SCI 10
observer, u pick up that error???
Notes
August 23, 2018
I. How does nature present itself?
a. The understanding doesn’t primarily
rest on the scientist
b. PARADIGM:
i. Model: theme – structures
– proceedings
ii. Rational inquiry into nature
iii. Logic/perspective; physical
world
INQUIRER -> OBJECT OF INQUIRY
 The sculpture assumes that the inquirer
has the capacity to know, while the
object is knowable, or has measurable
characteristics
 Example: regularity of weather/seasons
 There is independence between the
inquirer and the object
 A bias is an error in measurement (this
is why independence is needed)
METHODOLOGY
- Structured: systematic and orderly
- Unstructured: creative and intuitive
- Scientific rediscovery is not all
- Serendipity: when opportunity meets
readiness????????
- Test n validate????????
- The scientific method is not all formal
bec of the unstructured aspect of it
Measurements of characteristics
- Parameters provide us with noticeable,
quantifiable patterns
- That’s where we get into the concept of
precision and accuracy
- The more precise and accurate, the less
bias/error
- Intraobserver bias: within the same
- The instrument could also be the cause
of error though
- Regular calibration
- You need to use the right
parameter also
- Another way to look at error is by
looking at false positives/negatives
o Positive: to mark something
present when it’s not there
o Negative: to mark something
absent when it’s there
 Fundamental problem
of that instrument: it’s
not sensitive/specific
- Scientific knowledge as research
knowledge is quantitative
EXPERIMENTS
- Standardized variables
- Verified
- We expect similar results from
experiments only under similar
conditions
REPEATABILITY
- Controlled conditions
EMPIRICAL
- Observed
- Verified
- Measurable
- Collection: consistent, coherent,
constructive
HIERARCHY
- Simple descriptions
- Specific relationships
- Fundamental principles
o Universal/constant
o Cannot be disproven
o Laws that govern nature; very
essence of how nature works
 o New laws would have to adhere o Monopoly of truth
to the fundamental principles o Community

VALUES HISTORY

- Honesty - Galileo facing the Roman inquisition by

o Methods Cristiano Banti (1857)
o Work ethics o He presented his ideas to the
o Ownership church and the government
o Patents, copyrights, IPR o The church excommunicated
 IPR: Intellectual him because he said that the
Property Right sun doesn’t circle the earth;
 THANK GOD they didn’t want to accept
o There are anomalies about this
Objective truth considers two things:
universe and this earth that we
1. Inquirer will discover
2. Object of inquiry - INCONSITENCIES
- Predictive power (ability to see and o Internal
perceive patterns that we have o Contextual
observed and measured) o Paradign shift
 Scientific revolution
-- - Maing things effective and
August 31, 2018 undertndable
- Everything should be made as simple as
- Something about working around the possible, but not simpler. (Albert
acceleration formula and predictive Einstein LOL)
power is able to help you do things
- Lol SEPTEMBER 5, 2018
- Idk wats happening - The object of inquiry is knowable and
METHODOLOGY measurable
- Nomadic kind of definition of
- Objective truth technology
- Predictive power - Another way of describing science and
- Knowing how science works or how technology is more of an independent
science can be applied particularly with or interedependence of one another
that prediction then indeed the - Dancers who are mutually independent
scientist going through all of it can learn with one another, yet ironically,
a few values obligate dancers dancing to the same
o Honesty music (rip, 1992)
 Mrthods - Ancient science – Ancient technology
 Work ethics o Using technology preceded
 Ownership understanding the science
 Patents, behind it
copyrights, IPR o Use of fundamental elements
- Humility of scientific methods
  Non formulated, fluid,
dynamic
 Observation,
explanation, prediction,
experimentation
Early human development
- Dependent on the environment and
technological development (Nolan and
Lenski, 2006)
- Knowledge development of bountiful
land, beneficial flora and fauna, useful
tools
- Later, gradual shift from sustenance in
mobility to sedentary
SEDENTISM & AGRICULTURE
- Early human civilizations
o Mesopotamia, Egypt, China,
Indian subcontinent
o Freshwater sources, crucial for
agricultural shift
- First technological wave (Toffler, 1980)
- Focus on food production
o Technologies developed were
geared towards this
o Environment was altered to
cater to ehanced food
SOCIETAL EMEGRENCE
- Rise of crop complexes over the milenia
o Identification of suitable crops
and domesticable animals
o Practice over vast tracts of land
o Led to food supplies and nimal
husbandry
- Population increase and job
diversification
- Decrease in population pressure,
increase created
- Not all are farmers, more jobs were
created
- Cooperative and dcompeitite actions
o Ecvhange of surplus goods
leading to trade
o Conquest and invasion of other
communities over coveted
goods
- - Formation of social hierarchy
o Rise of landowner class
TECHNOLOGY AND RISE OF CIVILIZATION
- Human survival was differentiated by
pressure to develop better technology
to aid in survival
- From a nomadic life, we developed into
settlements civilizations (trying to
survive, technological pressure)
- Better technological development
transformed humanity as a species
- Technology defined drastic changes in
human civilizations over the last three
centuries
- We have co-evolved with technology
Science – technology – society
LEAD TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
- Commercialization
ACADEME
- Filipino scientists are asked to do
multiple tasks and duties at one time
- Receive minimum compensation and
funding
- Limited by laws and policies
INDUSTRY
- What the academ needs to start up
- Two types of investors
o Angel investors: startup
businesses who need to shell
out money from debt
o Venture capitalists: big
companies who can give capital
without having debt
o Giving capital
ENTREPRENEUR
- Market the product
- Opening new businesses that
contribute to economic growth
- Two types of founders
o Technology founders
o Academic founders
GOVERNMENT
- The hand that supports the hands of
the three players
The tech transfer process (look at September 5,
2018 pics for notes)
Research and
--
September 7, 2018
The university is not only for teaching and
publishing sccientifci knowledge, but can also
become a true “engine’ of national
development
The uninvefrsiy can instill culture of
entrepreneurship and rasie commercialization
awareness among its academe
Can happen in -----FDSJFSDKJF
- Public’s participation in scientific
research
- EX: The Wonder of Fireflies
Common features of citizen science
- Anyone can participate
- Participants use the same protocol
PREMISE
- Science has been sustained by diverse
people (with different views of the
world) across time and place
- Multiple stakeholders (i.e. people with
different aspirations, norms, beliefs,
cultural, etc). are all fully represented
Science is something that all citizens can
contribute to (Mueller, Tippis, & Beyan, 2012)
The future of scientific research
- Bridging gaps
Participation in Citizen Science (look at notes
from sept 7)
1. Contributory
2. Collaborative
a. Scientist as designer of project
3. Co-creted
a. Scientist and public as
designersr of the scientific
process

Citizen Science to Citizens’ Science

Conclcuison: Role of S&T in Nation Building
- “with’ and “of” the community
- Science
- Technology Learning and Social outcomes
- Society
- Recognizes problems of access and
- Commercialization  National
social disparities
Development
- In a gentle way, you can shake the
CITIZEN SCIENCE world (Mahatma Gandhi)

- Citizens actively take part in Science

- Collaboration with scientists
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
 - Refers to anything created by someone
including but not limited to
o Inventions
o Literary works
o Tems created by artists
artwork, musical pieces
o Symbols, designs, images,
pictures
- Rationale for IPR
o The idea of protecting property
is to give credit to the ones who
made them
o In creating IPR, we’re trying to
solve the problem of free-riding
problem
 Anyone can just copy
left and right
 The problem there is
that
o Secrecy problem
 Innovation will be a
problem
 No one will try to be
creative
 Society will stagnate,
hampering of national
development
o Ask who is protected
 Free-riding: the creator
 Secrecy: society in
general
o Who is credited?
 The creator
o Who benefits?
 Everyone
TRIPS AGREEMENT
- Trade related aspects of IP rights
- International agreement administered
by the WTO (World Trade organization)
- An attempt to narrow the gaps in the
way these rights are protected and
enforced around the world
- To bring IPRs unders common
intetnaional laws
- Standards: what are we protecting?
What is the nature of thing that we’re
protecting? Is it worth protecting it?
What are the right involved in
protecting that invention? How long?
- Enforcement: actual enforcing of
protecting the invention, and if there
would be any problems between
countries in terms of protecting a
certain property, then they settle these
disputes, and it could go back to
reorganizing their standards
- Dispute settlement
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
- Intellectual Property Office of the
Philippines
- IP social function: the State shall
promote the diffusion of knowledge
and information for the promotion of
national development and progress and
the common good
- Who benefits? The consumers
CATEGORIES OF IP IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Patents
o Exclusive rights to a product
that is something new and
useful
o 20-year validity period
o Patent’s information must be
available to the public
o During those 20 years, the
inventor will make it open to
the public, he has the right that
he made that invention, he can
choose someone/ a company to
mass produce that and it will
later on be marketed, which
will make it profitable (he will
gain that profit)
 o After 20 years, the inventor can
either renew it if he will be
granted patency, or someone
else could take the idea and
make that invention better such
that after 20 years, he can
make it more marketable for
others to produce
2. Trademark
- It’s a tool used to differentiate
services and goods from one another
- Word, sign, logo, symbol
- Will help consumers identify your
brand among many others in the
market
- When they see your symbol, they
already know what your company is
3. Copyright
- Refers to the protection given to the
owner of an original work covering:
i. Literary works
ii. Musical I pieces
iii. Paintings
iv. Computer programs
OBJECTIVES OF IPRs
1. To encourage and reward creative work
2. To protect the investments in the
development of technology
3. To stimulate and ensure fair
competition
4. To protect consumer choices
5. To facilitate tech transfer
6. Achieve balance of rights and
obligations
IPR AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
- Where do developed countries look
for laborers to mass produce their
inventions? -> Developing countries
- Workers are usually exploited,
because they are taken advantage
for cheap labor
- Both developed and developing
countries benefit from that
relationship
 Ex: China workers
imitate/reinvent that product
to make the product cheaper
to customers
- Treated as a commodity
- Used as instrument for maximizing
profits and income
IPR AND PUBLIC HEALTH
- Enabled R&D
CONCLUSION
- Management of IP and IPR is a
multidimensional task
- Influenced by market needs, market
response, cost involved in translating
IP into commercial venture
- Actions and strategies need to be
aligned with national laws and
international treaties and practices
September 17
 Our understanding of science now is
nuanced
i. Nature is now presenting itself
ii. It’s important to capture what nature
is presenting to us
iii. Every technology that we come up
with, is a reflection of how we deal
with the physical world
Science and technology
- The human application of knowledge
to the making of tools and the use of
natural resources
- Human application: non-material
i. Values
ii. Attitudes
 iii. Ideology o Provide meaning to and gain
iv. Norms understanding of th e response
v. Beliefs to these interactions
- Use of natural resources: material o What is the merging reality?
i. High tech o How does technology affect
ii. Low tech social relations?
o Technology represents certain
Science technology  Society
values, identiies, relationships
 Ideologies, values o Therefore, to some extent, they
 Politics, economics change the meaning of

Sociology of S&T

- Institutional approach
i. Normative; order and system

Constructive approach

- Local practice: time and space

- Other scientists

September 24

Sociology

Of S&T

Demand and pull – technological development

– technology-push

Consensus

- What role does technology play to build

harmony in society?

Conflict

- Who benefits the most from

technology?

Interactionist

- How does technology affect (1) the way

we see ourselves and (2) the way we
relate to each other?
- Interactions represented in symbols and
language
- Identity formation