CERTIFICATE OF BONAFIDE

This is to certify that Master

……………………………………………Roll no ……………………………………
has completed the Investigatory project work for CBSE
Board exam 2019 in Biology as per the regulations laid by
CBSE.

Teacher in charge:
Date:

PRINCIPAL

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very much obliged to our beloved principal Mr. P Vickraman

Nair for providing me time and material for completing my
project. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. T Bahuleyan,
P G T Biology for his guidance throughout the project. I would also
like to express my thanks to Smt. Suni, lab assistant for her
support. I would also like to thank my friends who worked with
me for the completion of this project.

NAME:
ROLL NO:
 AIM
TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLE DISEASES IN
OUR SOCIETY
CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 DIABETIS MELITUS
 HYPERTENSION
 CHOLESTEROL
 CASE STUDY REPORT
 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
This project based on lifestyle diseases is prepared
as an investigatory project for CBSE Board
examination 2019.Today we can see a society
where lifestyle diseases are very common.
Through this project we have studied the 3
common lifestyle diseases in our society. We also
conducted a survey among different affected
individuals. We included Diabetes, Hypertension
and Cholesterol for studying. I think that this
project will be an asset for me in future.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of
metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a
prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent
urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated,
diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications can include
diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death.
Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke,
chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes. Diabetes is
due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of
the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are
three main types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 DM results from the
pancreas' failure to produce enough insulin due to loss of beta cells. This
form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus"
(IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The cause is unknown. Type 2 DM begins
with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin
properly. As the disease progresses, a lack of insulin may also develop.
This form was previously referred to as "non insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". The most common cause is
excessive body weight and insufficient exercise. Gestational diabetes is
the third main form, and occurs when pregnant women without a
previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels.

SYMPTOMS
The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are unintended
weight loss, polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia
(increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).
Symptoms may develop rapidly (weeks or months) in type 1
DM, while they usually develop much more slowly and may
be subtle or absent in type 2 DM.
Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of
diabetes although they are not specific to the disease. In
addition to the known ones above, they include blurred
vision, headache, fatigue, slow healing of cuts, and itchy
skin. Prolonged high blood glucose can cause glucose
absorption in the lens of the eye, which leads to changes in
its shape, resulting in vision changes. A number of skin
rashes that can occur in diabetes are collectively known as
diabetic dermadromes.
PREVENTION
There is no known preventive measure for type 1 diabetes. Type 2
diabetes – which accounts for 85–90% of all cases – can often be
prevented or delayed by maintaining a normal body weight, engaging in
physical activity, and consuming a healthy diet. Higher levels of physical
activity (more than 90 minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by
28%. Dietary changes known to be effective in helping to prevent
diabetes include maintaining a diet rich in whole grains and fiber, and
choosing good fats, such as the polyunsaturated fats found in nuts,
vegetable oils, and fish. Limiting sugary beverages and eating less red
meat and other sources of saturated fat can also help prevent diabetes.
Tobacco smoking is also associated with an increased risk of diabetes and
its complications, so smoking cessation can be an important preventive
measure as well. The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main
modifiable risk factors (excess weight, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity
and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of the world. There is growing
evidence that the underlying determinants of diabetes are a reflection of
the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change:
globalization, urbanization, population aging, and the general health
policy environment.
HYPERTENSION
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term
medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently
elevated. High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms. Long-term high
blood pressure, however, is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke,
heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic
kidney disease, and dementia.

High blood pressure is classified as either primary (essential) high blood pressure
or secondary high blood pressure. About 90–95% of cases are primary, defined as
high blood pressure due to nonspecific lifestyle and genetic factors. Lifestyle
factors that increase the risk include excess salt in the diet, excess body weight,
smoking, and alcohol use. The remaining 5–10% of cases are categorized as
secondary high blood pressure, defined as high blood pressure due to an
identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the kidney
arteries, an endocrine disorder, or the use of birth control pills.

Signs and symptoms

On physical examination, hypertension may be associated
with the presence of changes in the optic fundus seen by
ophthalmoscopy. The severity of the changes typical of
hypertensive retinopathy is graded from I–IV; grades I and II
may be difficult to differentiate. The severity of the
retinopathy correlates roughly with the duration or the
severity of the hypertension.

Prevention :
Lifestyle changes are proposed lifestyle changes for the primary
prevention of hypertension are:
 maintain normal body weight for adults (e.g. body mass index 20–25
kg/m2)
 reduce dietary sodium intake to <100 mmol/ day (<6 g of sodium
chloride or <2.4 g of sodium per day)
 engage in regular aerobic physical activity such as brisk walking (≥30
min per day, most days of the week)
 limit alcohol consumption to no more than 3 units/day in men and
no more than 2 units/day in women
 consume a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (e.g. at least five portions
per day recommended to lower blood pressure, before starting
medications.

Effective lifestyle modification may lower blood pressure as much as

an individual antihypertensive medication. Combinations of two or
more lifestyle modifications can achieve even better results. There is
considerable evidence that reducing dietary salt intake lowers blood
pressure, but whether this translates into a reduction in mortality
and cardiovascular disease remains uncertain. Estimated sodium
intake ≥6g/day and <3g/day are both associated with high risk of
death or major cardiovascular disease, but the association between
high sodium intake and adverseoutcomes is only observed in people
with hypertension.
CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in
our body. our body needs some cholesterol to make hormones,
vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body
makes all the cholesterol it needs. Cholesterol is also found in foods
from animal sources, such as egg yolks, meat, and cheese.
If you have too much cholesterol in your blood, it can combine with
other substances in the blood to form plaque. Plaque sticks to the
walls of your arteries. This buildup of plaque is known as
atherosclerosis. It can lead to coronary artery disease, where your
coronary arteries become narrow or even blocked .There are
different types of cholesterol:
 HDL stands for high-density lipoprotein. It is called the "good"
cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your
body back to your liver. Your liver then removes the cholesterol
from your body.
 LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein. It is called the "bad"
cholesterol because a high LDL level leads to the buildup of plaque in
your arteries.
 VLDL stands for very low-density lipoprotein. It is also a "bad"
cholesterol because it too contributes to the buildup of plaque in
your arteries. But VLDL and LDL are different; VLDL carries
triglycerides and LDL carries cholesterol.

Symptoms
Unhealthy lifestyle is the reason for increase in cholesterol. There are
usually no signs or symptoms that you have high cholesterol. There is a
blood test to measure your cholesterol level. When and how often you
should get this test depends on your age, risk factors, and family
history.

Prevention
 Avoid all trans fats, as well as junk food.
 Exercise moderately for 150 minutes each week or do a
more intensive workout 75 minutes a week. Push yourself,
if you can; moderate exercise is better than none at all.
 Quit smoking.

 Follow a cholesterol free diet.

Image of a cholesterol molecule
CASE STUDY REPORT
CASE STUDY 1
NAME:
AGE:
WORK:
DISEASE:
REASON:
TREATMENT :
CASE STUDY 2
NAME:
AGE:
WORK:
DISEASE:
REASON:
TREATMENT:
CASE STUDY 3
NAME:
AGE:
WORK:
DISEASE:
REASON:
TREATMENT:
CASE STUDY 4
NAME:
AGE:
WORK:
DISEASE:
REASON:
TREATMENT:
CASE STUDY 5
NAME:
AGE:
WORK:
DISEASE:
REASON:
TREATMENT:
CONCLUSION
The lifestyle diseases that are commonly seen
in our society is mainly due to:
 Unhealthy habits
 Lack of exercises
 Genetic reasons
 Unhealthy lifestyle
These lifestyle diseases can be prevented by
leading a healthy lifestyle.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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