Amplificador Espejo de Corriente

Departamento de Ingenieria

Cristian Stiven Gutiérrez (csgutierrezt@libertadores.edu.co)

Juan David Martinez Novoa (jdmartinezn@libertadores.edu.co)

ABSTRACT
in this practice we will use two transistors of exact references, of which we will take values beta of the
datasheet, we will calculate resistances, according to streams arranged for this practice, allowing you to
measure and verify current values collector, finding profits and voltage falls among others.

KEY words:
Differential amplifier, beta, voltage, resistance, polarization, transistors, source, voltmeter, dual
source, generator, profits, voltage falls.

INTRODUCTION analysis of small signal by introducing

the differential amplifier is the characteristic of
an operational amplifier input stage. It has no
capacitor coupling or step, which implies that
it is directly coupled. For this reason, you can
amplify any frequency including the signal's
DC, which is equivalent to a zero frequency
signal. Current tail in a differential amplifier is
divided exactly between transistors when
these are identical.
materials
 Generator
 Breadboard
 wires banana-caiman
 resistances
 transistors identical 2N222
 ammeter
 voltmeter
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Differential amplifier:
The differential amplifier is a circuit that is an
essential part of many amplifiers and
comparators and is the key stage of the ECL
logic family. This topic describes and
discusses different types of devices, bipolar
and FET-based differential amplifiers.
Addressed polarization techniques and
concepts in common mode and differential
mode allowing to simplify the analysis of
these amplifiers. Finally, they arise and study
complex integrated differential amplifiers are
very useful as an introduction to operational
amplifiers
.3.2 Operating principle
The basic differential amplifier has 2 inputs
V1 and V2. If V1 voltage increases, the
transistor Q1 emitter current increases
(remember that IE = BxIB), causing a voltage
drop in Re. If V2 voltage is kept constant, the
voltage between base and emitter of the
transistor Q2 decreases, reducing also the
same transistor emitter current. This causes
that the collector of Q2 (Vout +) voltage will
increase. The entry V1 is not investor input of
an op-amp. In the same way when the
voltage at V2 increases, also increases the
the collector current of transistor Q2, causing
that same transistor collector voltage
decreases, (Vout +) decreases. The V2 entry
is the investment input of the operational
amplifier. If the value of the resistor RE very
big, would force the sum of the currents of
emitter transistor Q1 and Q2, to keep
constant, behaving like a current source.
Then, by increasing the current
3.3 Transistor 2N2222.

1
It is a transistor's Silicon of medium power
with a polarity npn, built using the base
epitaxy process and designated for linear
amplification and switching applications. You
can amplify small streams to small voltages
or socks and work frequencies fairly high. It is
manufactured in different formats, the most
common are the TO-92,TO-18,SOT-23,
y SOT-223..
Img. 1 2N2222 Trsnsistor
3.4 Electric resistance
It is the opposition to the flow of electrons to
move through a conductor. Resistance in the
international system unit is the ohm, which is
represented by the Greek letter omega (Ω), in
honor of the German physicist Georg Simon
Ohm, who discovered the principle that now
bears his name. For a conductor type cable,
resistance is given by the following
Where ρ is the resistivity of the material or the
coefficient of proportionality the length of the
cable and S the cross-section of the same
area. The resistance of a conductor depends
directly on this coefficient, is also directly
proportional to its length (increases as its
length is greater) and is inversely proportional
to its cross-section (decreases as increases
its thickness or section Cross). Discovered by
Georg Ohm in 1827, the electrical resistance
has a conceptual resemblance to the friction
in mechanical physics. The unit of resistance
in the international system of units is the ohm
(Ω). For their measurement, in practice there
are various methods, which include the use of
an ohmmeter. In addition, its reciprocal
2
magnitude is the conductance, measured in
Siemens. On the other hand, according to
Ohm's law the resistance of a material can be
defined as the ratio of the difference of
electric potential and the current that flows
through...
Img. 2 ohm law
Where R is the resistance in ohms, V is the
potential difference in volts and I is the
current in amperes. Also it can be said that
"the intensity of the current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the
difference of potential and inversely
proportional to its resistance" according to
this measurement, materials can be classified
in conductors, insulators and semiconductor.
There are also certain materials in which,
under certain conditions of temperature,
appears a phenomenon called
superconductivity, in which the resistance
value is almost nil.
Img. 3 Resistor
Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is an electronic display
instrument for graphical representation of
electrical signals which vary in time. It is
widely used in electronic signal, often with a
spectrum analyzer. Presents the values of
electrical signals in the form of coordinates on
a screen, in which normally the X (horizontal)
axis represents times and the axis (vertical)
represents tensions. The image thus obtained
is called a waveform. They usually include
another entry, called "axis THRASHER" or
"Wehnelt cylinder" that controls the
brightness of the beam, allowing you to
highlight or turn off some segments of the 1. Beta values are taken from the
trace. Oscilloscopes, classified according to transistors according to datasheet.
their inner workings, can be both analogue
and digital, being the displayed result 2. Emitter resistances are calculated
identical in the two cases, in theory according to the given currents.
An oscilloscope is an electronic display 3. Resistors are calculated Collector
instrument for the graphic representation of considering Ibias and alpha.
electrical signals can frame over time. It is 4. Voltages are calculated in the resistors
widely used in signal electronics, often and the transistor.
together with a spectrum analyzer. Presents
the values of the electrical signals in the form
of coordinates on a screen, in the normally X-
axis (horizontal) consi times and the Y-axis
(vertical) formulate tensions. The image thus
obtained is called an oscillogram. They
usually include another entry, called
"THRASHER axle" or "Wehnelt cylinder"
controls the beam brightness, allowing
highlighting or extinguishing some segments
of the trace. The oscilloscopes, classified
according to their internal functioning, can be
both analogue and digital, the visual result
being identical in either case, in theory

Imag. 5 electric scheme

Counting

The calculations are in the annex

Imag. 4 Oscilloscope

4. RESULTADOS Y ANALISIS
Imag. 6 simulated scheme

3

Graf. 1 simulated graph, yellow line Vc,
red line wave generator
Error Vc
(999.9+411.5)/999.9
= 1.41%
Error Ic
(500 uA + 432 uA)/ 500 uA
= 1.86%
How recognize inverting and non
inverting signals in the differential
pair?
A common mode signal is one that is
applies simultaneously to the two inputs
of the differential amplifier. Most of the
interference, static and other type signals
of undesirable signals are signals in mode
4
common. What happens is that the cables
connected to the input bases act as small
antennae; yes the amplifier differential is
operating in an environment with
interference electromagnetic, both bases
capture the same signal. One of the
reasons for the popularity of amplifiers
differentials is that they discriminate the
signals of common mode.
What is the maximum value or
collector resistor to get a suitable
output signal voltage? What is the
correspondent gain?
The polarization by current mirror is
based on the fact that the base current is
much smaller than the current of the
resistance and by the diode, so the current
by the resistor and by the diode are
practically the same. If the curve of the
diode was identical to the VBE curve of
the transistor, the current of the diode
would be equal to the current of emitter
and it would come to the next conclusion:
that the collector current is approximately
equal to the current that circulates through
the resistance of Polarization. This circuit
is very important, since it means that you
could fix the current of collector when
controlling the current of the resistance.
The circuit behaves then
like a mirror, the current of resistance it is
reflected in the collector of the transistor.
CONCLUSIONES
In general, the first voltage input of a
differential amplifier is the non-inverting
input and the second input is the inverter.
For large values of RE, the bias current
can be considered constant when there is
a small signal input.

1. REFERENCIAS
[1
http://paginas.fisica.uson.mx/horacio.munguia/aula
_virtual/Cursos/Electronica/Documentos/Circuitos_
Trans/Amplificador%20Diferencial.pdf

[http://paginas.fisica.uson.mx/horacio.munguia/aul
a_virtual/Cursos/Electronica/Documentos/Circuito
s_Trans/Amplificador%20Diferencial.pdf.

[4
http://ww2.educarchile.cl/UserFiles/P0029/File/Obj
etos_Didacticos/ELO_01_TEL/Recursos_Concept
uales/Definicion_de_componentes.pdf [5]
Material de laboratorio universidad libertadores
Montaje experimental propuesto.

[7https://www.google.com/search?
q=transistor+2n2222&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1
&fir=KWyXOFYKQH2pIM%253A
%252CGCO7lBvmdcfMlM
%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kTB2PHrMNQ3p8hXCv3SHQ1rHMtEGg&sa=X&v
ed=2ahUKEwj84smZwpzhAhUo1lkKHSoPDR4Q9
QEwA3oECAcQCg#imgrc=ChJIJxG5N3xl8M:&vet
=1

[8] Demostración de resultados en la tabla

y ecuacion, con una sola pieza de las tres
posibles.
http://profesores.sanvalero.net/~arnadillo/Docu
mentos/Apuntes/Analogica/UD2_Instrumentos
%20de%20medida/Presentacion
%20Osciloscopio.pdf.