2015-2016

REGULATED DC
POWER SUPPLY
Project Report

By : PRIYANKA GARG (17810102812)

BTech (Electronics and Communication Engineering)

Ambedkar Institute of Technology (GGSIPU) , Delhi

Under the guidance of :

Dr. M.U.Sharma ( Sc. “G” SSPL)

Mr. Pallav Kumar Tripathi (Sc. “D” SSPL)
MR. HARPREET SINGH ( 'SRF' SSPL)

Project Undertaken at :

SOLID STATE PHYSICS LABORATORY (SSPL)

DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
(MINISTRY OF DEFENCE, GOVT. OF INDIA)
LUCKNOW ROAD, TIMARPUR
DELHI- 110054
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that report entitled “REGULATED DC POWER SUPPLY” is the

work done by Ms. Priyanka Garg from Ambedkar Institute of Advanced
Communication Technology & Research, Delhi in partial fulfillment of
requirement for award of Degree in Bachelor of Technology for Electronics and
Communication Engineering. She has carried out this work under my
supervision.

During the period she had gained extensive knowledge about Regulated DC
power supply. She has obtained practical knowledge about the same.

With a good sense of enquiry and perseverance, she is intelligent sincere and
hardworking students. She had worked diligently with utmost devotion to
complete the assignment given to her in time. She is focused and
methodological.

Also this is to certify that report does not contain any confidential information.

We wish for her success in life.

Mr. Pallav Kumar Tripathi

Sc. “D”
SSPL, DRDO

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 Candidate’s Declaration

I hereby declare that work entitled “Regulated DC Power Supply” is an authentic

work carried out by me at solid state physics laboratory, (SSPL) delhi, under the
supervision of Dr. M.U.Sharma , Sc.”G” and Mr. Pallav Kumar Tripathi Sc.”D” for
partial fulfillment of the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Communication. The matter embodied in this report has not
been submitted anywhere else for award of any other degree.

Date: 31st July,2015

Priyanka Garg
Roll no. : 17810102812

B.Tech (Electronics and Communication)

Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technology
&Research, Delhi

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to Dr. R.K. Sharma , Director Solid State Physics Laboratory,

Lucknow road Delhi for providing me the opportunity to work on my project
“Regulated DC Power Supply” as a part of my B.Tech, Electronics and
Communication Curriculum.

I am short of words in expressing my utmost sincere and respectful gratitude to

Dr. M.U.Sharma, Sc. “G” SSPL,SAW group in charge for his constant support and
guidance.

I strongly record my deep sense of gratitude and thankfulness with utmost

respect to my project guide Mr. Pallav Kumar Tripathi for providing me with
valuable information and help without which this project would not have been
a success.

My special thanks to Mr. Deepti Mal, Head, Training and Placement cell, AIACTR
Delhi for granting me permission to join Solid State Physics Laboratory, DRDO,
New Delhi for my industrial training.

Priyanka Garg
17810102812

B.Tech (Electronics and Communication)

Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technology &
Research, Delhi

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Contents
Certificate

Candidate’s Declaration

Acknowledgement

1. Introduction to Power Supply_______________________________5

2. THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION _______________________________ 8

2.1 THE TRANSFORMER STAGE ________________________________ 8

2.2 THE RECTIFIER STAGE _____________________________________ 9

2.3 THE FILTER STAGE _______________________________________ 23

2.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR STAGE _____________________________ 29

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ___________________________________ 33

3.1 COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION ____________________________ 33

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 3.2 CALCULATIONS _________________________________________ 37

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ______________________________________ 39

4. REFERENCES ______________________________________________ 41

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 1. INTRODUCTION
A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit, it converts unregulated AC into a constant
DC .With the help of a rectifier it converts AC supply into DC. Its function is to supply a
stable voltage to a circuit or device that must be operated within certain power supply
limits. There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC
mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices
such as computers, fax machines and telecommunication equipment.
A DC Power Supply Unit deriving power from the AC mains (line) supply performs a number
of tasks:

• It changes (in most cases reduces) the level of supply to a value suitable for driving the
load circuit.

• It produces a DC supply from a pure AC wave.

• It prevents any AC from appearing at the supply output.
• It will ensure that the output voltage is kept at a constant level, independent of changes
in:

a. The AC supply voltage at the supply input.

b. The Load current drawn from the supply output.

c. Temperature.

A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a
particular function. A transformer first steps down high voltage AC to low voltage AC. A
rectifier circuit is then used to convert AC to DC. This DC, however, contains ripples, which
can be smoothened by a filter circuit. Power supplies can be ‘regulated’ or ‘unregulated’.
A regulated power supply maintains a constant DC output voltage through ‘feedback
action’. The output voltage of an unregulated supply, on the other hand, will not remain
constant. It will vary depending on varying operating conditions, for example when the

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 magnitude of input AC voltage changes. Main components of a regulated supply to convert
230V AC voltage to 5V DC are shown in figure 1.

Fig. 1 : Power Supply Block Diagram

Power supplies are designed to produce as little ripple voltage as possible, as the ripple can
cause several problems. For Example

• In audio amplifiers, too much ripple shows up as an annoying 50 Hz or 100 Hz audible

hum.

• In video circuits, excessive ripple shows up as “hum” bars in the picture.

• In digital circuits it can cause erroneous outputs from logic circuits.

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 2. THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

2.1 THE TRANSFORMER STAGE

The Transformer is a simple static (or stationary) electro-magnetic passive electrical device
that works on the principle of Faraday’s law of induction by converting electrical energy from
one value to another.

The transformer does this by linking together two or more electrical circuits using a common
oscillating magnetic circuit which is produced by the transformer itself. A transformer
operates on the principals of “electromagnetic induction”, in the form of Mutual Induction.

Mutual induction is the process by which a coil of wire magnetically induces a voltage into
another coil located in close proximity to it. The ratio number of turns in the primary coil and
secondary coil determines its capability of either increasing or decreasing the voltage and
current levels of their supply, without modifying its frequency.

Fig. 2 :Transformer Representation

Based on the variation of the voltage level between the input and output (increase or
decrease), transformers are broadly classified into two categories:

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 STEP UP TRANSFORMER
On a step-up transformer there are more turns on the secondary coil than the primary
coil. The induced voltage across the secondary coil is greater than the applied voltage
across the primary coil. i.e. n1 < n2.

 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

On a step-down transformer there are more turns on the primary coil than the
secondary coil. The induced voltage across the secondary coil is lesser than the applied
voltage across the primary coil. i.e. n1>n2

 CENTER TAPPED TRANSFORMER

In center tapped transformer, a contact is made to a point halfway along a winding of
the transformeror inductor. Taps are sometimes used on inductors for the coupling of
signals, and may not necessarily be at the half-way point, but rather, closer to one end.

2.2 THE RECTIFIER STAGE

After the transformer stage, the output voltage is AC of a suitable stepped-down voltage. To
get a constant dc supply from the AC the most important step is to convert the bipolar AC to
unipolar pulsating DC. To perform this function, the rectifier stage is used in DC power supply.

Diode

For any rectifier circuit the basic building block is a Diode. Diodes are electronic components
that allow electricity to flow in only one direction. It can be thought of as a version of a valve.
The schematic symbol of a diode is shown in figure 3. The arrow of the circuit symbol shows
the direction in which the current can flow.

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 Fig. 3 :Diodes Representation

If a negative voltage is applied to the cathode and a positive voltage to the anode, the diode is
forward biased and conducts. The diode acts nearly as a short circuit. If the polarity of the
applied voltage is changed, the diode is reverse biased and does not conduct. The diode acts
very much as an open circuit. Using this principle , the diode is connected in a rectifier circuit
in such a way that for a half cycle of AC input it conducts and the cycle passes through as it is
but the other half cycle is blocked through the diode.

Diode Rectifier Circuits

There are many possible ways to construct rectifier circuits for a dc power supply using
diodes. The three basic types of rectifier circuits used are:

• The Half Wave Rectifier

• The Full Wave Rectifier

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

The half wave rectifier is the most basic rectifier circuit. A simple half-wave rectifier using an
ideal diode and a load is shown in Figure 4.

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 Figure 4: Half Wave Rectification

BASIC OPERATION

Since the diode only conducts when the anode is positive with respect to the cathode, current
will flow only during the positive half cycle of the input voltage.

The supply voltage is given by:

vs Vm sin

where (= 2 f = 2 /T) is the angular frequency in rad/s.

During the positive half cycle of the source, the ideal diode is forward biased and operates as
a closed switch. The source voltage is directly connected across the load.

During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and acts as an open switch. The
source voltage is disconnected from the load. As no current flows through the load, the load
voltage vo is zero. Both the load voltage and current are of one polarity and hence said to be
rectified. The waveforms for source voltage and output voltage are shown in figure 5.

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 Figure 5: Source and output voltages

Here, the output voltage varies between the peak voltage and zero in each cycle. This variation
is called “ripple”, and the corresponding voltage is called the peak-to-peak ripple voltage, Vp-
p.

LOAD VOLTAGE

If a DC voltmeter is now connected to measure the output voltage of the half-wave rectifier
(i.e., across the load resistance), the reading obtained would be the average load voltage
Vavg , also called the DC output voltage.

Or,

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The output voltage waveform and average voltage are shown:

Figure 6: Output voltage and average voltage for half-wave rectifier

PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE

The maximum amount of reverse bias that a diode will be exposed to is called the peak inverse
voltage or PIV.

For the half wave rectifier, the value of PIV is:

PIV = Vm
The above equation is due to the fact that when the diode is reverse biased, there is no voltage
across the load. Therefore, all of the secondary voltage (Vm) appears across the diode. The
PIV is an important factor because it determines the minimum allowable value of reverse
voltage for any diode used in the circuit.

ADVANTAGES

• Simplest circuitry and low cost.

• Suitable for fairly low demand applications.

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DISADVANTAGES

• The output current in the load contains, in addition to dc component, ac components

of basic frequency equal to that of the input voltage frequency. Thus Ripple factor is
high and an elaborate filtering is, therefore, required to give steady dc output

• The power output and, therefore, rectification efficiency is quite low. This is due to
the fact that power is delivered only half the time.

• The gaps (0 output pulses) make it more difficult to remove the AC ripple remaining
after rectification.

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

The shortcomings of half wave rectifier are successfully overcome by using two diodes in
parallel with a center tapped transformer which is known as full wave rectifier system.

A simple full-wave rectifier using two ideal diodes and a load is shown in Figure 7. The
transformer has a center-tapped secondary winding. This secondary winding has a lead
attached to the center of the winding. The voltage from the center tap to either end terminal
on this winding is equal to one half of the total voltage measured end-to-end. The diodes feed
a common load RL with the help of a center-tap transformer.

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 Figure 7: Full Wave Rectification

Figure 8 shows the operation and the direction of current flow for positive and negative half
cycles of input.

BASIC OPERATION

During the positive half cycle of the full wave rectifier the diode D1 is forward biased and
diode D2 is reverse biased. The direction of the current through the load is shown in the
figure.

During the negative half cycle, the polarity reverses. Diode D2 is forward biased and diode D1
is reverse biased. As shown in the figure, the direction of current through the load does not
change even though the secondary voltage has changed polarity. Thus another positive half
cycle is produced across the load.

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 Figure 8: Direction of current flow

LOAD VOLTAGE

Using the ideal diode model, the peak load voltage for the full wave rectifier is Vm. The full
wave rectifier produces twice as many output pulses as the half wave rectifier. Hence the full
wave rectifier has twice the output frequency of a half wave rectifier. For this reason, the
average load voltage (i.e. DC output voltage) is :

RIPPLE FACTOR

The ripple factor for a Full Wave Rectifier is given by

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The average voltage or the dc voltage available across the load resistance is :

RMS value of the voltage at the load resistance is:

EFFICIENCY

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 The maximum efficiency of a Full Wave Rectifier is 81.2%.

Figure 9: Average DC Voltage for a Full Wave Rectifier

PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE

When one of the diodes in a full-wave rectifier is reverse biased, the peak voltage across that
diode will is approximately equal to Vm. With the polarities shown in figure 8, for positive
cycle, D1 is conducting and D2 is reverse biased. Thus the cathode of D1 will be at Vm. Since
this point is connected directly to the cathode of D2, its cathode will also be Vm. With –Vm
applied to the anode of D2, the total voltage across the diode D2 is 2 Vm. Therefore, the
maximum reverse voltage across either diode will be twice the peak load voltage.

PIV =2 Vm

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ADVANTAGES

1. The rectification efficiency of full-wave rectifier is double of that of a half-wave rectifier.

2. The ripple voltage is low and of higher frequency in case of full-wave rectifier so simple
filtering circuit is required.
3. Higher output voltage, higher output power and higher Transformer Utilization Factor
(TUF) in case of a full-wave rectifier.

DISADVANTAGES

1. It requires use of Centre tapped transformer, and It is difficult to locate the center
tap on the secondary winding.Therefore the circuit is more expensive.

2. Only half of the transformer's secondary is utilized at any half cycle. Hence,
transformer utilization is low.

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BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Bridge Rectifiers are the most widely used rectifier systems in power supplies that provide
necessary DC voltage for the electronic components or devices. They can be constructed with
four or more diodes or any other controlled solid state switches.

A simple Bridge rectifier circuit using four diodes and a load resistance is as shown in figure
10.

BASIC OPERATION

During the Positive half cycle of the input AC waveform diodes D2 and D3 are forward biased
and D1 and D4 are reverse biased. When the voltage, more than the threshold level of the
diodes D2 and D3, starts conducting – the load current starts flowing through it, as shown as
red lines and blue lines path in figure 10.

Figure 10: Current flow in positive half cycle

During the negative half cycle of the input AC waveform, the diodes D1 and D4 are forward
biased, and D2 and D3 are reverse biased. Load current starts flowing through the D1 and D4
diodes when these diodes starts conducting as shown in red lines and blue lines path in figure
11.

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 Figure 11: Current flow in negative half cycle

PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE

In any of the half cycles of input AC, two of the four diodes are reverse biased, in parallel, and
directly across the secondary winding.

Therefore

PIV = Vm

ADVANTAGES

 The rectification efficiency of bridge rectifier is double of that of a half-wave rectifier.

 The ripple voltage is low and of higher frequency in case of bridge rectifier so simple
filtering circuit is required.

 Higher output voltage, higher output power and higher Transformer Utilization Factor
(TUF) in case of a bridge rectifier.

 No centre tap is required in the transformer secondary so in case of a bridge rectifier

the transformer required is simpler. If stepping up or stepping down of voltage is not
required, transformer can be eliminated even.

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  The PIV is one half that of centre-tap rectifier. Hence bridge rectifier is highly suited
for high voltage applications.
 For a given power output, power transformer of smaller size can be used in case of the
bridge rectifier because current in both (primary and secondary) windings of the
supply transformer flow for the entire ac cycle.

Disadvantages

 The load resistor RL and the supply source have no common point which may be
earthed.

 In bridge rectifier, two diodes conduct in series for every half cycle of input, thus,
voltage drop across the diode circuit doubles. For low voltage output, this needs to be
taken into consideration.

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2.3 THE FILTER STAGE

The output of a rectifier is not pure dc but it contains fluctuations or ripple, which are
undesired. To minimize the ripple content in the output, filter circuits are used. These circuits
are connected between the rectifier and load. Ideally, the output of the filter should be pure
dc. Practically, the filter circuit works to minimize the ripple at the output, as far as possible.
Basically, the ripple is ac, i.e., varying with time, while dc is a constant w.r.t. time. Hence in
order to separate dc from ripple, the filter circuit should use components which have widely
different impedance for ac and dc. Two such components are inductance and capacitance.
Ideally, the inductance acts as a short circuit for dc, but it has large impedance for ac.
Similarly, the capacitor acts as open for dc if the value of capacitance is sufficiently large
enough. Hence, in a filter circuit, the inductance is always connected in series with the load,
and the capacitance is connected in parallel to the load.

DEFINITION OF A FILTER:

Filter is an electronic circuit composed of a capacitor, inductor (or) combination of both and
connected between the rectifier and the load so as to convert pulsating dc to pure dc. The
different types of filter, based on the arrangement of capacitor and inductor in the circuit, are:

1. Inductor Filter
2. Capacitor Filter
3. LC or L-Section Filter
4. CLC or π – Section Filter

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  INDUCTOR FILTER

The figure 12 shows an inductor filter. When the output of the rectifier passes through an
inductor, it blocks the ac component and allows only the dc component to reach the load.

Figure 12: Circuit diagram of an Inductor Filter

OPERATION

In the inductor filter the inductor (choke) is connected in series with the load. The operation
of the inductor filter depends upon the property of the inductance to oppose any change of
current that may flow through it.

Ripple factor of the inductor filter is given by:

The above equation shows that ripple will decrease when L is increased and RL is decreased.
Thus the inductor filter is more effective only when the load current is high (small RL). The
larger value of the inductor can reduce the ripple and at the same time the output dc voltage
will be lowered as the inductor has a higher dc resistance.






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  CAPACITOR FILTER

Figure 13: Circuit diagram of a Capacitor Filter

A capacitor filter connected directly across the load is shown in figure 13. The property of a
capacitor is that it allows ac component and blocks dc component.

OPERATION

The operation of the capacitor filter is to short the ripple to ground but leave the dc to appear
at output when it is connected across the pulsating dc voltage.

During the positive half cycle, the capacitor charges upto the peak vale of the transformer
secondary voltage, Vm and will try to maintain thisvalue as the full wave input drops to zero.
Capacitor will discharge through RL slowly (depending upon the time constant) until the
transformer secondary voltage again increase toa value greater than the capacitor voltage.
The diode conducts for a period, which depends on the capacitor voltage. The diode will
conductwhen the transformer secondary voltage becomes more than the diode voltage. This
is called the cut in voltage. The diode stops conductingwhen the transformer voltage becomes
less than the diode voltage. This is called cut out voltage.

Referring to figure 14, with slight approximation the ripple voltage can be assumed as
triangular. From the cut-in point to the cut-outpoint, whatever charge the capacitor acquires
is equal to the charge the capacitor has lost during the period of non-conduction, i.e., from
cut-out point to the next cut-in point.

The charge it has acquired = r P−P × C

The charge it has lost = Id.c. × T2

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 Figure 14: Ripple Voltage Triangular Waveform

∴ Vr P−P × C = Id.c. × T2

If the value of the capacitor is fairly large, or the value of the load resistance is very large,
then it can be assumed that the time T2 is equal to halfthe periodic time of the waveform.

From the above assumptions, the ripple waveform will be triangular and its rms value is
given by

The ripple may be decreased by increasing C or RL (both) with a resulting increase in the dc
output voltage.

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  LC OR L-SECTION FILTER
The series inductor filter and shunt capacitor filter are not much efficient to provide low
ripple at all loads. The capacitor filter has low ripple at heavy loads while inductor filters at
small loads. A combination of these two filters may be selected to make the ripple
independent of load resistance. The resulting filter is called L-Section filter of LC filter or
Choke input filter. This name is due to the fact that the inductor and capacitor are connected
as inverted L.

The circuit diagram of an LC filter is as shown in figure 15.

Figure 15: Circuit diagram of an L-Section Filter

OPERATION

The action of choke input filter is like a low pass filter. The capacitor shunting the load by
passes the harmonic currents because it offers very low reactance to ac ripple current while
it appears as an open circuit to dc current. On the other hand the inductor offers high
impedance to the harmonic terms. In this way, most of the ripple voltage is eliminated from
the load voltage.

RIPPLE FACTOR

The main aim of the filter is to suppress the harmonic components. So the reactance of the
choke must be large as compared with the combined parallel impedance of capacitor and
resistor. The parallel Impedance of capacitor and resistor can be made small by making the
reactance of the capacitor and resistance of the load. Now the ripple current which has passed
through L will not develop much ripple voltage across RL because the reactance of C at the
ripple frequency is very small as compared with RL

Thus for LC filter, XL >> XC and RL >> XC

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Under these conditions, the ac current through L is determined primarily by XL= 2ωL (the
reactance of the inductor at second harmonic frequency). The rms value of the ripple current
is

This shows that ω is independent of RL.

 CLC OR π-SECTION FILTER

Figure 16: Circuit diagram of an CLC Filter

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CLC filter is a capacitor input filter followed by an L-section filter. The ripple rejection capability of a
CLC filter is very good. The circuit diagram of a CLC filter is as shown in figure 16.

It consists of an inductance L with a dc winding resistance as RC and two capacitors C1 and

C2. The filter circuit is fed from full wave rectifier. Generally two capacitors are selected to be
equal.

OPERATION

The rectifier output is given to the first capacitor. This capacitor offers very low reactance to
the ac component but blocks dc component. Hence the first capacitor bypasses most of the ac
components. The dc component then reaches to the choke L. The choke L offers very high
reactance to dc. So it blocks ac component and does not allow it to reach to load while it allow
dc component to pass through it. The second capacitor now allows to pass remaining ac
component and almost pure dc component reaches to the load. The circuit looks like a π,
hence called π-filter.

2.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR STAGE

The rectifier-filter combination constitutes an ordinary d.c. power supply. The d.c. voltage
from an ordinary power supply remains constant so long as a.c. mains voltage or load is
unaltered. However, in many electronic applications, it is desired that d.c. voltage should
remain constant irrespective of changes in a.c. mains or load. Under such situations, voltage
regulating devices are used with ordinary power supply. This constitutes regulated d.c.
power supply and keeps the d.c. voltage at fairly constant value.

A device which maintains the output voltage of an ordinary power supply constant
irrespective of load variations or changes in input a.c. voltage is known as a voltage regulator.
A voltage regulator generally employs electronic devices to achieve this objective. There are
basic two types of voltage regulators viz.,

(i) series voltage regulator

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 (ii) shunt voltage regulator.

The series regulator is placed in series with the load as shown in Fig. 17 (i). On the other hand,
the shunt regulator is placed in parallel with the load as shown in Fig. 17 (ii). Each type of
regulator provides an output voltage that remains constant even if the input voltage varies or
the load current changes.

Figure 17: (i) Series and (ii) Shunt Voltage Regulator

Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

In zener diode voltage regulator, zener diode is operated in the breakdown or zener region,
and the voltage across it is substantially constant for a large change of current through it. This
characteristic permits it to be used as a voltage regulator. Fig. 18 shows the circuit of a zener
diode regulator. As long as input voltage Vin is greater than zener voltage VZ , the zener
operates in the breakdown region and maintains constant voltage across the load. The series
limiting resistance RS limits the input current.

Figure 18: Circuit of zener diode regulator

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Operation.

The zener will maintain constant voltage across the load inspite of changes in load current
or input voltage. As the load current increases, the zener current decreases so that current
through resistance RS is constant. As output voltage = Vin – IRS, and I is constant, therefore,
output voltage remains unchanged. The reverse would be true should the load current
decrease. The circuit will also correct for the changes in input voltages. Should the input
voltage Vin increase, more current will flow through the zener, the voltage drop across RS
will increase but load voltage would remain constant. The reverse would be true should the
input voltage decrease.

Limitations.

A zener diode regulator has the following drawbacks:

(i) It has low efficiency for heavy load currents. It is because if the load current is large,
there will be considerable power loss in the series limiting resistance.
(ii) The output voltage slightly changes due to zener impedance as Vout = VZ + IZ RZ.
Changes in load current produce changes in zener current. Consequently, the output
voltage also changes. Therefore, the use of this circuit is limited to only such
applications where variations in load current and input voltage are small.

Conditions for Proper Operation of Zener Regulator :

When a zener diode is connected in a circuit for voltage regulation, the following conditions
must be satisfied:

 The zener must operate in the breakdown region or regulating region i.e. between IZ
(max)and IZ (min) . The current IZ (min) (generally 10 mA) is the minimum zener current to
put the zener diode in the ON state i.e. regulating region. The current IZ (max) is the
maximum zener current that zener diode can conduct without getting destroyed due
to excessive heat.

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 The zener should not be allowed to exceed maximum dissipation power otherwise it
will be destroyed due to excessive heat. If maximum power dissipation of a zener is PZ
(max) and zener voltage is VZ,

then, PZ (max) = VZ IZ (max)

 There is a minimum value of RL to ensure that zener diode will remain in the regulating
region i.e. breakdown region. If the value of RL falls below this minimum value, the
proper voltage will not be available across the zener to drive it into the breakdown
region.

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 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION

Our objective in this project is to design a regulated dc power supply of specifications as

follows:

• Input:- 220 V 50 Hz AC
• Output voltage:- 5V DC
• Maximum load current:- 30 mA
• Maximum ripple voltage:- 100mV

To design above supply unit, we have employed various circuit elements which are listed as
follows:

1. Transformer

1 Step down transformer of (a) Voltage rating: 220 to 12 V (12-0-12) (b) Current
rating : 2 Amperes

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 2. Diodes

4 Silicon diodes (1N4007), a 1A general purpose rectifier having two main features:

Features

Low forward voltage drop.

High surge current capability.

The datasheet of 1N4007 is as follows:

Characteristic Symbol Value
Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage VRRM
Working Peak Reverse Voltage VRWM 1000V
VR
DC Blocking Voltage
RMS Reverse Voltage VR(RMS) 700V
Average Rectified Output Current @ TA = 75°C IO 1.0A
Non-Repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current 8.3ms
single half sine-wave superimposed on rated load IFSM 30A
Forward Voltage @ IF = 1.0A VFM 1.0V
Peak Reverse Current @TA = 25°C 5 μA 50 μA
at Rated DC Blocking Voltage @ TA = 100°C IRM
Typical Junction Capacitance Cj 8 pF
Typical Thermal Resistance Junction to Ambient RθJA 100K/W
Maximum DC Blocking Voltage Temperature TA +150°C
Operating and Storage Temperature Range TJ, TSTG -65to
+150°C

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3. Capacitor

3 electrolytic capacitors were used with rating as follows : Two( 1000μF) and 0ne
(1500μF).

4. Zener diode

1 Zener diode was used as voltage regulator of rating : 1N4733A.

The data sheet of 1N4733A is as follows :

ZENER TEST REVERSE DYNAMIC SURGE REGULATOR

VOLTAGE CURRENT LEAKAGE RESISTANCE CURRENT CURRENT
RANGE CURRENT f = 1 kHz
VZ at IZT1 IZT1 IZT2 IR at VR ZZT ZZT at IZT2 IR IZM

at
IZT1
V Ma mA μA V mA mA
NOM. MAX. TYP. MAX. MAX.
5.1 49 1 10 1 7 550 890 178

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5. Breadboard

6. LED

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3.2 CALCULATIONS

Maximum allowable ripple voltage = 100mV, i.e, Vr = 100mV

1. Calculations for R value:

Where Vcmin = minimum voltage across capacitor

= voltage available at transformer end – rectifier drop – ripple voltage

Also, voltage across zener diode , Vz0= 5.1 V

𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 30𝑚𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5𝑚𝐴

(As 314Ω resistor is not available in market , I have taken 315Ω value resistor.)

2. Calculations for C value:

Using formula

Where

Putting the value of Vp back into equation of Vr, we get:

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(As 3550µF value capacitor is not available in market so I have used 2 ‘1000µF’ value
capacitors and 1 ‘1500µF’ value capacitor so as to have a total of 3500µF value capacitor.)

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3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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RESULT :
The above power supply gives an output of 5V regulated
dc across zener diode with a noise of 100mV .

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 REFERENCES

1. www.academia.edu/6317554/UNIT_II_RECTIFIERS_FILTERS_AND_REGULATO

RS_Introduction

2. www.learnabout-electronics.org/PSU/psu10.php

3. http://www.vishay.com/docs/85816/1n4728a.pdf

4. http://www.diodes.com/datasheets/ds28002.pdf

5. Electronic devices and circuits by J.B. Gupta

6. Electronic devices and circuits by Millman & Halkias

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