PHY40001

Lecture 5 Antennas
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 𝐼0 𝑑 𝑘 2 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗 1
𝐻𝜙 = 𝑒 + 2 2 sin 𝜃
4𝜋 𝑘𝑟 𝑘 𝑟

2𝐼0 𝑑 𝑘 2 𝜇0 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗 𝑗
𝐸𝑟 = 𝑒 2 2
+ 3 3 sin 𝜃
4𝜋 𝜖0 𝑘 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟

𝐼0 𝑑 𝑘 2 𝜇0 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗 𝑗 𝑗
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑒 + 2 2 − 3 3 sin 𝜃
4𝜋 𝜖0 𝑘𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟
Short dipole antenna
Spherical polar coordinates
Electric and magnetic fields far away from the source

𝐼0 𝑑 𝑘 2 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗 1
𝐻𝜙 = 𝑒 + 2 2 sin 𝜃
4𝜋 𝑘𝑟 𝑘 𝑟

2𝐼0 𝑑 𝑘 2 𝜇0 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗 𝑗
𝐸𝑟 = 𝑒 2 2
+ 3 3 sin 𝜃
4𝜋 𝜖0 𝑘 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟

𝐼0 𝑑 𝑘 2 𝜇0 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗 𝑗 𝑗
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑒 + 2 2 − 3 3 sin 𝜃
4𝜋 𝜖0 𝑘𝑟 𝑘 𝑟 𝑘 𝑟
Maxwell’s equations Vector potential
𝛻 ⋅ 𝐷 = 𝜌𝑣 𝜇 𝐽 𝑟1 𝑒 −𝑗 𝑘⋅ 𝑟𝑚−𝑟1
𝐴 𝑟𝑚 = 𝑑𝑉
𝛻⋅𝐵 =0 4𝜋 𝑟𝑚 − 𝑟1
𝑑𝐵
𝛻×𝐸 =− 𝜇 𝐼0 𝑑 𝑒 −𝑗 𝑘⋅ 𝑟𝑚
𝑑𝑡 ≅ 𝑧
𝑑𝐷 4𝜋 𝑟𝑚
𝛻×𝐷 =𝐽+
𝑑𝑡
𝐵 = 𝛻×𝐴
 Spherical polar coordinates

Poynting 𝑆=𝐸×𝐻

Average power
Integrate over one cycle
𝑇

𝑆= 𝐸 × 𝐻 𝑑𝑡
0
𝜇0 𝐼02 𝑑 2 𝑘 2 2𝜃
S 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 = sin
𝜖0 32𝜋 2 𝑟 2
2𝜋 𝜋

𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑆 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 𝑑𝐴
𝜙 𝜃
http://www.whyistheskyblue.co/antennas.php
http://www.didaktik.physik.uni-
muenchen.de/multimedia/programme_applet
s/e_lehre/dipolstrahlung/bilder_dipol/web_bil
der_orig/dip_1s___o.gif
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281
946793_Proposal_of_a_New_Compact_Quasi-
Isotropic_Radiator
CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?
curid=1085864
Antennas are devices to control and direct radiation
Antenna design factors
1. Antenna pattern
2. Radiation efficiency
3. Impedance match to transmission line
4. Radiation as a function of frequency (bandwidth)
5. Voltage and current spatial distribution
 Impedance matching

http://www.jpase.com/impedance-matching-unmatched-impedances/
Normalized radiation
intensity
𝑆(𝑟,𝜃,𝜙)
1. 𝐹 𝜃, 𝜙 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆(𝑟,𝜃,𝜙)

𝜇0 𝐼02 𝑑 2 𝑘 2 2
2. 𝑆 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 = 𝜖0 32𝜋2 𝑟 2
sin 𝜃

𝑆(𝑟,𝜃,𝜙)
3. 𝐹 𝜃, 𝜙 = 2
𝜇0 𝐼0 𝑑2 𝑘2
𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin2 𝜃
𝜖0 32𝜋2 𝑟2
 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
dB scale 𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10 = 20 log10
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑖𝑛
Gas Motel
0.01 0.10 0.20 0.33 0.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 5.00 10 100 1000
-20.00 -10.00 -6.99 -4.77 -3.01 0.00 3.01 4.77 6.99 10.00 20.00 30.00
29 14
Directivity, D
Is a number indicating how much power is directed in
a certain direction
1. Low D indicates power radiated in all directions
2. High D indicates a narrow beam of power
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐹 𝜃,𝜙 1
3. 𝐷 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐹(𝜃,𝜙)
= 2𝜋 𝜋
𝜙 𝜃 𝐹 𝜃,𝜙 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆 𝑟,𝜃,𝜙
4. 𝐷 = 4𝜋𝑟2
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Hemisphere-polarization-graph-of-the-Inverted-Vee-Half-
Wave-Dipole-antenna-at-a-height-of_fig12_281619968
 Radiation efficiency, 𝜉 (𝑋𝑖)

𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝜉=
𝑃𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝜉𝐷

Antenna can have significant losses and still have gain

if it is highly directional
Radiation resistance

2𝜋 𝜋

𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝐹 𝜃, 𝜙 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙

𝜙 𝜃

𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
𝐷=
4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑

4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝐷
Radiation resistance

𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝑋𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑡 − 𝑍0
Γ =
𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑡 + 𝑍0
 Effective area

𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑
Aeff =
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜆2 𝐷 2
Aeff = (𝑚 )
4𝜋
Matching

𝑍𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝑗𝑋𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑍𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟𝑒𝑐 + 𝑗𝑋𝑟𝑒𝑐

Friis formula

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝜉𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝜉𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠

=
𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝜆2 𝑅 2

2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝜆
= 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝐺𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 4𝜋𝑅
Friis formula

2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝜆
= 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝐺𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝜃, 𝜙 𝐹𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 (𝜃, 𝜙)
𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 4𝜋𝑅