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org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ECONOMIC

LOAD DISPATCH USING TIME VARING
ACCELERATION COEFFICEINT TECHNIQUE
1Ajay Nagar, 2Rashmi Singh
1 Lecturer, 2 Assistant Professor
1 Department of Electrical Engineering
1 Govt. Polytechnic College, Harda, India

Abstract: In this paper a new stochastic optimization technique particle swarm optimization with time varying acceleration is used
for finding the minimal solution of economic load dispatch. From the starting while designing and planning of power system the
operation of the power system at lowest cost is very problematic task. The power generation system have to concentrate t
generated power are distributed over the consumer to satisfy their load demand without going against necessary condition. PSO is
population based optimization technique which is more effective than other evolutionary technique to give optimum solution of
ELD problem. In this PSO with time varying acceleration characteristics is established to solve the ELD problem with valve po int
loading effect. The solution compared with other available optimization technique and also the variant of PSO.

IndexTerms – Economic load dispatch, PSO, minimum fuel cost, valve point loading, ramp rate limits.
I. INTRODUCTION
Economic dispatch is that themethodology of decisivethe foremosteconomical, low-priced and reliable operation of an
influence system by dispatching the out there electricity generation resources to provide the load on the system. The first
objective of economic dispatch is to attenuatethe overallprice of generation whereasconformation the operational constraints of
the out there generation resource Economic load dispatch downside is allocating masses to plants for minimum pricewhereas
meeting the constraints. It’sdeveloped as ANoptimizationdownside of minimizing the overall fuel price of all committed plant
whereas meeting the demand and losses.
The optimum load dispatch downside involves the answer of 2totally differentissues. the primaryof thoseis that the unit
commitment or pre dispatch downsidewherebyit'sneededto pick optimally out of the out there generating sources to controlto
satisfy the expected load and supply a such as margin of in operation reserve over a such asamount time .The second facet of
economic dispatch is that the on line economic dispatch whereas it'sneeded to distribute load among the generating units truly
paralleled with the system in such manner on minimize the overallprice of supply the minute to minute necessities of the system.
The target of this work is to search outthe answer of nonlinear on line economic dispatch downside by victimization PSO
algorithmic rule
ELD problem drawbacksolved historicallyvictimization using mathematical programming supportedimprovement techniques
such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with valve point effect and its variants i.e. Self -Organizing Hierarchical Particle
Swarm Optimization [16], Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Approach [8], Quantum-Inspired Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) with valve loading [4] and Bacterial Foraging Optimization Based Dynamic with Non-Smooth Cost Function [9] and
micro-organism hunt improvement based mostly dynamic with non-smooth valve perform [6].To overcome the various problems
of classical methods, many research articles suggest some new era technology based algorithm like simulated annealing (SA)
[15], Tabu search (TS) [16], pattern search (PS) [17], Genetic algorithm [18] which is based on the theory of crossing of gen etics
chromosome, Differential evolution methods (DE) [19], Ant colony optimization [20], Neural network [21] based on the motion
of the neurons of human mind and particle swarm optimization (PSO) [22, 23, 24, 26]. These all methods are robust in nature a nd
give fast convergence results. Solutions obtained by these techniques are up to mark of a global solution.
This work uses PSO with time varying characteristic called TVAC PSO. Here accelerating coefficient are taking in such way to
varying their values with iteration. This concept of varying acceleration coefficients can improve the movement of the particle in
the search space and hence boost the results. This method is also unaffected of the property of nonlinearity so it can very easily
solve the ELD problem with many limitations.
II. P ROBLEM F ORMULATION
The objective of any ELD drawback is to cut back the operational price of system fulfilling the load demand among limit of
constraints. Objectives ELD drawbackwill bedeveloped as fuel priceperform equation (1)-(3).
The fuel price and emission of inexperienced house gases mathematically will represent as a polynomial of generated power.
To induceadditionalsensible results, fuel priceperform is changed with the inclusion of valve purpose loading impact equation (3),
FT  Min f ( FC ) (1)
n
FC   ai  Pi 2  bi  Pi  ci (2)
i 1

FCi,1 (Pi )  a i Pi2  bi Pi  ci  (ei sin( f i (Pimin  Pi )))

(3)
Where FT is the main objective function, ai, bi and ci are the cost coefficients and e i & f i are the coefficients of generator i
considering valve point loading effect.

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III. CONSTRAINTS
In economic load dispatch issues following area unit the constraints that ought to satisfy.
1) Power Balance Equation
For power balance, an equality constraint must be satisfied. The total generated power must be equal to load demand plus the
total losses,
n

P  P
i 1
i D  PL (4)

Where, P D is the total system demand and P L is the total line loss.
2). Power Generation Limits
There is a limit on the amount of power which a unit can deliver to load. The power output of any unit should not exceed its
rating nor should it be below that necessary for stable operation. Generation output of each unit should lie between maximum and
minimum limits.
Pi min  Pi  Pi max (5)
min max
Where, P i is the output power of i th generator, Pi and Pi are the minimum and maximum powers of generator i th.

3). Line Flow Constraints

Transmission lines are having limits on flow of power hence the power flow should be in under limit.
PL  i1 j1 Pi BijPj  i1 Bio Pi  B00
n n n
(6)

Where, Bij is the ijth element of loss coefficient symmetric matrix B, Bi0 is the element of the loss coefficient vector and B 0 0
loss coefficient constant.
IV. P ARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION(PSO)
The basic PSO is developed by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995, Eberhart, Simpson, and Dobbins in 1996, Russell C. Eberhart
and Yuhui Shi in 2001.The original intent was to graphically simulate the graceful but unpredictable choreography of a bird flock.
Initialize a population of particles with random positions and velocities on d dimensions in the problem space.
Pinitial  Pi, min  rand(Pi, max  Pi, min )
(7)
Vinitial  Vi, min  rand(Vi, max  Vi, min )
(8)

The particle updates its velocity and position using(7)and (8)

Vi (k 1)  WVi K  c1Rand1  (Pbesti  SiK )  c2 Rand2  (g besti  SiK ) (9)
Si(k 1)  SiK  Vi K 1 (10)

Where, Vik is velocity of individual i at iteration k, W is the weighting factor,

C1, C2 are the acceleration coefficients, rand1, rand2 are the random value among 0 & 1,
Sik is the current position of individual i at iteration k,
Pbest is the best position of individual i and
gbest is the best position of the group.
W is the dormancy weight parameter which gives a harmony in the middle of worldwide and neighborhood investigations, in
this manner requiring less cycle on a normal to discover an adequately ideal arrangement. Since W diminishes directly from ar ound
0.9 to 0.4 all the time amid a run, the accompanying measuring capacity is utilized as a part of (9),
Wmax  Wmin
W  Wmax   iter (11)
itermax
Where, Wmax is the initial weight, Wmin is the final weight,
Itermax is the maximum iteration number and iter is the current iteration position.
V. TIME VARYING ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT (TVAC) PSO
In population-based optimization methods, the policy is to encourage the individuals to roam through the entire search space,
during the initial part of the search, without clustering around local optima. In PSO_TVAC, this can be achieved by dynamics of
the acceleration coefficients c 1 and c2 with time in such a manner that the psychological element is reduced whereas the social
element is increased as the search proceeds. Throughout the latter stage in optimization, a small psychological element and an
oversized social element enable the particles to converge to the global optima.
The velocity of individual iteration of TVAC-PSO algorithm is rewritten as,
Vi (k 1)  WVi K  c1Rand1  (Pbesti  SiK )  c2 Rand2  (g besti  SiK ) (12)
Where,
c1max  c1min
c1  c1max   iter (13)
itermax
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c2max  c2min
c2  c2max   iter (14)
itermax
c1min, c1max: initial and final cognitive factors and
c2min, c2max: initial and final social factors.
VI. TEST DATA AND RESULTS
TEST CASE 1
The test outcomes are accomplished for 6 generating unit producing the framework in which all units with their fuel cost
coefficients. This framework supplies a heap interest of 700MW. The information for the individual units is given in Table no 1.
Line losses are given in table no 2. The best result obtained by PSO and TVACPSO for different population size is shown in
Table no 3 without considering line loss and table no 4 with considering line loss.

Table 1: Capacity and cost coefficients of three generating unit, Load 700MW.

Units ai bi ci Pimin Pimax

1 0.0033870 0.856440 16.817750 10 125
2 0.0023500 1.025760 10.029450 10 150
3 0.0006230 0.897700 23.333280 35 225
4 0.0007880 0.851234 27.634000 35 210
5 0.0004690 0.807285 36.856880 130 325
6 0.0003998 0.850454 30.147980 125 315

Table 2: Line loss coefficient for three generator system

0. 140 0. 017 0. 015 0. 019 0. 026 0. 022
0. 017 0. 060 0. 013 0. 016 0. 015 0. 020
Bij 0. 015 0. 013 0. 065 0. 017 0. 024 0. 019
(in MW-4) 0. 019 0. 016 0. 017 0. 071 0. 030 0. 025
0. 026 0. 015 0. 024 0. 030 0. 069 0. 032
0. 022 0. 020 0. 019 0. 025 0. 032 0. 085
Bi0 (in MW-3) -0.3908 -0.1297 0.7047 0.0591 0.2161 -0.6635
B00 0.056

Table 3: Results of three generating unit system for the demand of 850MW, without line loss

Units Power Output GA PSO TVACPSO

P1(MW) 15.0034 22.0921 27.53
P2(MW) 10.1551 15.0865 17.064
P3(MW) 203.048 152.36 115.023
P4(MW) 107.827 117.488 113.2
P5(MW) 235.549 214.794 222.17
P6(MW) 128.417 179.173 205.014
Total Power Output 700 700 700
Total Cost($/h) 809.9831 803.7368 800.7707
Computation time 2.18509 0.69061 0.61044

Table 4: Results of three generating unit system for the demand of 850MW, with consideration of line loss

Units Power Output GA[27] PSO TVACPSO

P1(MW) 27.30096 12.3123 33.7899
P2(MW) 15.61244 27.8259 36.1302
P3(MW) 120.31087 158.461 151.2461
P4(MW) 116.77546 113.773 120.5812
P5(MW) 226.8376 226.462 130.7149
P6(MW) 212.4505 171.894 235.3669
Total Power Output 719.2878 710.7282 707.8292
Loss 19.2878 10.7282 7.8292
Total Cost($/h) 820.42 816.0543 815.4882
Computation time 1.78 0.7683 0.6453
Convergence characteristic TVACPSO for 6 and 13 gen units are shown in fig.1 and 2.

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TEST CASE II
The test results are obtained for the thirteen generating unit system in which all units with their fuel cost coefficients. This
system supplies a load demand of 1800MW. The data for the individual units are given in Table no 5, the best result obtained by
PSO and TVACPSO for different population size is shown in table no 6 without considering line loss and in table no 7 with
considering line loss.

Table 5: Capacity, cost coefficients and ramp- rate limits of six generating units, load 1263MW

Units ai bi ci P imin P imax

1 0.00028 8.10 550 0 680
2 0.00056 8.10 309 0 360
3 0.00056 8.10 307 0 360
4 0.00324 7.74 240 60 180
5 0.00324 7.74 240 60 180
6 0.00324 7.74 240 60 180
7 0.00324 7.74 240 60 180
8 0.00324 7.74 240 60 180
9 0.00324 7.74 240 60 180
10 0.00284 8.60 126 40 120
11 0.00284 8.60 126 40 120
12 0.00284 8.60 126 55 120
13 0.00284 8.60 126 55 120

Table 6: Results of six generating unit system for the demand of 1263 MW, without line loss.
Generating units HPSO-GSA[24] PSO TVAC-PSO
P1 589.9575 412.4336 497.6606
P2 338.99 230.8915 156.4520
P3 40.374 101.8716 48.3847
P4 130.0705 151.4402 100.3144
P5 77.0214 166.5384 132.9489
P6 60.6795 97.4361 148.4622
P7 78.5477 107.0967 124.9807
P8 126.8998 125.4895 149.1300
P9 80.2648 83.9029 142.3802
P10 43.8755 117.3847 55.1490
P11 44.3126 49.2931 65.7602
P12 85.815 74.6273 101.3397
P13 103.1918 81.591 77.0374
Power Output (MW) 1800 1800 1800
Total Cost($/h) 18037.8721 17841.91 17837.22
Computation time (sec) 1.2032 0.81250

VII. RESULT ANALYSIS

This work considered study of two cases of ELD problem for the analysis of PSO and TVAC PSO algorithm. All data are
tested on a 2.3-GHz, core i3 processor with 2GB DDR of RAM.
The ELD data tested for the population size of 50, and taken 100 iterations. So me constants of PSO is taken are acceleration
coefficients are c 1=c2=2, WMAX=0.9, and WMIN=0.4.
Cost value is need to converted from dollar to Indian rupees that is (1$=66.42 Rs).
The final result getting by proposed PSO and TVAC PSO for 6 thermal generating units is given in table 3 and 4. The minimum
cost obtained by PSO and TVACPSO is 53384.198Rs/h and 53187.189 Rs/h respectively, without considering of line loss. And
with the loss, we get the results of PSO and TVACPSO is 54202.326 Rs/h and 54164.726 Rs/h respectively.

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CONVERGENCE OF TVAC-PSO
40

35
O
bj 30
ect
iv 25
e 20
in
M 15
W
10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Fig.1 Convergence characteristic
No of iteration
of TVAC PSO for 6 generating units
Similarly result obtained by TVAC-PSO for 13 thermal generating units shown in table 6 shows that minimum cost of PSO
and TVAC PSO is 1185060Rs/h and 1184748Rs/h respectively for the population size of 50 without consideration of line loss.
Convergence characteristic of TVACPSO for 6 thermal generating units is shown in figure 2.
CONVERGENCE OF TVAC-PSO
30

25
O
bj
ec 20
tiv
e 15
in
M
W 10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
No of Iteration
Fig.2. Convergence characteristic of TVAC PSO for 13 generating units
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
This work proposed a PSO algorithm with time varying acceleration coefficients for the solution of power system economic
dispatch with constraints. This method has been applied for 3 and 6 generating unit test case. The analysis results have expressed
that TVAC-PSO performs better than the other methods in terms of a better optimal solution. However, the much-improved speed
of computation analysis allows for additional searches to be made to increase the confidence in the solution. Overall, the TVAC
PSO algorithms have been shown to be very helpful in studying optimization problems in power systems.
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