40

CHAPTER 3

POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND REDUCTION OF

LINE LOSSES BY OPTIMUM PLACEMENT OF DG

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Distributed Generation is an emerging technology in this new era and it

provides clean electric power. Distributed Generation should be located at or
near an electrical load Centre. Installation of Distributed Generation at optimal
places provides the clean electric power to the customer. Dispersed Generation is
connected directly to the radial distribution network or it connected directly to
the customer side of the meter. Different issues have been mentioned to define
the Distributed generation more importantly .Some of the issues of DG is
Distributed Generation Rating, then other are Technology, sizing, sitting, mode
of operation, Distributed Generation penetration. Distributed Generation is a
small generating unit located in the effective point of the electric power system
near to the load center. DG Technology comprises of Wind energy, Solar
Energy, micro-turbine, fuel cell and gas turbine. (NRECA; 2007)

Optimal DG allocation by single DG placement at the corresponding bus

voltage profile at various buses is evaluated and the total power loss is also
calculated using Newton-Raphson method. Distribution Network analysis using
power flow study plays an important role in the power system area. Distribution
network is mostly characterized by their high R/X ratio and radial topology.
Backward/forward sweep method is used as an initial power flow for radial
distribution system with the consideration of Distributed Generation. Optimal
placement and sizing of DG using NR method of load flow study at the proper
 41

bus location minimizes both the losses and the costs simultaneously which helps
in maximizing the potential benefits.

Many optimization tools like Genetic algorithm, Particle Swarm

Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony algorithm and Differential Evaluation are
still used in the power system optimization problem to solve Different DG unit’s
problem. By the optimal allocation and sizing of DG units at radial Distribution
network using Genetic Algorithm Electrical losses were minimized, system
reliability levels and voltage profile values were improved. Optimal sizing and
location of Distributed Generation is determined using PSO algorithm. By proper
placement of DG at relevant bus location the total cost of system, the economic
cost and real power losses are minimized then the corresponding bus voltages are
improved.

A new optimization met heuristic approach called Artificial Bee Colony

(ABC) Algorithm is used to calculate the optimal DG unit’s size and proper
location in order to minimize the total real power loss there by improves the
voltage profile. Proper Placement and sizing of Distributed Generation at radial
distribution feeder is calculated using Differential Evolution Algorithm and it has
a significant impact on reduction of active power loss and improvement of
voltage profile. (L.Ramesh et al; 2007).

But in real time study the implementation of above methods in the real
Distribution network is very difficult .So a new emerging approach called
analytical approach the Gauss -Seidel algorithm is used to calculate optimal DG
unit’s size and proper location. So that the real power losses, reactive power
losses were minimized and the corresponding voltage profile values were
improved. The proposed approach has been tested on IEEE 70 bus radial
distribution systems. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is tested and
 42

verified using MATLAB software on long radial distribution system in Tamil

Nadu (India).Result obtain from this approach clearly explains the optimal
location and sizing of DG thereby minimizes the power losses of the system.

3.2 ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION IN TAMIL NADU (INDIA)

Electricity supply in rural area of Tamilnadu India has been lagging in

terms of service (measured by hours of supply) as well as penetration. Even
though 85% of the rural households have access to electricity, but the supply
suffers from frequent power cuts and high fluctuations in voltage and frequency,
with so-called break downs and load shedding. The demand-supply gap is
currently 28% of average load and 38.5% of peak demand at current prices,
which are heavily subsidized, on average. In order to bridge this gap and meet
anticipated growth, it is necessary to double the present capacity, i.e., install an
additional generation capacity of 10,000 MW by 2017. This would require an
investment of Rs. 70000 crore (approximately) for generation and Rs 85000
crore including investments in transmission & distribution. A major bottleneck in
the development of the power sector is the poor financial state of the utilities,
which can be attributed to the lack of adequate revenues and state subsidies for
supply to the rural subscribers. Of the total power distributed, only 93% of the
kilowatt-hours are billed, and only 80% of this is collected in time. The average
cost of supply is Rs. 5.98/kWh and the average revenue is only Rs.3.79/kWh.
(GOI, 2003)

This is due to a skewed tariff policy of subsidizing the power supplied to

agricultural consumers (in Tamilnadu the power is free to agricultural
subscribers) at the cost of commercial and industrial consumers. This, coupled
with the fact that the electricity supplied to Agriculture pumps is not metered,
provides for wasteful consumption and theft. Agricultural consumption, to the
 43

extent estimated, is over 30% of total consumption in the state. The Tamilnadu
Electricity Regulatory Commissions(TNERC) in this state have attempted to
rectify these tariff imbalances by increasing the agricultural tariff, only to have
the governments reverse these steps due to strong opposition from farmers. The
farmers also complain that the electricity supplied to the rural areas is
intermittent and of poor quality leading to high implicit costs because of damage
to their motors and equipments. (MOP; 2014)

The major problem today in Power sectors is losses in distribution

network. In Tamilnadu Electricity Board the Transmission & Distribution (T&D)
losses is around 18% and Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT & C) losses
is around 19.,3%. In India the T&D losses are around 31.25%. The Transmission
and distribution losses in the advanced countries of the world have been ranging
between 6 to 11%. So the Tamilnadu Electricity Regulatory Commission
(TNERC) insisted the TNEB to reduce and brought the T&D losses below 10%
as per standard. (TNEB; 2015)

For reducing losses the TNEB implementing various methods with the
fund of Rural Electric corporation (REC) and Power Finance Corporation(PFC)
like network reconfiguration, link lines, Strengthening of conductor, Capacitor
installation, increase the HT:LT Ratio, Erection of Distribution Transformer at
load centre, Load Balancing, Adoption of HVDS, Energy Conservation &
Energy Efficiency, Rural load management system, But duet to some more
reasons the line losses not yet reduced as per the standard (below 10%).(TNERC;
2015)

The present policies of building large centralized generation and extended

distribution networks are clearly unlikely to solve the problems of rural
electricity supply, at least in the near future. Decentralized power generation
 44

close to the rural load centers using renewable sources appears to have the
potential to address at least some of the problems including reduction of line
losses in rural electrification described in the earlier section.

3.3 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

3.3.1 Rationale for Distributed Generation

DG is currently being used by many customers to provide some or all of

their electricity needs. The vast majority of DG units is operated to provide
emergency back-up and is unlikely to ever operate in parallel with the
distribution system. There are also some customers that use DG to reduce their
demand charges, and others that use DG to provide premium power or reduce the
environmental emissions from their power supply. (NRECA; 2007)

DG is attracting a lot of attention worldwide. Several potential

applications of DG are standby power, combined heat and power (CHP), peak
shaving, grid support and stand-alone power. Widespread use of DG provides an
alternate system of architecture for the generation and delivery of heat and
electricity with cost savings.

In the context of Tamilnadu in India, or other developing countries with

similar needs, decentralized power generation in rural areas can improve voltage
profiles, lower distribution losses and supply reactive power locally. Improved
quality of power supply also can assist in creating incentives for tariff reforms.

3.3.2 Planning for Decentralized Generation

The conventional wisdom has indicated that large generation stations

offer significantly better economies of scale. However, such calculations
must be recalibrated when faced with the state of the power grid in many
 45

emerging economies in the states in India, viz., large distributed (rural) load,
high T&D losses (including theft), limited capacity availability, and dramatically
poor supply conditions. In such cases, a thorough analysis should be made for
the policies, technical specifications, and economic analysis behind use of DG.
(L.Ramesh et al; 2007)

3.3.2.1 Current system

The utilities that interconnect with the renewable DG generators at high

voltages (>66 kV, >33 kV or >11 kV depending on the state lowest
“transmission” voltage level). This gives the utility, the flexibility to divert the
power in the grid. However, the local area does not benefit significantly from
decentralized generation and moreover, there is no discernible improvement in
the power supply or in utility’s revenues even though the utility purchases
expensive power from the DG units. The generator pays for the wiring necessary
to connect to the nearest sub-station.

In the Current System a 3MW DG from Nallur is now connected at the

11kV bus i.e. at the beginning of the 11kV Kattakudy feeder 110/11kV
substation Mannargudi. HT Layout of Existing 11kV Kattakudy Feeder in 110kV
Substation Mannargudi is shown in Figure 3.1a) The MATLAB simulink layout
of 11kV feeder in 110kV substation is shown in 3.1b). The real time current
system bus is shown in figure 3.2 a) and the real time connection is shown in 3.2
b)
 45

Figure 3.1 a) HT layout of existing 11kV Kattakudi feeder in 110kV substation Mannargudi
 46

Figure 3.1 b) MATLAB simulink layout of 11kV Kattakudi feeder in 110 kV substation Mannargudi
 47

Figure 3.2 a) Current system bus

Figure 3.2 b) Real time current system connections

3.3.2.2 Proposed system

The utilities policy for DG units appears to be one-sided and overlooks the
possible benefits of decentralized power generation in remote rural feeders. In this
thesis I examine the opportunities with decentralized power generation in rural
areas and attempt a more rational basis for framing utilities policies towards the
DG units. In particular, I address the following issues.

 Impact of DG on the voltage profiles and technical distribution losses.

 Options for economic valuation of reactive power supplied by the DG.
 Balanced approach to estimating wheeling charges.
 48

The HT Layout of Proposed 11kV Kattakudy feeder in 110/11kV

Substation is shown in Figure 3.3 a). The DG is connected in the middle of the
feeder i.e. at the 57th bus. The MATLAB Simulink diagram is shown in Figure 3.3
b)

Figure 3.3 a) HT layout of proposed 11kV Kattakudi feeder in 110kV

substation Mannargudi
 49

Figure 3.3 b) MATLAB simulink HT Layout of proposed 11kV Kattakudy feeder in 110 kV substation
Mannargudi
 50

The real time proposed system location is shown in the figure 3.4 a) and
real time proposed connection is shown in the figure 3.4 b). The bi directional
static relay required for the proposed system is shown in the figure 3.5. The
existing 3 MW DG Gas power station at Nallur(India) is shown in the figure 3.6.

Figure 3.4 a) Real time proposed system location

Figure 3.4 b) Real time proposed system connection

 51

Figure 3.5 Protection relay required for proposed system

Figure 3.6 MMS DG gas plant 3 MW at Nallur (India)

3.4 METHODOLOGY

3.4.1 Introduction

The approach of this study is to conduct a three-phase AC load flow

analysis of a rural distribution feeder (Kattakudy feeder) in Tiruvarur district of
Tamilnadu as shown in figure 3.7. This is representative of a typical rural
distribution feeder and the results will therefore have a wider applicability. The
crude hand sketch of the distribution feeder taken from a field line inspector is
 52

often the best data available on rural power distribution networks. The lack of
reliable power data is a handicap in planning for rural electricity supply.

The feeder begins with a 110/11 kV sub-station Mannargudi. There are 115
buses out of which there are 70 load buses, each roughly supplying a village or
hamlets. Each load bus has a step-down transformer for 415V/240V and
the transformer ratings are 25 kVA, 63 kVA, or 100 kVA. The distance between
the sub-station and the tail end bus is about 17 km and the peak demand is 3 MW
(TABLE 3.1). The feeder’s load is predominantly agriculture pumps and motors
that are inductive and often operate at power factor as low as 0.70.

Table 3.1 Details of the Kattakudi distribution feeder

Substation Transformer 110/11 kV

Total number of buses 115
Number of Load buses 70
Peak Load 3 MW
Transformers in the 25 KVA, 63 KVA, 100 KVA
feeder

The Figure 3.7 shows the current and proposed system of study. Figure 3.8
shows Standard IEEE 70 bus system.
 53

Figure 3.7 Sketch of the rural feeder (Kattakudy #) in Thiruvarur district,

Tamilnadu (Peak demand 3 MW, 115 buses, 70 Load buses), substation
110/11 kV Mannargudi)

Figure 3.8 Standard IEEE 70 bus system

 54

Table 3.2: Categories of consumers, sanctioned connections, annual kWh

consumption and tariffs (total annual consumption is 48 lakh kWh)

Consumer Sanctioned Annual Annual Tariff in Rs.

Load kWh kWh
Domestic 2135 1979258 927 1.10/Unit
1.20/kWh
Connections
Commercial 90 117000 1300 7.00/Unit
4.75/kWh
Industrial 22 94600 4300 5.50/Unit
5.00/kWh
Agriculture 730 - - 1750/HP
Pumps

Since Agriculture pumps are not metered, there is no data available on their
annual power consumption and it is estimated by computed consumption.

Total kWh feeder = kWh Metered + kWh Unmetered + Losses (3.1)

Where Losses = T&D losses + Theft (3.2)

The table 3.2 shows the connected load of the studying feeder category
wise.

3.4.2 AC Load Flow Study

The approach is to conduct a three-phase AC load flow analysis for this

feeder using the Gauss-Seidel algorithm. (Anshu Bharadwaj; 2002) It was first
carried out a base case scenario (without DG) to obtain the voltage profiles and
distribution losses and then considered the impact of a DG installed in the feeder.
The assumptions made in the analysis are as follows (Table 3.3): (Ferry August
Viawan; 2008)
 55

 On-line l o a d : This is defined as the fraction of sanctioned load that is

connected at any instant. This is varied between 0.40 and 0.8, parametrically.
 Power Factor: The load power factor is not known and we varied it
parametrically between 0.7 and 0.90. This appears reasonable given the
majority of the load are irrigation pump sets.
 Theft is defined as the fraction of on-line consumption that is unauthorised.
We have fixed this at 13% of the on line load.
 Transformer Losses: We have ignored the losses in each of the
transformers because of non-availability of data.

Table 3.3 Assumptions for the three-phase AC load flow analysis

Variable Value or Range

On-Line Load 40-80%
Theft 13% of On-line load
Power factor 0.70-0.90 Lagging

3.5 SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS

3.5.1 Current system

Figure 3.9 a) and b) shows real time and simulated voltage profiles (per unit
basis, or pu) simultaneously under heavy load conditions (75%) with a theft of
13%, with the power factor varying between 0.7 and 0.9. The horizontal line is the
acceptable voltage level i.e. within 6% of the specified voltage level. Under heavy
load conditions and when the power factor is 0.7, the voltage at far-off buses drops
to as low as 0.75 pu, which is severely damaging to the equipment. Even when the
power factor is 0.9, the voltage at far off buses is still below the acceptable norm.
 56

The Table 3.4 shows the result of voltages after connecting various sized
DGs.

Table 3.4 Result of voltage (pu) after connecting various sized DGs in the 115
bus system in various power factors

Bus Number at Which PF

DG connected
0.9 0.8 0.7

0 0.96 0.94 0.92

25 0.95 0.93 0.90
35 0.94 0.91 0.88
50 0.93 0.90 0.87
75 0.87 0.85 0.82
95 0.87 0.85 0.82
100 0.90 0.88 0.85
115 0.91 0.87 0.83
 57

Figure 3.9 a) Real time measurement of voltages (pu) basis at different buses
in the 115 bus under heavy load

Figure 3.9 b) Simulated measurement of voltages (pu) basis at different buses

in the 115 bus under heavy load

The real time actual measurement and simulated graphs shows that the
voltage(pu) is within the limit when the power factor is 0.9. The actual power
factor measurement is shown in the Figure 3.10
 58

Figure 3.10 Current system real time voltage measurement

The table 3.5 shows the real data of power factor and corresponding
percentage of losses. It is simulated with MATLAB and compared.

Figure 3.11 a) shows actual value graph of current system decentralized

power generation source placed in the beginning of the feeder i.e. at sub-station
the calculated distribution losses as a function of the power factor under moderate
loading condition of 60% with 13% theft. Depending on the power factor, the
technical distribution losses are between 8% and 12%. In most rural feeders, the
power factor is 0.75–0.8 and therefore distribution losses are likely to be at least
10% under normal loading conditions. The commercial losses (theft) were
assumed to be 13% and hence the total losses (or unaccounted energy) in the
feeder are 20%. When adding the technical transmission losses, estimated over
9%, it was see that the total losses are unacceptably high (29%). One contribution
of this study is therefore to quantify the technical distribution losses for rural
feeders from first principles, something not shown in publications before. (TNEB;
2015). Fig 3.11 b) and c) shows the simulated I2R loss.
 59

Table 3.5 Technical distribution losses (I2R) in the feeder under moderate
loading

Power Factor Losses (%)

0.68 12
0.69 11.9
0.7 11.5
0.8 11
0.85 8.9

Figure 3.11 a)Actual graph of technical distribution l osses (I2R) i n the

feeder
 60

Figure 3.11 b) Simulated graph of technical distribution l osses (I2R) i n the

feeder

Figure 3.11 c) Technical distribution l osses (I2R) i n the feeder under

moderate loading
 61

a) Current system

b) Proposed system

Figure 3.12 Real time power factor measurement

 62

The figure 3.12 a) shows the current system power factor measurement
and Fig 3.12 b) shows the power factor measurement after connecting the DG
at the middle of the feeder. The power factor is improved to 0.901 from 0.777
after connecting the DG.

3.5.2 Proposed system

Now we consider the impact of a decentralized generator located in the

middle of the feeder.

The Table 3.6 shows the voltage of various buses after connecting the
various sized DG.

Figure 3.13 a) shows the impact of a decentralized power generation source

placed in the feeder at Bus # 57. Figure 3.13 b) shows the simulated graph. The
choice of the bus was made on the basis of it being centrally located in the feeder,
and almost equidistant from all the branches. The generator power varied from 0
to 3 MW with a power factor of unity. As expected, the voltage profiles improve
considerably throughout the feeder. For most of the buses, even with just a
1 MW plant, the voltages fall within acceptable norms. The same effect is also
seen when a bank of capacitors is installed, which supplies only reactive power.
Reactive power is therefore very important for voltage support in the context of
rural feeders that have low power factors. This becomes relevant in the following
sections as the generators could also act as sources of reactive power.
(Akorede, M. K et al; 2011)
 63

Table 3.6 Result of voltage (pu) after connecting various sized DGs in the 115
bus system

Bus Number at
Which DG
Connected No DG 2 MW 3 MW

0 0.90 0.93 0.95

30 0.90 0.93 0.95
50 0.84 0.92 0.94
52 0.84 0.92 0.94
57 0.82 0.93 0.97
60 0.82 0.93 0.96
75 0.82 0.93 1.00
100 0.83 0.94 1.00
115 0.83 0.94 1.00

a) Actual graph
 64

b) Simulated graph

Figure 3.13 Impact of a decentralized generator placed centrally at Bus # 57

on the voltage profiles

Figure 3.14 Proposed system real time voltage measurements

 65

Figure 3.11 b) shows the technical distribution losses as a function of the

generator MVA rating. There is a dramatic reduction in the losses from the base
case of 10% without the decentralized generator. The losses keep on decreasing
until a minimum is reached corresponding to a critical generator rating. At this
point, the feeder is virtually drawing no current from the grid and therefore losses
are very low. As the MVA rating is increased further, there is surplus power
generation in the feeder and there is a net export of real power to the grid. As a
result, there is a subsequent increase in the distribution losses.

Therefore, appropriate sizing and locating a decentralized generator

improves the quality of power supplied to the feeder and also reduces the
distribution losses. In this context, biomass and natural gas based distributed
generators can play an important role. The farmers get paid for the biomass they
supply to the power plant and in return, they pay for the power consumed.

3.6 LINE LOSS REDUCTION

3.6.1 Real and Reactive

When electrical current flows through a wire, some of that energy is lost in
the form of heat. (Approximately 5% to 8% of the energy produced by power
plants is lost before it reaches the customer .This is especially important at peak
load times, when the greater current flow generates greater heat and the wire
temperature (which is also affected by air temperature and wind speed) reaches its
greatest value.

The total current flow in a conductor is the sum of the current flows
associated with the real and reactive power components. Reducing either the real
or reactive power flow on a transmission line will therefore reduce the losses
associated with that current. Reducing the current requires decreasing the load,
 66

real and/or reactive, or serving some of the load locally with a DG system. Line
losses occur not only in the wires, or conductors, but also in transformers and
other transmission and distribution system devices. (Anshu Bharadwaj ; 2002)

Real and reactive line loss reductions attributable to DG installations have

been both measured and simulated. In every case, the loss reductions are location
specific. The extent to which energy losses are reduced depends on the relative
location of the central generating stations and the load and on the equipment
components and characteristics that operate between the two. The energy losses
are also a function of the other demands on the system, because a more
heavily-loaded system will run at a higher temperature, which in turn increases the
system resistance and increases the total energy losses. Note that DG reduces line
losses whenever it operates, but the line loss savings are greatest at those times
when the system is most heavily loaded.

Figure 3.15 Line loss reduction from 19% to 10%

 67

3.6.2 Simulated Reductions in Line Losses

A detailed real time study was made analysis of a rural distribution feeder
(Kattakudy feeder) in TNEB in Tiruvarur district of Tamilnadu, a rural network of
115 buses serving the 7 villages. Both the transmission and distribution system
components were included in the study, using measured historical load data from
an existing SCADA system at the feeder bus level. Based on that model and
information regarding individual customer peak loads, many possible DG
installations were evaluated, resulting in a selection of projects that optimized the
network performance.

The optimal locations were found out by practical (AC Load flow analysis)
generally at the middle of the feeders, where adding DG benefits the feeder and
the entire system. Generally speaking, the more remote the DG positioning, the
greater the grid benefit. There are significant loss reductions in the feeder by
optimum locating the DG.

The table 3.7 shows the real power loss when the DG is connected in
various locations. The real power loss is minimum when the DG is connected at
57th bus.

The Figure 3.16 a) shows the actual real power loss and 3.16 b) shows the
simulated power loss. The loss is very low when the DG is connected at the 57th
bus. The loss reduced to 27 KW from 35 KW (12%)
 68

Table 3.7 Real power loss

Bus No Real Power Loss (kW)

DG at 57th DG at No DG
bus substation
1 28 30 35
16 23 25 33
31 15 17 20
46 7 9.7 12
61 5 6 8
76 3 4 7
91 2 3 4
106 1.5 2.5 3
115 1 1.5 2

a) Actual
 69

b) Simulated

Figure 3.16 Real power loss

Table 3.8 Reactive power loss

Reactive Power Loss (kW)

Bus No DG at 57th DG at No DG
bus substation
1 15 18 25
16 12 17 22
31 8 14 18
46 4.5 9 12
61 2.5 6 9
76 2.5 5 5.1
91 2 4 4
106 2 3 2.5
115 0 0 0
 70

The table 3.8 shows the reactive power loss when the DG is connected at
various locations. Figure 3.17 a) and b) shows the actual and simulated reactive
power loss. The loss reduced from 25 kW to 15 kW after connecting DG at 57th
bus. The percentage of reactive power loss reduction is 40%

a) Actual

b) Simulated

Figure 3.17 Reactive power loss

 71

The table 3.9 shows the bus voltages at various buses. The Figure 3.18 a)
shows the bus voltage improvement when the DG is connected at 57th bus and
3.18 b) shows the simulated graph of the bus voltage improvement from 0.84 to
0.94 pu.

Table 3.9 Bus voltages

Voltage (kv)
Bus No DG at 57th DG at No DG
bus substation
1 11.1 11.1 10.9
16 11.0 11.0 10.8
31 10.9 10.9 10.7
46 11.0 10.8 10.7
61 11.3 10.8 10.7
76 11.3 10.9 10.8
91 11.4 10.8 10.7
106 11.4 10.9 10.8
115 11.3 10.9 10.8
 72

Fig 3.18 a) Actual graph of bus voltages

Figure 3.18 b) Simulated graph of bus voltages

The table 3.10 shows the total real power loss with and without DG. Table 3.11 shows
the reactive power loss with and without DG. Figure 3.19 shows the comparison of real and
reactive power loss.
 73

Table 3.10 Total real power loss with and without DG

Optimum Total Real power Loss (kW)

Optimal DG size Without DG at DG at
location (MW) DG Substation 57th bus

57 3 35 30 28

Table 3.11 Total reactive power loss with and without DG

Optimum Total Reactive power Loss (kW)

Optimal DG size Without DG at DG at
location (MW) DG Substation 57th bus

57 3 25 18 15

Figure 3.19 Comparison of real and reactive power loss

 74

Table 3.12 List of total load sanctioned at various buses

Bus Sanctioned(HP) Bus Sanctioned(HP)

3 75 4 48
7 60 9 60
10 75 11 55
12 90 13 80
15 95 22 85
28 60 24 70
31 75 32 80
36 64 39 60
43 60 41 73
47 70 45 68
50 90 49 95
57 80 53 45
67 95 60 75
70 85 69 90
77 80 74 95
87 90 83 80
88 70 92 73
100 88 104 60
102 93 113 75
109 80 115 93
 75

3.7 FINDINGS

The result shows the voltage of the system increased 5% and line loss
reduced from 12% to 8% and significant improvement in power factor and voltage
stability.

3.8 SUMMARY

The Power quality problems tend to be localized phenomena and are not
often system wide concerns. With the increasing use of electronic components for
appliances and equipment in homes, offices, and factories, customers are
increasingly concerned about power quality, and potential damages to equipment
and business operations. In certain instances, DG can be used to address power
quality problems, particularly when the systems involve the use of energy storage,
power electronics, and power conditioning equipment. However, there are also
examples where the use of DG has actually led to power quality problems.

The results obtained show that power a loss of the system is considerably
reduced by finding optimum location of a decentralized power generator. There is
a significant improvement in the voltage profiles,power factor and reduction of
technical distribution losses. This creates a possibility of setting up rural micro-
grids or rural electricity cooperatives with Gas based and non conventional power
generators. From the experimental and practical implemented proposed system,
the percentage reduction in line loss and voltage improvements was achieved and
hence the power quality enhanced.