John Yudkin: the man who tried to warn us

about sugar
Date
February 12, 2014

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Julia Llewellyn Smith

A British professor's 1972 book about the dangers of sugar is now seen
as prophetic. Then why did it lead to the end of his career?
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Not so sweet: sugar. Photo: Lyndall Larkham

A couple of years ago, an out-of-print book published in 1972 by a long-dead British professor
suddenly became a collector's item.

Copies that had been lying dusty on bookshelves were selling for hundreds of pounds, while copies
were also being pirated online.

Alongside such rarities as Madonna's Sex, Stephen King's Rage (written as Richard Bachman)
and Promise Me Tomorrow by Nora Roberts; Pure, White and Deadly by John Yudkin, a book
widely derided at the time of publication, was listed as one of the most coveted out-of-print works
in the world.
Pure, White and Deadly.

How exactly did a long-forgotten book suddenly become so prized? The cause was a ground-
breaking lecture called Sugar: the Bitter Truth by Robert Lustig, professor of paediatric
endocrinology at the University of California, in which Lustig hailed Yudkin's work as ''prophetic''.
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''Without even knowing it, I was a Yudkin acolyte,'' says Lustig, who tracked down the book after a
tip from a colleague via an interlibrary loan. ''Everything this man said in 1972 was the God's
honest truth and if you want to read a true prophecy you find this book... I'm telling you every
single thing this guy said has come to pass. I'm in awe.''

Posted on YouTube in 2009, Lustig's 90-minute talk has received more than 4.1 million hits and is
credited with kick-starting the anti-sugar movement, a campaign that calls for sugar to be treated
as a toxin, like alcohol and tobacco, and for sugar-laden foods to be taxed, labelled with health
warnings and banned for anyone under 18.

Lustig is one of a growing number of scientists who don't just believe sugar makes you fat and rots
teeth. They're convinced it's the cause of several chronic and very common illnesses, including
heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's and diabetes. It's also addictive, since it interferes with our
appetites and creates an irresistible urge to eat.

This year, Lustig's message has gone mainstream; many of the New Year diet books focused not on
fat or carbohydrates, but on cutting out sugar and the everyday foods (soups, fruit juices, bread)
that contain high levels of sucrose. The anti-sugar camp is not celebrating yet, however. They
know what happened to Yudkin and what a ruthless and unscrupulous adversary the sugar industry
proved to be.

The tale begins in the Sixties. That decade, nutritionists in university laboratories all over America
and Western Europe were scrabbling to work out the reasons for an alarming rise in heart disease
levels. By 1970, there were 520 deaths per 100,000 per year in England and Wales caused by
coronary heart disease and 700 per 100,000 in America. After a while, a consensus emerged: the
culprit was the high level of fat in our diets.

One scientist in particular grabbed the headlines: a nutritionist from the University of Minnesota
called Ancel Keys. Keys, famous for inventing the K-ration - 12,000 calories packed in a little box for
use by troops during the Second World War - declared fat to be public enemy number one and
recommended that anyone who was worried about heart disease should switch to a low-fat
''Mediterranean'' diet.

Instead of treating the findings as a threat, the food industry spied an opportunity. Market research
showed there was a great deal of public enthusiasm for ''healthy'' products and low-fat foods
would prove incredibly popular. By the start of the Seventies, supermarket shelves were awash
with low-fat yogurts, spreads, and even desserts and biscuits.

But, amid this new craze, one voice stood out in opposition. John Yudkin, founder of the nutrition
department at the University of London's Queen Elizabeth College, had been doing his own
experiments and, instead of laying the blame at the door of fat, he claimed there was a much
clearer correlation between the rise in heart disease and a rise in the consumption of sugar.
Rodents, chickens, rabbits, pigs and students fed sugar and carbohydrates, he said, invariably
showed raised blood levels of triglycerides (a technical term for fat), which was then, as now,
considered a risk factor for heart disease. Sugar also raised insulin levels, linking it directly to type
2 diabetes.

When he outlined these results in Pure, White and Deadly, in 1972, he questioned whether there
was any causal link at all between fat and heart disease. After all, he said, we had been eating
substances like butter for centuries, while sugar, had, up until the 1850s, been something of a rare
treat for most people. ''If only a small fraction of what we know about the effects of sugar were to
be revealed in relation to any other material used as a food additive,'' he wrote, ''that material
would promptly be banned.''
This was not what the food industry wanted to hear. When devising their low-fat products,
manufacturers had needed a fat substitute to stop the food tasting like cardboard, and they had
plumped for sugar. The new ''healthy'' foods were low-fat but had sugar by the spoonful and
Yudkin's findings threatened to disrupt a very profitable business.

As a result, says Lustig, there was a concerted campaign by the food industry and several
scientists to discredit Yudkin's work. The most vocal critic was Ancel Keys.

Keys loathed Yudkin and, even before Pure, White and Deadly appeared, he published an article,
describing Yudkin's evidence as ''flimsy indeed''.
''Yudkin always maintained his equanimity, but Keys was a real a-------, who stooped to name-
calling and character assassination,'' says Lustig, speaking from New York, where he's just
recorded yet another television interview.

The British Sugar Bureau put out a press release dismissing Yudkin's claims as ''emotional
assertions'' and the World Sugar Research Organisation described his book as ''science fiction''.
When Yudkin sued, it printed a mealy-mouthed retraction, concluding: ''Professor Yudkin recognises
that we do not agree with [his] views and accepts that we are entitled to express our
disagreement.''

Yudkin was ''uninvited'' to international conferences. Others he organised were cancelled at the
last minute, after pressure from sponsors, including, on one occasion, Coca-Cola. When he did
contribute, papers he gave attacking sugar were omitted from publications. The British Nutrition
Foundation, one of whose sponsors was Tate & Lyle, never invited anyone from Yudkin's
internationally acclaimed department to sit on its committees. Even Queen Elizabeth College
reneged on a promise to allow the professor to use its research facilities when he retired in 1970
(to write Pure, White and Deadly). Only after a letter from Yudkin's solicitor was he offered a small
room in a separate building.
''Can you wonder that one sometimes becomes quite despondent about whether it is worthwhile
trying to do scientific research in matters of health?'' he wrote. ''The results may be of great
importance in helping people to avoid disease, but you then find they are being misled by
propaganda designed to support commercial interests in a way you thought only existed in bad B
films.''

And this ''propaganda'' didn't just affect Yudkin. By the end of the Seventies, he had been so
discredited that few scientists dared publish anything negative about sugar for fear of being
similarly attacked. As a result, the low-fat industry, with its products laden with sugar, boomed.

Yudkin's detractors had one trump card: his evidence often relied on observations, rather than on
explanations, of rising obesity, heart disease and diabetes rates. ''He could tell you these things
were happening but not why, or at least not in a scientifically acceptable way,'' says David
Gillespie, author of the bestselling Sweet Poison. ''Three or four of the hormones that would
explain his theories had not been discovered.''
''Yudkin knew a lot more data was needed to support his theories, but what's important about his
book is its historical significance,'' says Lustig. ''It helps us understand how a concept can be
bastardised by dark forces of industry.''

From the Eighties onwards, several discoveries gave new credence to Yudkin's theories.
Researchers found fructose, one of the two main carbohydrates in refined sugar, is primarily
metabolised by the liver; while glucose (found in starchy food like bread and potatoes) is
metabolised by all cells. This means consuming excessive fructose puts extra strain on the liver,
which then converts fructose to fat.

This induces a condition known as insulin resistance, or metabolic syndrome, which doctors now
generally acknowledge to be the major risk factor for heart disease, diabetes and obesity, as well
as a possible factor for many cancers. Yudkin's son, Michael, a former professor of biochemistry at
Oxford, says his father was never bitter about the way he was treated, but, ''he was hurt
personally''.

''More than that,'' says Michael, ''he was such an enthusiast of public health, it saddened him to
see damage being done to us all, because of vested interests in the food industry.''

One of the problems with the anti-sugar message - then and now - is how depressing it is. The
substance is so much part of our culture, that to be told buying children an ice cream may be
tantamount to poisoning them, is most unwelcome. But Yudkin, who grew up in dire poverty in east
London and went on to win a scholarship to Cambridge, was no killjoy.

''He didn't ban sugar from his house, and certainly didn't deprive his grandchildren of ice cream or
cake,'' recalls his granddaughter, Ruth, a psychotherapist. ''He was hugely fun-loving and would
never have wanted to be deprived of a pleasure, partly, perhaps, because he grew up in poverty
and had worked so hard to escape that level of deprivation.''

''My father certainly wasn't fanatical,'' adds Michael. ''If he was invited to tea and offered cake,
he'd accept it. But at home, it's easy to say no to sugar in your tea. He believed if you educated
the public to avoid sugar, they'd understand that.''

Thanks to Lustig and the rehabilitation of Yudkin's reputation, Penguin republished Pure, White
and Deadly 18 months ago. Obesity rates in the UK are now 10 times what they were when it was
first published and the amount of sugar we eat has increased 31.5 per cent since 1990 (thanks to
all the ''invisible'' sugar in everything from processed food and orange juice to coleslaw and
yogurt). The number of diabetics in the world has nearly trebled. The numbers dying of heart
disease has decreased, thanks to improved drugs, but the number living with the disease is
growing steadily.
As a result, the World Health Organisation is set to recommend a cut in the amount of sugar in our
diets from 22 teaspoons per day to almost half that. But its director-general, Margaret Chan, has
warned that, while it might be on the back foot at last, the sugar industry remains a formidable
adversary, determined to safeguard its market position.

Recently, UK food campaigners have complained that they're being shunned by ministers who are
more than willing to take meetings with representatives from the food industry. ''It is not just Big
Tobacco any more,'' Chan said last year. ''Public health must also contend with Big Food, Big Soda
and Big Alcohol. All of these industries fear regulation and protect themselves by using the same
tactics. They include front groups, lobbies, promises of self-regulation, lawsuits and industry-
funded research that confuses the evidence and keeps the public in doubt.''

Dr Julian Cooper, head of research at AB Sugar, insists the increase in the incidence of obesity in
Britain is a result of, ''a range of complex factors''.

''Reviews of the body of scientific evidence by expert committees have concluded that consuming
sugar as part of a balanced diet does not induce lifestyle diseases such as diabetes and heart
disease,'' he says.If you look up Robert Lustig on Wikipedia, nearly two-thirds of the studies cited
there to repudiate Lustig's views were funded by Coca-Cola.

But Gillespie believes the message is getting through. ''More people are avoiding sugar, and when
this happens companies adjust what they're selling,'' he says. It's just a shame, he adds, that a
warning that could have been taken on board 40 years ago went unheeded: ''Science took a
disastrous detour in ignoring Yudkin. It was to the detriment of the health of millions.''

Sunday Telegraph, London

Read more: http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/diet-and-fitness/john-yudkin-the-man-who-tried-to-warn-us-about-sugar-

20140212-32h03.html#ixzz2tB1E8hkf