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EXTENDED EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION
HOW MANY MOLECULES EVAPORATE PER SECOND
FROM DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS?
We are required to carry out research related to a problem of a scientific
Geoff Shaw
nature that we wish to solve. We then have to attempt to solve the problem
using scientific method by generating primary data through experimentation.
By completing experimentation we are required to record and display the data
in graphical form, analyses your results and any errors. Then
Problem
How many molecules evaporate from different hydrocarbons per second?
Abstract
This investigation will answer the question of how many molecules evaporate per
second form different hydrocarbons.
Background Research
Hypothesis
I hypothesis that the substance with the weakest inter molecular bonds will
evaporate faster. This is because the bonds that hold the substances together as
weaker therefore will not with hold higher temperatures.
Aim
With this investigation I aim to have an answer to the problem, and discover the
substances that evaporate faster. This experiment will be conducted by having a
variety of different hydrocarbons open to the same temperature evaporating.
These evaporation times will shorten or lengthen due to the inter-molecular
bonds.
Variables
Variables in this experiment that could drastically alter are as follows.
Controlled Variables
To control the temperature I preformed this
Temperature experiment in an environment that’s temperature
can be controlled I.e. Class room with air conditioner
The variable of weight of the substances was
Weights of substances controlled by using the same amount of each
substance in the experiment.
Manipulated Variables
The manipulated variable in this experiment is the
Substances substances that the experiment Is based around.
These substances are manipulated to change so I
can record the evaporation weights.
Respondent Variables
The respondent variable in this experiment would be
Weight of substances the weight of the substances. This is the respondent
variable due to when the substances evaporate.
Equipment
Substances Apparatus
5mL Mentholated Spirit Petri dish
5mL Hexane
Electronic Balance
5mL Turpentine
Thermometer
5mL Kerosene
Method
• Collect all apparatus / substances
• Note: for alcohol first distil the sambuca1 to get pure alcohol
To distil the Sambuca to get pure alcohol I used the distillation equipment. To
make sure I used pure alcohol I took a small sample and burnt it, to tell if it was
pure alcohol it should all burn off, which it did. The distillation equipment works
by boiling the alcohol which has a lower boiling point than water. By having a
smaller boiling point means it will evaporate out of the liquid and then go down a
tube which is surrounded by cool water. The cool water creates the alcohol
Results
Discussion
From the results (*Shown above), you are able to see that Hexane is the
substance that evaporates faster than all the others. Followed by Petrol,
Methylated spirits, Kerosene, Alcohol and Turpentine. The results that I have
substances with the weaker inter molecular forces will evaporate faster. This can
be proven as Hexane has very weak inter molecular forces. This experiment has
proved that the background research I have accumulated that said the
inter molecular forces it means that the substances boils at low temperature,
and this is why it evaporated the fastest in standard laboratory conditions (SLC).
The SLC conditions consist of the room being at 25oC, and the atmospheric
pressure of one atmosphere and the heat absorbed and released is in kilojoules
(kJ). With these conditions being in place means that all the experiments had
substances weight. These were kept to a minimum as the temperature was kept
to the SLC; the humidity was the same all the time as this experiment was
error was kept to a minimum as when performing this experiment I used the
same type of equipment, which was clean dry, with no dust or other impurities. I
was able to keep the substances weight errors to an absolute minimum by using
the same amount of substance in each trial. By doing these adjustments I was
When I was calculating the amount of moles that evaporated per minute I was
able to use an excel spread sheet which used my results and converted then in
an equation.
evaporation times were off, therefore the results would be altered from the
correct results. This could be shown as the substance would start evaporating as
I opened the bottle, and as I move it to the Petri dish the substance would be
evaporating already. This error would alter my experiment, but the change in
evaporation times would not be drastically altered so this error can be accepted.
Another could be that the scales only measure to two decimal places. Which for
a better result for the mass of the substances, the mass should be measured to
decimal places the results would become a far better result than the results that
Hexane
X=3.74× 1020
Alcohol
X=1.79× 1020
Methylated Spirits
X=1.59 × 1020
Petrol
X =3.6212.01 ×6×6.03 × 102360
X=5.02 × 1020
Turpentine
X=6.07 × 1019
Kerosene
X=6.52 × 1019
Written Calculations
Once the average of the evaporation mass were calculated I then divided the
average by its molar mass that was multiplied by six (6), then with that answer I
multiplied the answer by one mole (6 x 1023), and then divided the final answer
by sixty (60) to get how many molecules evaporated per second. From this
calculation I can calculate the amount of molecules that have been evaporated
per second. Dividing by sixty is because the results were in minutes already.
Conclusion
So in conclusion, due to the experiments that have been undertaken, people are
eligible to say that hexane is the substance that has the lowest molecular bonds.
So by hexane having the lowest molecular bonds it is then the substance that
evaporates the fastest. If this experiment was to be redone there would be a few
Methylated spirits, Alcohol, Petrol, Turpentine and Kerosene, have used already
been used, Heptane, Pentane, Butyl Alcohol or Propyl Alcohol, could be added to
expand the chemical scope. With the addition of these chemicals it would have
complete the experiment under different temperatures, and then compare the
difference the heat has contributed to the evaporation times. And thirdly used
more hydrocarbons with more bonds, these bonds can be both stronger and
have a longer carbon chain. This experiment could have also been done with
isomers an then what effect rearranging the carbon chain has altered the
evaporation times.
These investigations could include. How much difference do extra bonds make to
Acknowledgements
Ben C. Fiona M. Peter H. Mr Shialhov
Joash L.
References
Mark, A. Mary, H. “Queensland Chemistry: Context to Concept”