PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 1

Find the following limits:

x + 7 - 3x + 5
x2 - 1
x →1+
(2) lim
x3 - 1 +

om
x →1 3x + 5 - 5x + 3
(1) lim
x4 1

[ Ans: 1 ] [ Ans: 2 (2 - 3)

 a - b 

.c
 Ans : c - d  π π
sin ax - sin bx tan x - 1
x → 0 sin cx - sin dx  
(3) lim (4) lim [ Ans: 2 ]
x → x -
4 4

ce
+
π π π π
sin x - cos x sin 3x cos 3x
(5) lim [ Ans: - 2 ] (6) lim
x → - x x → x -
4 4

π
ra 4 4
[ Ans: - 3 2 ]
m
tan-1 x
 1  3 
π  Ans : 4 
- 2 sin x - 1
 4   
3 (8) lim
x →  x →
(7) lim ns : 3 tan x - 1
3 x - 3
xa

x3 + 1 + x5 + 1 x + x 2 + x 3 + ..... + x n - n

x →-1+
( 10 ) lim
x→ 1
(9) lim
+ 1
x - 1
.e

   n(n + 1 ) 
 Ans: 35 + 21 )   Ans : 
1
   
(
w

7 2

 59   
w

 Ans : 9 × 2 3 
x 4 - 8x 2 - x - 6
 Ans : 39 
20
x 6 - 64
x→3    
(1 ) lm
x→2
2x 3 - 15x - 9 ( 12 ) lim
 
1 1
w

x3 - 23

1 1
( 3x + 3 ) - ( 4x + 1 )
4 4 3 x + 6 - 3 2x + 4

x→2 x→2
( 13 ) lim ( 14 ) lim
x3 - 8 x2 - 4
   1 
 Ans : -   Ans : - 48 
1
 144 3   
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 2

Find the following limits:

π
 1 
tan x - tan a
sin -1 x -
x→a

[ Ans : ]
 Ans : 
( 16 ) lim
6 tan - 1 x - tan - 1 a
 3 
( 15 ) lim
x→
1 2x - 1

om
( 1 + a 2 ) sec 2 a
2

cos ax - cos bx ( x n - a n ) - na 1(x - a)

x→0
( 17 ) lim
x→a
cos cx - cos dx ( 18 ) lim

.c
x - a )2
 a2 - b2 
 Ans :   n ( n - 1) n - 2 
 c 2 - d 2   Ans : 
 
a
2

ce
( 1 + mx )n - ( 1 + nx ) m  
  , m, n ∈ N
 
m n
x→0 x → 1  1 - xm 1 - xn 
( 19 ) lim ( 20 ) lim -
x2

 Ans :

mn ( n - m ) 
2 

ra 
 Ans :

m - n
2 
m
xn + 1 - ( n + 1) x + n
, n∈N
( 22 )
x →1 12 + 32 + 52 + ... + ( 2n - 1 )2
[ 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + ( 2n - 1 ) ] n
( 21 ) lim
( x - 1 )2
xa

n→∞
lim
 n ( n + 1) 
 An   4 
   Ans : 3 
 
2
.e

2 5x - 2 3x
[ Ans : 2 log 2 ]  1 - x x
1
lim    Ans: e - 2 
x→0  
( 23 ) lim
x→0  1 + x 
w

sin ( 24 )

[ Ans : ] ∑
w

 Ans : 2 log e 
n r

 3 
1 n
n→∞
log x - 1 ( 26 ) lim 3
e -1
x→e r =1
25 lim n
w

x - e

∑ , n ∈ N ∑ n3 ,  3 
n ∑ n2
n ∈ N
1
x→∞ n ( n + 1)  Ans : 4 
( 27 ) lim [ Ans: 1 ]
x→∞  
( 28 ) lim

   1
lim  n 2 + n + 1 - n   Ans :
2 
x tan x
n→∞    x → 0 ex - 2 + e-x
( 29 ) ( 30 ) lim [ Ans: 1 ]
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 3

Find the following limits:

e 3x - 2e 2x + 2 x  2  6x - 3x - 2x + 1
 Ans : log e 
x→0   x→0
( 31 ) lim ( 32 ) lim

[ Ans : ( log 3 ) ( log 2 ) ]

x x2

om
x4 + 1 - x2 + 1 7 + x3 3 + x2
4 3

x→0 x →1
( 33 ) lim ( 34 ) lim
x2 - 1
 1  1

.c
 Ans : - 2   Ans : - 4 
   

ce
a x + 1 - 2a x - a + 2
→ 0 a x + 1 - 3a x - a + 3
tan3 x - 3 tan x ( 36 ) lim
π  π 
( 35 ) lim [ Ans: - 24 ]
x → cos  x +  a - 2 
6 
3  
ra  Ans : a - 3 
 
m
a + a2 - x2 + ( a - x )
, a > 0
x - x - a
lim +
x→a
( 37 )
x→a
( 38 ) lim -
x2 - a2 a3 - x3 +
 
a - x
 
xa

A   Ans : 
1
 2a 
: 2a
 a 3 + 1

[ Ans : -2]  8 
.e

x4 - 4
 Ans : 5 
1- x - 3
x→-8 2 + 3 x x→ 2 x 2 + 3x  
( 39 ) lim ( 40 ) lim
2 - 8
w

sin x o  π  1 + x 2 - 1 ) sin - 1 x  1
 Ans: 180   Ans : 2 

(
x→0  
( 41 ) lim
x→0
( 42 ) lim
w

x
( tan - 1 x ) 3
w

( sin -1 x ) 2 - 1h sin - 1 h
e tan
x→0 1 -
( 43 ) lim [ Ans: 2 ] - e
h→0
( 44 ) lim [ Ans: 1 ]
1 - x2 tan - 1 h - sin - 1 h

x + 33 x + 55 x
5 + cos x - 2  1
2
x→∞ 3x - 2 + 3 2x - 3
( 46 ) lim
 Ans : 8 
x → π (π  
( 45 ) lim
- x )2  2 
 Ans : 
 3 
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 4

Find the following limits:

[ Ans : 9]
( x 3 + 27 ) log ( x - 2 )  1 
 Ans : e 2 
-
x→3  
( 47 ) lim cot 2 x
x→0
x2 - 9 ( 48 ) lim ( cos x )
 

om
 1 
 Ans : e 2 
 3x - 2 
  [ Ans : ]
3x

π x → ∞  3x + 
-
e- 4
 
tan2 2x ( 50 ) lim
( 49 ) lim ( sin 2x )
x →  

.c
4

(1 - ) [ Ans : ] [ Ans : ]

ce
 sin x  x - sin x
1 - x sin x


e- 4
x→0
( 51 ) lim 4x
→0  x 
x ( 52 ) lim e- 1

( n + 1 ) + ( n + 2 ) + ... + ( n + n )
( 53 )
n→∞
lim ra n→0
8n - 4 n - 2n + 1
4 + cos n

[ Ans : ]
( 54 ) lim
n2
 3 
5 -

 Ans : 2 
m
  8 5 ( log e 2 ) 2

∑
3n + 1 - 2n
xa

 1
n
 Ans : 2  n → ∞ 3n + 2n + 1
1
 
( 56 ) [ Ans: 3 ]
n→∞
( 55 ) lim lim
r = 1 4r - 1
2
.e

 x + x + x x

[ Ans : ]
x → ∞  
( 57 ) lim - xe - x - ae - a
x→a
( 58 ) lim

 1
x - a
w

 Ans : 2 
 
( 1 - a ) e -a
w

⋅ cos ⋅ ... ⋅ cos

x x x 1 - cos { 1 - cos ( 1 - cos θ ) }
n→∞ θ→0
( 59 ) lim cos ( 60 ) lim
2 22 2n θ8
w

 sin x   1 
 Ans : x   Ans : 128 
  

35 x - 2 ⋅ 7x + 1  35  e αx - e β x
 Ans : 49 
x → 0   x → 0 sin αx - sin βx
( 61 ) lim ( 62 ) lim [ Ans: 1 ]
x
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 5
Find the following limits:

y - a πy sin -1 x - sin -1 a
y →a
( 63 ) lim sin tan
x→a
2 2a ( 64 ) lim
x - a
 
 a   Ans : 1 
 Ans: π   2 

om
  1- a 
-

 1 π
 Ans : 8 
1 - cos ( 1 - cos x ) 4 sec -1 x -
x→0  
( 65 ) lim
x →
( 66 ) lim [ Ans: 2 2]
x4 x - 2

.c
2

lim ( 3x + 2 ) ≠ 5
x→2
( 68 ) Prove that
( a + h ) sin ( a + h ) - a sin a

ce
[ Ans : ]
2 2

h→0
( 67 ) lim
h
a 2 cos a + 2a sin a
1
lim x 2 sin
x→0
( 69 Prove that = 0
x

Solve the following problems:

ra
m
 3 
xa

 x l ≤ x ∈R -  
1
 2 
( 70 ) Express , as the complement of an interval.
l 2x - 3 l 5
[ Ans: R - ( - 1, 4 ) ]
.e

( 71 ) Express 1 – neighbourhood of 0.1 in the interval and modulus forms.

w

[ Ans: ( - 0.9, 1.1 ), l x - 0.1 l < 1 ]

Express the following set in the form of an interval and also in the form N ( p, δ ),
w

p ∈ R, δ > 0. { x l 0 ≤ l 3x + 1 l < 2, x ∈ R }.
( 72 )

  1   1 2 
 Ans :  - 1,  , N - , 
w

  3   3 3 

  2 
( 73 ) Express  x l ≤ x ∈R - - 
1 1
 l 3x + 2 l  3 
, as the complement of an interval.
5
  7 
 Ans : R -  - , 1  
  3 
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 6

( 74 ) Prove that the intersection of two δ - neighbourhoods of p is a δ - neighbourhood of p.

interval, prove that the intersection of two neighbourhoods of p ∈ R is a

( 75 ) Assuming that the intersection of two open intervals is either empty or it is an open

om
neighbourhood of p.

( 76 ) If f ( x ) = x, x < -1
= 0, x = 0
2
x→0
= x , x > 1, then can we find lim f ( x ) ?

.c
[ Ans: No. Q f is not defined in any neighbourhood of zero. ]

ce
lxl
( 77 ) Examine the continuity of f at x = 0 where f ( ) = , for x ≠ 0, f ( 0 ) = 1.
x
[ Ans: discontinuous ]

( 78 ) Examine the continuity of f ( x ) = [ ra ], x ∈ R at n ∈ Z.

[ Ans: discontinuous ∀ n ∈ Z ]
m
( 79 ) If for each x, a ∈ D f , we hav l f ( x ) - f ( a ) l ≤ l x - a l, then prove that f is
continuous at a.
xa

f ( x ) where n ∈ Z and hence

x → n-
( 80 ) For f ( x ) = x - [ x ] fi d lim f ( x ) and lim
x → n+
.e

examine the co inui y of f at n. [ Ans: discontinuous ]

1 1
w

-
e x - e x
x ≠ 0,
x→0
( 81 ) If f ( x ) , then prove that lim f ( x ) does not exist.
1 1
+ e x
-
w

e x

n n n

  +   + ... +  
w

 1 2 n
= log e 2 ?
n→0
( 82 ) Is it true that lim
n

∴
 n 
 Ans : No. In   , n ∈ N. n is not defined everywhere in any neighbourhood of 0.
  r  

 707 
 Ans : 333 
 
( 83 ) Express 2.123123123….. as a vulgar fraction
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 7

x
x ≠ 0,
x→0
( 84 ) If f ( x ) = , find lim f ( x ) . [ Ans: 0 ]
1
ex - 1

om
1⋅ 5 2⋅7 3⋅ 9  1
9 ⋅ 13 12 ⋅ 17 15 ⋅ 21  Ans : 6 
 
( 85 ) Find limit of the sequence , , , .....

 1 
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 4⋅5⋅5 7⋅8⋅7

.c
13 23 33
 Ans : 18 
 
( 86 ) Find limit of the sequence , , , …..

ce
( 87 ) Obtain the maximum δ > 0 such that ∀ x, x ∈ N∗ ( 2, δ ) ⇒ f ( x ) ∈ N ( 13, 0.001 ),
where f ( x ) = 4x + 5, x ∈ R.
[ Ans: 0.00025 ]

 
( 88 ) For f ( x ) = 2x, x ∈  1 + , n ∈ N  , show that

1

ra
m
n
∀ x ∈ N∗ ( 1, δ ), x ∈ D f ⇒ l f x ) - 2 l < ε . What can be said about
x →1
lim f ( x ) ?

[ Ans: limit does not exist as is not defined everywhere in any neighbourhood of 1 ]
xa

 
x l x + < 4, x ∈ R, x ≠ 0

[ Ans : ]
1
 
( 89 ) Express as the union of the intervals.
x
.e

( - 2, - 3 , -2 + 3 ) ∪ (2 - 3, 2 + 3)

 
w

x l 1 + > 2, x ∈ R - {0} 
3
 
( 90 ) Exp ess as the union of the intervals.
x
[ Ans: ( - 1, 0 ) ∪ ( 0, 3 ) ]
w

 
w

( 1 ) Express  x l x 2 - < x ∈R

13 5
 
, as the union of the intervals.
2 2
[ Ans: ( - 3, - 2 ) ∪ ( 2, 3 ) ]

x→4
( 92 ) Prove that lim f ( x ) where f ( x ) = x - [ x] does not exist.
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 8

( 93 ) Find the limit of the sequence 5, 5 ⋅ 5 , 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 , ..... [ Ans: 5 ]

( 94 ) Find minimum m ∈ N such that n ≥ m ⇒ f ( n ) ∈ ( 1, 0.01 ), f ( n ) =

3n 1
3n

om
[ Ans: 5 ]

If f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) ∀ x, y ∈ R and if f is continuous at x = 0, then prove

that f is continuous at every x ∈ R.
( 95 )

.c
[ Ans : ]
( 3sin x - 1 ) 2
x log ( 1 + x )
( 96 ) If f ( x ) = , x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0, then find f ( 0 ).

ce
( log 3 ) 2

sin ( a + 1 ) x + sin x
( 97 ) If f ( x ) =
= c,
x

1 1
,
ra x < 0
x = 0
m
( x + bx 2 ) 2 - x2
= , x > 0 is continuous at x = 0, then find a, b, c.
3
bx 2
 1
xa

 Ans : a = - 2 , b ≠ 0, c = 
3
 2

π
.e

( 98 ) If f ( x ) = - 2 sin x, x ≤ -

π π
2
w

= A sin x + B, - < x <

π
2 2
= cos x, x ≥ is continuous on R, then find A and B.
w

2
[ Ans: A = - 1, B = 1 ]
w

Solve the following problems of infinite series:

∞ n3 + n2 n ∞ n3 + n2
( 99 ) Find ∑ x and hence obtain ∑
n=1 n! n=1 n!
3 2 x
[ Ans: ( x + 4x + 2x ) e , 7e ]
PROBLEMS 11 - LIMIT Page 9

Solve the following problems of infinite series:

∞
∑
2 2 2 2 Sn x n
( 100 ) If S n = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + n , then find .
n=1 n!
 x
 Ans : 6 ( 2x + 9x + 6x ) e 

om
1
 
3 2

1+ x 1 + x + x2 
lim  + + ... ∞  = e
x → 1  2 ! 
( 101 ) Prove that 1 +
3!

.c
 n  1+ + .... ∞
( 102 ) Prove that n ! >  
n 1 1

ce
 e  = 1+
2! 4! 2
( 103 ) Prove that
+ + .... ∞
1 1 2
e - 1
1
3! 5!

( 104 ) Find
∞
∑
2 ( n + 1)
n = 1 ( 2n + 1 ) !
ra [ Ans: e - 2 ]
m
 11 
3⋅ 4⋅ 5 5⋅ 6⋅ 7 7⋅ 8⋅ 9
+ + + ... ∞  Ans : 3 log 2 - 6 
7 9 11
 
( 105 ) Find
xa

∞
∑ =
log x ) 2n - 1 x2 - 1
( 106 ) Prove that
.e

1 ( 2n - 1 ) ! 2x

∞
∑
w

1 xn - 1
1 n ( x + 1)
( 107 ) Find [ Ans: log x ]
n
w

∞ 1+ x
∑ = log
1
( 2n - 1 ) ( 2x + 1 ) ( 2n - 1 )
108 ) Prove that
w

1 x

1
( 109 ) Find approximate value of ( 131 ) 3 correct to four decimal places. [ Ans: 5.0788 ]

 1   
1+  = e  1 - + 
n

1 11
 n   
( 110 ) If n is very large, prove that
2n 24n 2