x + 1).
(12 marks)
(a) Verify that such matrix operations are valid for both addition and multiplication in correspondence
to that of two complex numbers, z1 = x1 + y1i , z2 = x2 + y2i .
(c) What is the complex number that can be multiplied to x + y i in order to rotate it
counter-clockwisely by 90o with respect to the origin ? Write down also its corresponding
matrix of rotation.
(12 marks)
2
6. Prove by mathematical induction that
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... ...
2 3 4 2n 1 2n n 1 n 2 2n
is true n N .
(10 marks)
1
(b) Use (a) to prove that k 1 k 1 , kN.
k
1 1 1
1 ... n 1 n 2 , n N / {1} .
2 3 n
(12 marks)
n
8. (a) By considering the function f(x) = i 1
(ai x – bi)2 , prove the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality:
“Let a1, a2, …., an ; b1, b2, …., bn be two sets of non-zero real numbers.
2
n n 2
n
2
i i i b i
a b a
i1 i1 i1
a1 a 2 a
Equality sign holds iff ... n . ” (14 marks)
b1 b 2 bn
a b c x y z
(ii) 9 a, b, c, x, y, z > 0 (16 marks)
x y z a b c
sin 9
9. (a) By using de Moivre’s Theorem write in the form
sin
a cos8 b cos 6 c cos 4 d cos 2 e , where a, b, c, d, e are constants.
(10 marks)
2 3 4
(b) Use (a) to find an equation with roots cos 2 , cos 2 , cos 2 and cos 2 .
9 9 9 9
3
(10 marks)
2 3 4
(ii) tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 (10 marks)
9 9 9 9
x a b
10. (a) Factorize a x b into 3 linear factors in terms of a, b. (6 marks)
a b x
x ay bz 1
ax y bz a , where a 1, b 1, a + b –1 . (12 marks)
ax by z b
11. (a) For any two square matrices A and B of the same order, is it true that
(A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2 ?
If yes, prove it. If no, disprove it by using a counterexample with matrices of order 2.
Tell also the condition on A and B when the equality holds. (7 marks)
1 n a 1 n b
(b) Show that, if A 0 1 n and B 0 1 n
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0
(c) Let P 0 1 1
0 0 1
(i) Find P2, P3, P4 and guess a formula for Pn, where n N.
4
<< End of Paper >>
Solution
1. (a) Since is the complex root of 3 – 1 = 0. 3 = 1 …. (1)
3 1 0
2 + + 1 = 0 , 1. (4M)
1 1
(b) f() = 7 + 6 + 4 + 22 + 1
= (3)2 + (3)2 + 3 + 22 + 1
= + 1 + + 22 + 1
= 2 (2 + + 1)
= 0 , by (1). (4M)
By Factor Theorem, x = is a root of the equation f(x) = 0.
By (a), f(x) has a factor x2 + x + 1 .
By division, f(x) = (x2 + x + 1) (x5 – x3 + 2x2 – x + 1) . (4A)
17 ...(1)
2. By Vieta’s theorem, k ...(2)
125 ...(3)
(2M)
Since , , are in geometric sequence, = 2 …. (4) (2M)
Subst. (4) in (3), = 125,
3
=5 …. (5) (2A)
Subst. (5) in (1), + 5 + = 17, = 12 – …. (6)
Subst. (5), (6) in (4), (12 – ) = 5 2
, – 12 + 25 = 0
2
2x 1 n1 2x 1 1 n 1 n 1
C r 2 x 2 x 1
r
3. (a)
2x 2 x r 0
(2M)
1 n 1 n 1
r
C
1 2 x 2 x C nr 1 2x
2x r 2
n 1
n C nr 1 2 x
r 1
r 2
5
n C n2 1 2 x C 3n 1 2 x C n4 1 2 x ...
2 3
=
1 d
2 dx
2x 1 2x 1 2 2x 1 3 ... 2x 1 n (2M)
1 d
2x 1 2x 1 1
n
2 dx 2x 1 1
1 d 2 x 1 2x 1
n 1
2 dx 2x
1 d
2 dx
n 2C n2 1 x 4C 3n 1 x 2 8C n4 1 x 3 ...
1
2
2C n2 1 8C 3n 1 x 24C n4 1 x 2 ...
8 n 1 ! 24 n 1 !
1 : 6 8C3n 1 : 24C n4 1 :
3! n 2 ! 4! n 3 !
(2A)
1 4
6 3 n 2
3n – 6 = 24
n = 10. (2A)
6
5. (a) z1 = x1 + y1i , z2 = x2 + y2i .
z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 ) + (y1 + y2 ) i , z1 z2 = (x1 x2 – y1 y2) + (x1y1 + x2 y2 ) i (2A)
x1 y1 x2 y2
Z1 = , Z2 =
y1 x1 y2 x 2
x1 y1 x 2 y 2 x1 x 2 y1 y 2
Z1 + Z2 = + = (2A)
y1 x1 y 2 x 2 y1 y 2 x 1 x 2
x1 y1 x2 y 2 x 1 x 2 y1 y 2 x 1 y1 x 2 y1
Z1 Z2 = =
y1 x1 y2 x 2 x 1 y1 x 2 y1 x 1 x 2 y1 y 2
(2A)
1
x y 1 x y
(b) Z-1 =
y x x 2 y 2 y x
(2A)
(c) –y + x i = (0 + i) (x + y i) (2M)
y x 0 1 x y
x y 1 0 y x
(2A)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6. Let u n 1 ... , vn ... , nN.
2 3 4 2n 1 2 n n 1 n 2 2n
Let P(n) be the proposition : un = vn . (2M)
For P(1),
1 1 1 1
u1 1 , v1 u1 = v1 and P(1) is true. (2A)
2 2 11 2
Assume P(k) is true for some k N , i.e. uk = vk …. (*) (2A)
For P(k + 1),
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u k 1 1 ...
2 3 4 2k 1 2k 2 k 1 1 2 k 1
1 1 1 1
uk vk , by (*)
2k 1 2k 2 2k 1 2k 2
1 1 1 1 1
...
k 1 k 2 2 k 2 k 1 2k 2
1 1 1 1 1 2
... = vk+1 .
k2 2k 2k 1 2 k 2 k 1 2 k 2
(4M)
P(k + 1) is true.
7
By the Principle of Mathematical Induction, P(n) is true n N .
7. (a) k 1 k 1 2
k 1 2 k 1 k 1 k 1 2k 2 k 2 1 2 k 2 k 2 4 k (2M +
2M)
k 1 k 1 2 k
1 2 2
(b) By (a), k 1 k 1 (2M)
k 2 k k 1 k 1
1
4 2
3
1
5 3
4
1
6 4
5
: :
1
n n2
n 1
1
n 1 n 1
n
Adding the (n – 1) inequalities and add 1 to both sides, (2M)
1 1 1
1 ... n 1 n 2 . for correct cancellation (2A)
2 3 n
n
n 2 n
n 2
f(x) = a x b
i 1
i i
2
a i x 2 2 a i b i b i 0
i1 i 1 i1
x R
(4M)
n
For the eq. f(x) = 0, we have D 0 and
i 1
2
a i 0 (for which the equality holds) (4M)
2
n n
2
n
2
2
i 1
a i b i 4
i 1
a i
i 1
bi 0
8
2
n n 2
n
2
i1
a b
i i
i1
a i
i1
bi
(2A)
6a 1 6b 1 6c 1 2
6a 1 6b 1 6c 1 12 12 12
(3A)
[6(a + b + c) + 3] 3 (3M)
= 27 since a + b + c = 1.
6a 1 6b 1 6c 1 3 3
9
cos 9 i sin 9 cos i sin C 9k cos i sin k
9 n k
9. (a)
k 0
(3M)
sin 9 = 9 cos8 sin – 84 cos6 sin3 + 126 cos4 sin5 – 36 cos2 sin7 + sin9 (2A)
sin 9
sin
= 9 cos8 - 84 cos6 (1 – cos2 ) + 126 cos4 (1 – cos2 )2 - 36 cos2 (1 – cos2 )3+ (1 – cos2 )4
= 256 cos8 – 448 cos6 + 240 cos4 – 40 cos2 + 1 (2M) + (3A)
k
(b) For , 1 k 4, k N .
9
sin 9 sin k
0
sin k .
sin
9
9
(4M)
k k k k
256 cos
8
448 cos 6 240 cos 4 40 cos 2 1 0
9 9 9 9
(2A)
2 2 3 4
The equation with roots cos , cos 2 , cos 2 and cos 2 is
9 9 9 9
256 x4 – 448 x3 + 240 x2 – 40 x + 1 = 0 (4A)
2 3 4 4 k 4 2 k 4 k
tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 sec 1 sec 2 4
9 9 9 9 k 0 9 k 0 9 k 0 9
= 40 – 4 = 36 (2A)
x a b x a b x a b
R 2 R 2 R 1
10. (a) a x b ax xa 0 x a x b 1 1 0
R 3 R 3 R 2
a b x 0 bx xb 0 1 1
(3M)
= x a x b x a b (3A)
1 a b
(b) D a 1 b 1 a 1 b 1 a b a 1 b 1 a b 1
a b 1
1 a b 1 a a b 1 a b
C1 C1 C 2
D1 a 1 b a 1 1 b a 1 1 1 b a 1 2b 2 a 1
b b 1 0 b 1 0 b 1
(2M)
10
1 1 b 0 1 b
C1 C1 C 2 1 b
D2 a a b 0 a b a b a b b ab b a b 1 a
a b
a b 1 ab b 1
(2M)
1 a 1 0 a 1
a 1
C1 C1 C3
D3 a 1 a 0 1 a a b a b a 2 1 a b a 1 a 1
1 a
a b b ab b b
(2M)
x=
D1
a 1 2b 2 a 1 2b 2 a 1 (2A)
D a 1 b 1 a b 1 b 1 a b 1
D2 b a b a 1 b a b
y= (2A)
D 1 a 1 b a b 1 b 1 a b 1
D3
a b a 1 a 1 a b a 1
z= (2A)
D 1 a 1 b a b 1 b 1 a b 1
(c) (sin x – sin 2x)(sin x – sin 3x)(sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x) = 0 (2M)
(i) sin x – sin 2x = 0 sin (1 – 2 cos x) = 0
x = n or x = 2n , where n Z . (2A)
3
11
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(3A)
1 n b 1 n a 1 0 a n2 b
BA = 0 1 n 0 1 n 0 1 0 (2A)
0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
So AB = BA .
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 1
(c) (i) P = 0
2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 2
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
(1A)
1 1 0 1 2 1 1 3 3
P = 0
3 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 3
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
(1A)
1 1 0 1 3 3 1 4 6
P = 0
4 1 1 0 1 3 0 1 4
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
(1A)
1
1 n n n 1
2
We guess that P 0
n
1 n n N. (2A)
0 0 1
1
1 k k k 1
2
Assume P(k) is true for some kN, P 0
k
1 k (2M)
0 0 1
12
For P(k + 1),
1 1
1 k k k 1 1 1 0 1 k 1 k k 1 k
2 2
P = P P = 0
k+1 k 1 k 0 1 1 0 1 k 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
(2M)
1 k 1
1
k 1 k 1 1
2
0 1 k 1
0 0 1
(1A)
P(k + 1) is true .
By the Principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true n N.
1
1 n n n 1
2
(P ) = 0
n -1 1 n (3A)
0 0 1
13