BASICS OF MATHEMATICS AND ALGEBRA/GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

RECTANGLE Area(A) = bh or length x width

Perimeter = 2l + 2w
TRIANGLE A = ½ bh
Perimeter = a + b + c
SQUARE A = s2
Perimeter = 4s
CIRCLE A = 𝝅r2
Circumference (C) = 2𝝅r or 𝝅𝒅  
RECTANGULAR SOLID V = 𝓵𝒘𝒉
CYLINDER V = 𝝅r2 𝓵
S = 2𝝅r𝓵 + 2𝝅r2
SPHERE 𝟒
V = 𝝅 r3
𝟑
S = 4  𝝅r2
TRAPEZOID A = ½ h (b + B)
RIGHT TRIANGLE a2 + b2 = c2
𝒂
sin 𝜽 =
𝒄
𝒃
cos 𝜽 =
𝒄
𝒂
tan 𝜽 =
𝒃

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES

SOH CAH TOA

𝜃 0º 30º 45º 60º 90º

sin 𝜃 0 ½ 2/2 3/0.5 1
cos 𝜃 1 √3/ ½ 2/2 ½ 0
tan 𝜃 0 √3 /3 1 3 ∞

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 Problems Involving Percent (%)

A (amount) = R (rate) x B (base)

Example:

1) What is 30% of 80?

Solution: 80 x 0.30 = 24

2) 24 is what percent of 40?

Solution: 24/40 = 0.6

= 60%

3) 100 is 50% of what number?

Solution: 100/0.50 = 200

RATIO WITH THREE QUANTTITIES

a:b:c

Example: Three numbers are in ratio 2 : 3 : 5. If their sum is 70, what are the numbers?

Solution: Let 2x = first number

3x = second number
5x = third number

2x + 3x + 5x = 70
10x = 70
x=7

Let 2(7); let 3(7); let 5(7)

↓ ↓ ↓
14 21 35

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 REWRITING A NUMBER IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

1) 857 = 8.57 x 102

2) 0.000087 = 8.7 x 10-5

3) 41.17 x 10-8 = 4.117 x 10-7

4) 0.57 x 1017 = 5.7 x 10-1 x 1017 = 5.7 x 1016

5) 632.4 x 106 = 6.324 x 102 x 106 = 6.324 x 108

6) 467,000,000 = 4.67 x 108

7) 28,157 = 2.8157 x 104

8) 532 = 5.32 x 102

AGE PROBLEMS

ALGEBRAIC PHRASE ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

A number increased by six x+6
Twice a number 2x
Five less than a number x–5
One-sixth of a number 𝟏 𝒙
𝒙  𝒐𝒓  
𝟔   𝟔
Two more than three times a number 3x + 2
Four less than six times a number 6x – 4
Three times the sum of a number and five 3(x + 5)
Half of a number increased by three is twelve 𝟏
𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐
𝟐

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Problem: A mother is 24 years old than her daughter. In 8 years she will be twice as old
as her daughter. Determine their present ages.

Current Age Age in 8 years

Mother x + 24 x + 24 + 8 = x + 32
Daugther x 2(x + 8)

Solution: x + 32 = 2(x + 8)
x + 32 = 2x + 16
32 – 16 = 2x –x
16 = x

Check: 16 + 32 = 48
2(16 + 8) = 48

The daughter is 16 years current age.

Mother 16 + 24 = 40 years of age.

WORD PROBLEMS

1) Sharon can complete the job in two hours, while Candice can do the same job in three
hours. How long does it take the two women to complete the job if they work together?

Time to Complete Part of the Job/Hour Part of Job Done in Hour

2 hours 𝟏 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
3 hours 𝟏 𝒙
𝟑 𝟑

𝐱 𝐱
Solution:        𝟐 +   𝟑 = 1

𝐱 𝐱
6(    𝟐  ) + (  𝟑 )6 = 1(6)

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 3x + 2x = 6

5x = 6
𝟔 𝟏
x = 𝟓 or 1 𝟓

x = 1 hour and 12 minutes

2) The two numbers are in ratio 3 : 4, if their sum is 42, what are the numbers?

Solution: 3x + 4x = 42
7x = 42
x=6

Substitute: 3(6) = 18
4(6) = 24

The numbers are 18 and 24.

3) If apples sell at $2.89 for 8 pounds, how much will 96 pounds of apples cost at same
rate?

!"  !" !  !"

Solution: !    
=   $  !.!"

96(2.89) = 8x
𝟐𝟕𝟕.𝟒𝟎
𝟖
=𝒙
     
x = $ 34.68

4) A distance of 300 meters is represented on a map by 2cm. How many centimeters on

the map would represent a distance of 1800 meters?
𝟑𝟎𝟎  𝒎 𝟐𝒄𝒎
Solution: 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎  𝒎
=   ?  𝒄𝒎

300x = 3600

x = 12

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Perimeter of the triangle – is the sum of the lengths of its sides.

5) A triangle has a perimeter of 350 centimeters. The longest side of the triangle is
twice the length of the shortest side. The third side is 10 centimeters longer than the
shortest side. What are the lengths of the sides of the triangle?

Solution: Let s = shortest side

2s = longest side
s + 10 = third side

s + 2s + 10 + s = 350
4s + 10 = 350
4s = 340
s = 85
Substitute: 2s = 2(85) = 170
s + 10 = 85 + 10 = 95
                   
Therefore, the lengths of the sides of the triangle are 170 and 95.

6) The sum of three consecutive whole numbers is 168. What are the numbers?

Solution: n + n + 1 + n + 2 = 168
3n + 3 = 168
3n = 168 – 3
𝟏𝟔𝟓
n= 𝟑

n = 55

Substitute: n = 55
n + 1 = 55 + 1 = 56
n + 2 = 55 + 2 = 57

The three consecutive numbers are: 55, 56, and 57.

Solving for Average

𝒔𝒖𝒎  𝒐𝒇  𝒕𝒉𝒆  𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔
Average: 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓  𝒐𝒇  𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔

𝒂!𝒃!𝒄
A= 𝟑

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7) Belinda has three exams 88, 79, 80. What score must she received on the 4th exam to
have an average of 84?

𝟖𝟖!𝟕𝟗!𝟖𝟎!𝒅
Solution: 84 = 𝟒

𝟐𝟒𝟕!𝒅
84 = 𝟒

𝟐𝟒𝟕!𝒅
(84)4 = ( 𝟒
)𝟒

336 = 247 + d
336 – 247 = d
89 = d

Probability of an event is the total number of successful events divided by the total
number of possible events.

𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓  𝒐𝒇  𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

P (event) = 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍  𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓  𝒐𝒇  𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚

Rule: The probability of an event not happening equals 1 minus the probability of the
event happening, or

P ( NOT E) = 1 – P(E)
In other words,
P(E) + P ( NOT E) = 1

8) If a nickel is tossed twice, what is the probability of

(a) two heads?

(b) one tail?

Solution: the number of possible results is FOUR:

head head, head tail, tail head, tail tail
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
HH HT TH TT
!
a) There is one success (HH), the probability of two heads (HH) is one out of four, or !

b) This time a success of either of 2 events (HT, TH).

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  ! !
The probability of one tail is two out four, !
=   !

9) Two dices are rolled, how many times can they come up?
!
Solution: 6 X 6 = 36 total. The probability of any particular outcome is !"

SOLVING FOR MORTGAGES

15-year mortgage at 5%
!.!"
→ multiply the mortgage amount by !"""
 
30-year mortgage at 5%
!.!"
→ multiply the mortgage amount by !"""

10) Find the monthly payments of a 5% 15-year mortgage of $300,000.

$"##,!!!
Solution: 7.91 x !"""
= $2, 373/month will cost you for 15 years.

SIMPLE INTEREST: I = Prt

𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕
Rate: 𝑷  𝒙  𝒕

𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕
Principal: 𝒓  𝒙  𝒕

COMPOUND INTEREST: A = P (1 + r)t

P → is the money invested

r → is the percent (%) paid per compounding period
t → the number of times the interest is compounded
A → is the accumulated principal (the new Principal)

11) We invest $1,000 at 10% compounded monthly for 1 year.

Solution: 12 months = 1 year

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 A = P (1 + r)t

𝟏𝟎% 12
= 1,000 (1 + 𝟏𝟐
)

= 1,000 (1.0083)12

12) One pipe alone will fill a tank in 20 hours. A second pipe will fill it in 15 hours. If
the first pipe was open for 16 hours and then closed, how long would it take the second
pipe to finish filing the tank?

1st pipe 20 hours 𝟏𝟔 𝟒

=
𝟐𝟎 𝟓
2nd pipe 15 hours 𝒙
𝟏𝟓

𝟒 𝒙
Solution : 𝟏𝟓(  𝟓  ) + ( 𝟏𝟓  )15 = 1 (15)

12 + 1x = 15

x = 3 hours

13) If six people complete a job in 10 days, how many days, how many days would it
take twelve people to complete the same job?

Solution: 6 (10) = 60

60 = 12x
5=x

𝑴𝑬𝑵𝑻𝑨𝑳  𝑨𝑮𝑬
IQ = 𝑪  (𝒄𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍  𝒂𝒈𝒆)

𝟏𝟎𝟎  𝑴
IQ = 𝑪

14) Determine an IQ of a 14-year old boy who has a mental of age of 16

Solution:
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 𝟏𝟎𝟎  (𝟏𝟔)
IQ = 𝟏𝟒

IQ = 114

15) The sum of 15 and twice a certain number is 33. What is the number?

Solution: 2n + 15 = 33
2n = 33 – 15
2n = 18
n=9

MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE

𝒔𝒖𝒎  𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
Mean (arithmetic average): #  (𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓  𝒐𝒇  𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔  𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒃𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅)

Median
If the score is ODD - the median of the set is the middle score in the arrangement.
If the score is EVEN – the median of the set is halfway between two middle scores.

Example: 8, 10, 4, 1, 9, 7, 11. What is the median number?

Solution: 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

The median number is 8.

Mode: occurs at the greatest number of times.

CONSUMER MATHEMATICS

COMMISSIONS: Commission Rate x Amount of Net Sales

𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕  𝒐𝒇  𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

Amount of Net Sales: 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏  𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆

Discount: Rate of Discount x Marked Price

Sale Price: Marked Price – Discount

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕
Rate of Discount: 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒅  𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆

Discount: Marked Price – Sale Price

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 𝑨𝑴𝑶𝑼𝑵𝑻  𝑶𝑭  𝑰𝑵𝑪𝑹𝑬𝑨𝑺𝑬  𝑶𝑹  𝑫𝑬𝑪𝑹𝑬𝑨𝑺𝑬
RATE OF INCREASE OR DECREASE: 𝑶𝑹𝑰𝑮𝑰𝑵𝑨𝑳  𝑨𝑴𝑶𝑼𝑵𝑻

AMOUNT OF INCREASE OR DECREASE: Original Amount x Rate

BASIC ALGEBRA

Combining like terms:

(a) 3a + 4b – a + 2b + 2a – 3b

Solution:
(a) first combine the a’s : 3a – a + 2a = 5a – a = 4a
(b) then combine the b’s: 4b + 2b – 3b = 6b – 3b = 3b
thus,

3a + 4b – a + 2b + 2a – 3b = 4a + 3b

Multiplying Number in Exponential Notation

To multiply terms with same base, add the exponents.

1) Solve : a2a5

Solution: a2a5 = (a • a)(a • a • a • a • a) = a7

RULE : aman = a(m + n)

2) Solve : (b6)2

Solution: (b6)2 = b6 x 2 = b12

RULE : (ab)c = abc

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PRODUCT TO A POWER

Simplify: (3x2y3)7

Solution: (3x2y3)7 = 37x14y21 or 2187x14y21

RULE : (ab)c = acbc

DIVISION WITH EXPONENTS

Divide : m7 ÷ m2

Solution : m7-2 = m5
RULE : am ÷ an = am/an = am-n

ZERO as a POWER

Example: 70 = 1
(xy)0 = 1
RULE: Any expression to the zero power equals 1.
The only exception is 00 which is UNDEFINED.

NEGATIVE EXPONENTS

t3 ÷ t5 = t3 / t5 = 𝑡3-5 = t-2

Therefore, t-2 = 1/t2

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RULES OF RATIONAL EXPONENTS

The following rules are valid for all real numbers a and b and rational numbers r
and s, provided that all indicated powers are real and no denominator is zero.

1) aras = ar+s

2) ar /as = ar-s

3) (ar)s = ars

4) (ab)r = arbr
!
5) ( ! )r = ar/br

! !
6) (  )-r = ( )r
! !    

7) a-r/b-s = bs/ar

RADICAL NOTATION
𝒏
The exponent 1/n and the radical sign are both used to indicate the nth root.
If n is a positive integer and a is a number for which a1/n is defined the
! !
expression 𝑎 is called a radical, and 𝑎  = a1/n.

THE PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT RULES FOR RADICALS

For any positive integer n and real number a and b (b ≠ 0).

! ! !
a) 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 • 𝑏 →  𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡  𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒  𝑓𝑜𝑟  𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠
 
!
! ! !
b) = ! → 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡  𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒  𝑓𝑜𝑟  𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑠
!   !

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