ORGANOLOGY I

By :
Name : Pratiwi Kusuma Kurniawati
Student Number : B1B017007
Section : D1
Group :5
Assistant : Rahmi Mutia Mawardi

LABORATORY REPORT
PLANT STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY
PURWOKERTO

2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

Organology is a branch of biology that is related

to the structure and function of organs of the plant itself. The body of living things is
made up of millions of cells. Cells that have structures and functions that both
function in tissues. Several types of tissue will display organs. Collection of various
types of organs that fit the system organ. Finally, a variety of organ systems
complement each other and work together for various individuals (Syukriah &
Liuvita, 2016).
Roots as organs in plants are formed from several different tissues. The main
function of root organs in plants is as a means of absorbing water, nutrition of
various mineral salts dissolved in the soil, and strengthening plants in the place of
growth. In higher plants, namely dicot and monocot. The roots of monocot and dicot
are the true roots. We can find calyptra in the roots of monocot and dicot plants.
Calyptra is a protective layer on the roots so that the roots have the ability to break
through the soil layer (Syukriah & Liuvita, 2016).
The stem is the axis with the leaves attached to it. Stems play a role in
supporting plant parts on the ground, besides that also as a means of transportation,
namely the road to transport water and food substances from the leaves and the road
to transport assimilation from leaves to other parts, both below and above the ground.
Stems are one of the most important parts for plants, the structure of plant stem
vessels varies greatly. Basically on the cross section of the trunk will appear three
main areas or three tissue systems are the epidermis, cortex and stele. (Savitri, 2008).
Leaves are an important tool for the survival of plants, because there is a
process of photosynthesis that will produce food for plants. Leaves are not like other
organs of plants because they are generally temporary. For photosynthesis, light and
chlorophyll are needed as well as CO2 and H2O as raw materials so that the position
of the leaves affects the structure. Besides the influence of other environments such
as the availability of water, the presence of high salinity in the water around the plant
also affects the outer and inner structures of the leaves (Hidayat, 1995).

II. OBJECTIVES

The objectives of organology I laboratory activity are :

1. To observe type of vascular bundle in plant.
 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Materials
Equipments used in Histology II laboratory activity are are a light
microscope, object glass, cover glass, razor blades, and a pipette.
Objects used in Histology II laboratory activity are cross section of Zea
mays root (corn), cross section of Piper betle stem (sirih), cross section of Citrus
sp. leaf (orange), and cross section of Zea mays leaf (corn).

B. Methods
Methods used on Histology I laboratory activity are:

1. The equipments and objects are prepared

2. The stem of Apium graveolens is sectional cross, placed on top of the object
glass, given aquades and then covered with the cover glass and observed under
a light microscope.

3. The stem of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is sectional cross, placed on top of the

object glass, given aquades and then covered with the cover glass and observed
under a light microscope.

4. For preservation preparations of Zea mays, and Cordyline sp. observed under a
light microscope.

5. The results obtained in the photo are then drawn on the worksheet.
 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Result

Description:
1
1. Epidermis
2 2. Exodermis
3 3. Cortex
4. Endodermis
4 5. Perisicle
5 6. Phloem
6 7. Xylem
7 8. Pith
8
Type of Vascular Bundle :
Radial

Image 1. Cross section of Zea mays (corn) root magnification 100x

 Description:
1
1. Epidermis
2 2. Collenchyma
3 3. Sclerenchyma
4 4. Cortex

5 5. Perifer vascular
bundle
6. Medullar vascular
6
bundle
7. Secretory gland
7
8. Pith

8
Type of Vascular Bundle:
Closed Collateral

Image 2. Cross Section of Piper betle (sirih) stem magnification 100x

Description:
1 1. Upper Epidermis
2 2. Palisade Tissue
3 3. Ca oxalate crystal
(bipiramida-shaped)
4
4. Sponge tissue
5. Vascular bundle

5 6. Lower epidermis
6

Image 3. Cross Section Citrus sp. (orange) leaf magnifixation 400x

 Description:

1 1. Upper epidermis
2 2. Trichome
3. Bulliform cell
3 4. Mesophyll
5. Vascular bundle
6. Lower epidermis
4
5

Type of vascular bundle:

6 Amphivasal concentric

Image 4. Cross Section of Cordyline sp magnification 400 x

B. Discussion
All vascular plants have roots, because the roots are the lower part of the plant axis
which usually develops below the soil surface, is not chlorophyll and has unicellular
root feathers. Although there are also roots that develop outside the soil depending on
the function of the root (Savitri, 2008). The first root in seed plants develops from the
apex meristem at the end of the embryo root in seeds that germinate. Gymnosperms
and dicotyledonous roots develop and grow into taproots. Whereas in monocots,
primary roots do not last long in plant life and soon dry out. Then from near the base
of the primary root, new roots will grow which are called additional roots or
adventitious roots. The whole adventitious root is also called fiber root (Tjitrosomo,
1983).
The sclerenchyma tissue is a supporting tissue that found in mature plant
organs. The sclerenchyma tissue is composed of dead cells which are thickened so
that all parts of the wall are strong, the cells are stiffer than the collenchyma cells, the
sclerenchyma cells cannot elongate. The sclerenchyma tissue is a reinforcing tissue
with thick secondary walls. Generally, the sclerenchyma tissue consists of lignin and
does not contain protoplast. The sclerenchyma tissue consists of sclerenchyma fibers
and stone cells (sclereid) (Hidayat, 1995).
According to Traas (2017), based on the thickening of the cell wall, the
collenchyma tissue consists of angular collenchyma, thickening takes place in parts
of the angle, and extends along the cell axis. For example, on the stem of Vitis sp,
Begonia sp, Solanum tuberosum. Board collenchyma (lamellar), which is thickening
occurs in the tangential cell wall (parallel to the surface of the organ), so that the
cross section looks like a row of boards. For example, in the stem cortex of
Sambucus javanica. Tubular collenchyma (lacuna) is present in the collenchyma
which has intercellular spaces and thickening occurs on the surface of the spaces
between the cells. For example, on the leaves of Salvina, Malva, and Althaea. Ring
type collenchyma is found in circular cross-section lumen cells. This type is formed
towards the time of adulthood because on the type of continuous thickening angle on
the cell wall, the lumen does not angle again.
Two main types are the sclereid and the sclerenchyma fiber. Sclereids are
non-elongated, rather isodiametric cells. They occur scattered or in clusters, mostly
embedded in ground tissues. These cells differentiate from parenchyma and have
very thick cell walls. Certain sclereid types are named after their shape, example
brachisclereids or stone cells are round cells often present in the flesh of fruits.
Asterosclereids are star-shaped cells occurring in leaves. Rod-shaped macroclereids
are often found in the seed coat, for example in legumes. Osteosclereid, which is
bone-shaped with enlarged edges, is sometimes slightly branched. Sclerenchyma
fibers, are long extended cells often with tapering ends. They possess rather small
cell lumen and thick wall. Based on their position xilary fibers (within the xylem)
and extraxylary fibers (outside the xylem) are distinguished. Xylary fibers develop
among the xylem elements and derive from either the procambium or the cambium
(Lovelees, 1991).
Xylem is a complex tissue containing tracheary elements, fibers, and
parenchyma cells. Water is conducted by the tracheary elements, namely tracheids
and/or vessel elements, which are dead cells with lignified and patterned secondary
cell walls. Tracheids are elongated single cells with tapered or pointed ends found in
pteridophyte and seed plants. To conduct water efficiently, tracheids are connected
through gaps in the secondary cell walls, called pits. Xylem vessel elements, which
occur mainly in angiosperms, are shorter and wider than tracheid cells. As xylem
vessel elements form a series of pipes that are connected through perforated cell
ends, the hydraulic efficiency of vessel pipes is much greater than that of the single-
celled tracheids. Not all cell types within the xylem conduct fluids. For example,
xylem fibers, another type of cell with lignified secondary cell walls, provide
mechanical support to the plant body, but lack the ability to conduct fluid (Erma,
2016).
The phloem tissue is also composed of multiple cell types, namely sieve
elements, companion cells, fibers, and parenchyma cells. Sieve element cells are
elongated and connected to each other through their end walls (called sieve plates) to
form sieve tubes. Large pores (called sieve pores) in the sieve plates conduct organic
nutrients. During cellular maturation, the nucleus (for sieve elements in angiosperm
plants), vacuoles, and most other organelles disintegrate in sieve elements, resulting
in living cells with all remaining organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, and plastids, anchored to their plasma membrane. Phloem mother cells
divide asymmetrically to give rise to sieve elements and companion cells, latter of
which are rich in cytoplasm and organelles and contain a large nucleus. Sieve
elements cannot survive without their supporting companion cells, because they lack
a nucleus and organelles, and thus have limited cellular activity. Sieve elements and
companion cells interact via plasmodesmata (Ohtani et al, 2017).
Based on the location of the xylem on the phloem, vascular bundles can be
divided into radial type, which is at the root, the location of the xylem bundle and the
phloem bundle alternately, side by side, and are on different radius of the body.
Collateral type is the location of xylem and phloem side by side, generally phloem
outside the xylem. Collateral type is divided into two: open collateral and closed
collateral. Collateral is closed, if between xylem and phloem coexist directly without
the cambium. It is present in monocot plants, such as: Oryza sativa, Saccharum sp.,
Orchidacae, etc. Collateral is open, in this type between xylem and phloem there is a
cambium. Found in dicotil plants such as: Ricinus communis, Gossypium sp,
Syzygium aqueum. Bicollateral is a type of vascular bundle where xylem is flanked
by outer phloem and inner phloem. For example, in solanaceae plants such as:
Solanum melongena, Solanum lycopersicum, Capsium Annum (Iserep, 1993). The
concentric type, xylem, is surrounded by phloem or vice versa. Phloem surrounds
xylem, it is called concentric amphicribal, for example in the stem of pterodophyta
plants, whereas if xylem surrounds phloem it is called concentric amphivasal, for
example found in some dicots such as Cirdyline sp. and Jeringau rhizoma (Acorus
calamus) (Hidayat, 1995).
Based on observations on Apium graveolens preparation composed of the
epidermis, colenchyma, chlorenchyma, cortex, vascular bundle, and pith. Apium
graveolens has lacunnar colenchyma type. This result is in accordance with the
reference stating that monocot plants have lacunnar and celery including monocot
plants (Kartasapoetra, 1987). Based on observations on Hibiscus rosa-sinesis
preparation composed of epidermis, chlorenchyma, colenchyma, cortex,
sclerenchyma, vascular bundle and pith. The Hibiscus rosa-sinesis has angular
colenchyma type. This result is in accordance with the reference stating that
dicotyledonous plants have angular colenchyma type and kembang sepatu including
dicotyledonous plants (Kartasapoetra, 1987). Based on observations on Zea mays
preparation are composed of cortex, sclerenchyma sheath, phloem, xylem, ring
fiber, and the rexygen room. Zea mays have closed collateral vascular bundle type.
This result is in accordance with the reference stating that monocot plants have a
type of closed collateral and corn including monocot plants (Kartasapoetra, 1987).
Based on observations on Cordyline sp. preparation composed of phloem,
xylem, and cortex. Cordyline sp. has amfivasal vascular bundle. This result is in
accordance with the reference Cordyline sp. have amphivasal concentric and
Hanjuang including monocot plants (Kartasapoetra, 1987).

V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Based on the result and observation, it can be concluded that :
1. The vascular tissue in plants is composed of xylem and phloem tissue. Based on
the presence or absence of cambium and xylem location of phloem, concentric
type, collateral type, bicolateral type and radial type. Type of vascular bundle in
Zea mays stem is closed collateral, and type of vascular bundle in Cordyline sp. is
amphivasal concentric.
2. Supporting tissue consists of colenchyma tissue and sclerenchyma tissue. Type of
collenchyma in Apium graveolen stem is lacunar, and type of collenchyma in
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis stem is angular.
Suggestion
The suggestion for this practicum is in making preparations must be correct
according to the procedure, for example in slicing the material must be as thin as
possible so that it looks under the microscope and the microscope used should be
really in good condition and good so that in making observations preparations are
clearly visible.
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