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An American National Standard

Designation: D 93 – 07

Designation: 34/99

Standard Test Methods for


Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 93; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

This flash point test method is a dynamic test method which depends on specified rates of heating
to be able to meet the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the
precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.

1. Scope* 1.4 These test methods is applicable for the detection of


1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable ma-
point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40 terials with volatile or flammable materials.
to 360°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus. standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
NOTE 1—Flash point determination as above 250°C can be performed,
however, the precisions have not been determined above this temperature. NOTE 2—It has been common practice in flash point standards for many
For residual fuels, precisions have not been determined for flash points decades to alternately use a C–scale or an F–scale thermometer for
above 100°C. temperature measurement. Although the scales are close in increments,
they are not equivalent. Because the F–scale thermometer used in this
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, procedure is graduated in 5° increments, it is not possible to read it to the
kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new lubricating oils, and 2°C equivalent increment of 3.6°F. Therefore, for the purposes of
other homogeneous petroleum liquids not included in the scope application of the procedure of the test method for the separate tempera-
of Procedure B. ture scale thermometers, different increments must be used. In this test
1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback method, the following protocol has been adopted: When a temperature is
residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids intended to be a converted equivalent, it will appear in parentheses
following the SI unit, for example 370°C (698°F). When a temperature is
with solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film intended to be a rationalized unit for the alternate scale, it will appear after
under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kine- “or,” for example, 2°C or 5°F.
matic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1
These test methods are under the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards
tee D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 9.3, 9.4, 11.1.2, 11.1.4, 11.1.8, and
the Standardization Committee.
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originally 12.1.2.
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 93–06.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.


Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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D 93 – 07
2. Referenced Documents 5. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the
D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one
Petroleum Products of a number of properties which must be considered in
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
Petroleum Products 5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to
E 1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers define flammable and combustible materials. One should con-
E 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals sult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of
E 502 Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Stan- these classifications.
dards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by
NOTE 3—The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)4 and U.S.
Closed Cup Methods Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flash
2.2 ISO Standards3 point under 37.8°C (100°F) are flammable, as determined by these test
Guide 34 Quality Systems Guidelines for the Production of methods, for those liquids which have a kinematic viscosity of 5.8 mm 2/s
Reference Materials (cSt) or more at 37.8°C or 9.5 mm 2/s (cSt) or more at 25°C (77°F), or that
Guide 35 Certification of Reference Material—General and contain suspended solids, or have a tendency to form a surface film while
Statistical Principles under test. Other classification flash points have been established by these
departments for liquids using these test methods.
3. Terminology 5.3 These test methods should be used to measure and
3.1 Definitions: describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in
3.1.1 dynamic, adj—in petroleum products—in petroleum response to heat and an ignition source under controlled
product flash point test methods—the condition where the laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or
vapor above the test specimen and the test specimen are not in appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or
temperature equilibrium at the time that the ignition source is assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of
applied. these test methods may be used as elements of a fire risk
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This is primarily caused by the heating assessment which takes into account all of the factors which
of the test specimen at the constant prescribed rate with the are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular
vapor temperature lagging behind the test specimen tempera- end use.
ture. 5.4 These test methods provides the only closed cup flash
3.1.2 equilibrium, n—in petroleum products—in petroleum point test procedures for temperatures up to 370°C (698°F).
product flash point test methods—the condition where the
vapor above the test specimen and the test specimen are at the 6. Apparatus
same temperature at the time the ignition source is applied. 6.1 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Apparatus (manual)—This
3.1.2.1 Discussion—This condition may not be fully apparatus consists of the test cup, test cover and shutter,
achieved in practice, since the temperature may not be uniform stirring device, heating source, ignition source device, air bath,
throughout the test specimen, and the test cover and shutter on and top plate described in detail in Annex A1. The assembled
the apparatus can be cooler. manual apparatus, test cup, test cup cover, and test cup
3.1.3 flash point, n—in petroleum products, the lowest assembly are illustrated in Figs. A1.1-A1.4, respectively. Di-
temperature corrected to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa mensions are listed respectively.
(760 mm Hg), at which application of an ignition source causes 6.2 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Apparatus (automated)—
the vapors of a specimen of the sample to ignite under specified This apparatus is an automated flash point instrument that is
conditions of test. capable of performing the test in accordance with Section 11
(Procedure A) and Section 12 (Procedure B) of these test
4. Summary of Test Method methods. The apparatus shall use the test cup, test cover and
4.1 A brass test cup of specified dimensions, filled to the shutter, stirring device, heating source, and ignition source
inside mark with test specimen and fitted with a cover of device described in detail in Annex A1.
specified dimensions, is heated and the specimen stirred at 6.3 Temperature Measuring Device—Thermometer having
specified rates, by either of two defined procedures (A or B). a range as shown as follows and conforming to the require-
An ignition source is directed into the test cup at regular ments prescribed in Specification E 1 or in Annex A3, or an
intervals with simultaneous interruption of the stirring, until a electronic temperature measuring device, such as resistance
flash is detected (see 11.1.8). The flash point is reported as thermometers or thermocouples. The device shall exhibit the
defined in 3.1.3. same temperature response as the mercury thermometers.

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM For information on U.S. Department of Transportation regulations, see Codes
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on of U.S. Regulations 49 CFR Chapter 1 and the U.S. Department of Labor, see 29
the ASTM website. CFR Chapter XVII. Each of these items is revised annually and may be procured
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. DC 20402.

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D 93 – 07
Thermometer Number of dangerous pressure, at the lowest temperature adequate to
Temperature Range ASTM IP liquefy any solids, not exceeding 28°C or 50°F below the
−5 to +110°C (20 to 230°F) 9C (9F) 15C
+10 to 200°C (50 to 392°F) 88C (88F) 101C expected flash point, for 30 min. If the sample is then not
+90 to 370°C (200 to 700°F) 10C (10F) 16C completely liquefied, extend the heating period for additional
6.4 Ignition Source—Natural gas flame, bottled gas flame, 30 min periods as necessary. Then gently agitate the sample to
and electric ignitors (hot wire) have been found acceptable for provide mixing, such as orbiting the container horizontally,
use as the ignition source. The gas flame device described in before transferring to the specimen cup. No sample shall be
detailed in Fig. A1.4 requires the use of the pilot flame heated and transferred unless its temperatures is more than
described in A1.1.2.3. The electric ignitors shall be of the 18°C or 32°F below its expected flash point. When the sample
hot-wire type and shall position the heated section of the has been heated above this temperature, allow the sample to
ignitor in the aperture of the test cover in the same manner as cool until its temperature is at least 18°C or 32°F below the
the gas flame device. (Warning—Gas pressure supplied to the expected flash point before transferring.
apparatus should not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of NOTE 5—Volatile vapors can escape during heating when the sample
water pressure.) container is not properly sealed.
6.5 Barometer—With accuracy of 60.5 kPa. NOTE 6—Some viscous samples may not completely liquefy even after
NOTE 4—The barometric pressure used in this calculation is the prolonged periods of heating. Care should be exercised when increasing
ambient pressure for the laboratory at the time of the test. Many aneroid the heating temperature to avoid unnecessary loss of volatile vapors, or
barometers, such as those used at weather stations and airports, are heating the sample too close to the flash point.
precorrected to give sea level readings and would not give the correct
8.7 Samples containing dissolved or free water may be
reading for this test.
dehydrated with calcium chloride or by filtering through a
7. Reagents and Materials qualitative filter paper or a loose plug of dry absorbent cotton.
Warming the sample is permitted, but it shall not be heated for
7.1 Cleaning Solvents—Use suitable solvent capable of
prolonged periods or greater than a temperature of 18°C 32°F
cleaning out the specimen from the test cup and drying the test
below its expected flash point.
cup and cover. Some commonly used solvents are toluene and
acetone. (Warning—Toluene, acetone, and many solvents are NOTE 7—If the sample is suspected of containing volatile contaminants,
flammable and a health hazard. Dispose of solvents and waste the treatment described in 8.6 and 8.7 should be omitted.
material in accordance with local regulations.)
9. Preparation of Apparatus
8. Sampling 9.1 Support the manual or automated apparatus on a level
8.1 Obtain a sample in accordance with instructions given in steady surface, such as a table.
Practices D 4057, D 4177, or E 300. 9.2 Tests are to be performed in a draft-free room or
8.2 At least 75 mL of sample is required for each test. Refer compartment. Tests made in a laboratory hood or in any
to Practice D 4057. When obtaining a sample of residual fuel location where drafts occur are not reliable.
oil, the sample container shall be from 85 to 95 % full. For
other types of samples, the size of the container shall be chosen NOTE 8—A shield, of the approximate dimensions 460 mm (18 in.)
such that the container is not more than 85 % full or less than square and 610 mm (24 in.) high, or other suitable dimensions, and having
50 % full prior to any sample aliquot being taken. an open front is recommended to prevent drafts from disturbing the vapors
above the test cup.
8.3 Successive test specimens can be taken from the same
NOTE 9—With some samples whose vapors or products of pyrolysis are
sample container. Repeat tests have been shown to be within
objectionable, it is permissible to place the apparatus along with a draft
the precisions of the method when the second specimen is shield in a ventilation hood, the draft of which is adjustable so that vapors
taken with the sample container at least 50 % filled. The results can be withdrawn without causing air currents over the test cup during the
of flash point determinations can be affected if the sample ignition source application period.
volume is less than 50 % of sample container capacity.
8.4 Erroneously high flash points may be obtained if pre- 9.3 Prepare the manual apparatus or the automated appara-
cautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material. Do tus for operation in accordance with the manufacturer’s in-
not open containers unnecessarily, to prevent loss of volatile structions for calibrating, checking, and operating the equip-
material or possible introduction of moisture, or both. Avoid ment. (Warning—Gas pressure should not be allowed to
storage of samples at temperatures in excess of 35°C or 95°F. exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.)
Samples for storage shall be capped tightly with inner seals. Do 9.4 Thoroughly clean and dry all parts of the test cup and its
not make a transfer unless the sample temperature is at least the accessories before starting the test, to ensure the removal of
equivalent of 18°C or 32°F below the expected flash point. any solvent which had been used to clean the apparatus. Use
8.5 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers, since suitable solvent capable of removing all of the specimen from
volatile material may diffuse through the walls of the enclo- the test cup and drying the test cup and cover. Some commonly
sure. Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a source used solvents are toluene and acetone. (Warning—Toluene,
of valid results. acetone, and many solvents are flammable. Health hazard.
8.6 Samples of very viscous materials shall be heated in Dispose of solvents and waste material in accordance with
their containers, with lid/cap slightly loosened to avoid buildup local regulations.)

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D 93 – 07
10. Verification of Apparatus when the ignition source is first applied.) (Warning—The
10.1 Adjust the automated flash point detection system operator should exercise and take appropriate safety precau-
(when used) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc- tions during the performance of these test methods. The
tions. temperatures attained during these test methods, up to 370°C
10.2 Verify that the temperature measuring device is in (698°F), are considered hazardous.)
accordance with 6.3. 11.1.3 Apply the heat at such a rate that the temperature, as
10.3 Verify the performance of the manual apparatus or the indicated by the temperature measuring device, increases 5 to
automated apparatus at least once per year by determining the 6°C (9 to 11°F)/min.
flash point of a certified reference material (CRM) such as 11.1.4 Turn the stirring device at 90 to 120 rpm, stirring in
those listed in Annex A4, which is reasonably close to the a downward direction. (Warning—Meticulous attention to all
expected temperature range of the samples to be tested. The details relating to the ignition source, size of test flame or
material shall be tested according to Procedure A of these test intensity of the electric ignitor, rate of temperature increase,
methods and the observed flash point obtained in 11.1.8 or and rate of dipping the ignition source into the vapor of the test
11.2.2 shall be corrected for barometric pressure (see Section specimen is desirable for good results.)
13). The flash point obtained shall be within the limits stated in 11.1.5 Application of Ignition Source:
Table A4.1 for the identified CRM or within the limits 11.1.5.1 If the test specimen is expected to have a flash point
calculated for an unlisted CRM (see Annex A4). of 110°C or 230°F or below, apply the ignition source when the
10.4 Once the performance of the apparatus has been temperature of the test specimen is 23 6 5°C or 41 6 9°F
verified, the flash point of secondary working standards below the expected flash point and each time thereafter at a
(SWSs) can be determined along with their control limits. temperature reading that is a multiple of 1°C or 2°F. Discon-
These secondary materials can then be utilized for more tinue the stirring of the test specimen and apply the ignition
frequent performance checks (see Annex A4). source by operating the mechanism on the test cover which
10.5 When the flash point obtained is not within the limits controls the shutter so that the ignition source is lowered into
stated in 10.3 or 10.4, check the condition and operation of the the vapor space of the test cup in 0.5 s, left in its lowered
apparatus to ensure conformity with the details listed in Annex position for 1 s, and quickly raised to its upward position.
A1, especially with regard to tightness of the lid (A1.1.2.2), the
11.1.5.2 If the test specimen is expected to have a flash point
action of the shutter, the position of the ignition source
above 110°C or 230°F, apply the ignition source in the manner
(A1.1.2.3), and the angle and position of the temperature
described in 11.1.5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C or
measuring device (A1.1.2.4). After any adjustment, repeat the
5°F, beginning at a temperature of 23 6 5°C or 41 6 9°F
test in 10.3 using a fresh test specimen, with special attention
below the expected flash point.
to the procedural details prescribed in these test methods.
11.1.6 When testing materials to determine if volatile ma-
PROCEDURE A terial contamination is present, it is not necessary to adhere to
the temperature limits for initial ignition source application as
11. Procedure stated in 11.1.5.
11.1 Manual Apparatus: 11.1.7 When testing materials where the expected flash
11.1.1 Ensure that the sample container is filled to the point temperature is not known, bring the material to be tested
volume capacity requirement specified in 8.2. Fill the test cup and the tester to a temperature of 15 6 5°C or 60 6 10°F.
with the test specimen to the filling mark inside of the test cup. When the material is known to be very viscous at this
The temperature of the test cup and test specimen shall be at temperature, heat the specimen to a starting temperature as
least 18°C or 32°F below the expected flash point. If too much described in 8.6. Apply the ignition source, in the manner
test specimen has been added to the test cup, remove the excess described in 11.1.5.1, beginning at least 5°C or 10°F higher
using a syringe or similar device for withdrawal of fluid. Place than the starting temperature.
the test cover on the test cup and place the assembly into the
apparatus. Be sure the locating or locking device is properly NOTE 10—Flash Point results determined in an “unknown expected
engaged. If the temperature measuring device is not already in flash point mode” should be considered approximate. This value can be
place, insert the device into its holder. used as the expected flash point when a fresh specimen is tested in the
standard mode of operation.
11.1.2 Light the test flame, and adjust it to a diameter of 3.2
to 4.8 mm (0.126 to 0.189 in.), or switch on the electric igniter 11.1.8 Record as the observed flash point the reading on the
and adjust the intensity in accordance with the manufacturer’s temperature measuring device at the time ignition source
instructions. (Warning—Gas pressure should not be allowed application causes a distinct flash in the interior of the test cup.
to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.) (Warning— The sample is deemed to have flashed when a large flame
Exercise care when using a gas test flame. If it should be appears and instantaneously propagates itself over the entire
extinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test cup, and the surface of the test specimen. (Warning—For certain mixtures
gas for the test flame that then enters the vapor space can containing halogenated hydrocarbons, such as, methylene chlo-
influence the result.) (Warning—The operator should exercise ride or trichloroethylene, no distinct flash, as defined, is
and take appropriate safety precautions during the initial observed. Instead a significant enlargement of the test flame
application of the ignition source, since test specimens con- (not halo effect) and change in color of the test flame from blue
taining low-flash material can give an abnormally strong flash to yellowish-orange occurs. Continued heating and testing of

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D 93 – 07
these samples above ambient temperature can result in signifi- 12.1.2 Light the test flame and adjust it to a diameter of 3.2
cant burning of vapors outside the test cup, and can be a to 4.8 mm (0.126 to 0.189 in.), or switch on the electric igniter
potential fire hazard. See Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 for and adjust the intensity in accordance with the manufacturer’s
more information.) instructions. (Warning—Gas pressure should not be allowed
11.1.9 When the ignition source is a test flame, the appli- to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.) (Warning—
cation of the test flame may cause a blue halo or an enlarged Exercise care when using a gas test flame. If it should be
flame prior to the actual flash point. This is not a flash and shall extinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test cup and the
be ignored. gas for the test flame that then enters the vapor space can
11.1.10 When a flash point is detected on the first applica- influence the result.) (Warning—The operator should exercise
tion, the test shall be discontinued, the result discarded, and the and take appropriate safety precautions during the initial
test repeated with a fresh test specimen. The first application of application of the ignition source, since test specimens con-
the ignition source with the fresh test specimen shall be 23 6 taining low-flash material may give an abnormally strong flash
5°C or 41 6 9°F below the temperature at which a flash point when the ignition source is first applied.) (Warning—The
was detected on the first application. operator should exercise and take appropriate safety precau-
11.1.11 When a flash point is detected at a temperature tions during the performance of these test methods. The
which is greater than 28°C or 50°F above the temperature of temperatures attained during these test methods, up to 370°C
the first application of the ignition source, or when a flash point (698°F), are considered hazardous.)
is detected at a temperature which is less than 18°C or 32°F 12.1.3 Turn the stirring device at 250 6 10 rpm, stirring in
above the temperature of the first application of the ignition a downward direction.
source, the result shall be considered approximate, and the test 12.1.4 Apply the heat at such a rate that the temperature as
repeated with a fresh test specimen. Adjust the expected flash indicated by the temperature measuring device increases 1 to
point for this next test to the temperature of the approximate 1.6°C (2 to 3°F)/min.
result. The first application of the ignition source with the fresh 12.1.5 Proceed as prescribed in Section 11, with the excep-
test specimen shall be 23 6 5°C or 416 9°F below the tion of the preceding requirements for rates of stirring and
temperature at which the approximate result was found. heating.
11.1.12 When the apparatus has cooled down to a safe 12.2 Automated Apparatus:
handling temperature, less than 55°C (130°F), remove the test 12.2.1 The automated apparatus shall be capable of per-
cover and the test cup and clean the apparatus as recommended forming the procedure as described in 12.1, including control
by the manufacturer. of the heating rate, stirring of the test specimen, application of
NOTE 11—Exercise care when cleaning and positioning the lid assem-
the ignition source, detection of the flash point, and recording
bly so not to damage or dislocate the flash detection system or temperature the flash point.
measuring device. See the manufacturer’s instructions for proper care and 12.2.2 Start the automated apparatus in accordance with the
maintenance. manufacturer’s instructions. The apparatus shall follow the
procedural details in accordance with 12.1.3 through 12.1.5.
11.2 Automated Apparatus:
11.2.1 The automated apparatus shall be capable of per- PRECISION, CALCULATION, AND REPORT FOR
forming the procedure as described in 11.1, including control PROCEDURES A AND B
of the heating rate, stirring of the test specimen, application of
the ignition source, detection of the flash point, and recording 13. Calculation
the flash point. 13.1 Observe and record the ambient barometric pressure
11.2.2 Start the automated apparatus in accordance with the (see Note 4) at the time of the test. When the pressure differs
manufacturer’s instructions. The apparatus shall follow the from 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg), correct the flash point as
procedural details described in 11.1.3 through 11.1.8. follows:
Corrected flash point 5 C 1 0.25 ~101.3 – K! (1)
PROCEDURE B
Corrected flash point 5 F 1 0.06 ~760 – P! (2)
12. Procedure Corrected flash point 5 C 1 0.033 ~760 – P! (3)
12.1 Manual Apparatus: where:
12.1.1 Ensure that the sample container is filled to the C = observed flash point, °C,
volume capacity requirement specified in 8.2. Fill the test cup F = observed flash point, °F,
with the test specimen to the filling mark inside of the test cup. P = ambient barometric pressure, mm Hg, and
The temperature of the test cup and test specimen shall be at K = ambient barometric pressure, kPa.
least 18°C or 32°F below the expected flash point. If too much 13.2 After correction for barometric pressure, round the
test specimen has been added to the test cup, remove the excess temperature to the nearest 0.5°C (1°F) and record.
using a syringe or similar device for withdrawal of fluid. Place
the test cover on the test cup and place the assembly into the 14. Report
apparatus. Be sure the locating or locking device is properly 14.1 Report the corrected flash point as the ASTM D 93–IP
engaged. If the temperature measuring device is not already in 34, Procedure A or Procedure B Pensky-Martens Closed Cup
place, insert the device into its holder. Flash Point of the test specimen.

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D 93 – 07
15. Precision and Bias (Procedure A) manual apparatus and 21 laboratories participated with the
15.1 Precision—The precision of this procedure as deter- automated equipment) and a 1994 IP cooperative test program
mined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test using 12 fuel samples and 4 pure chemicals. (Twenty-six
results, is as follows: laboratories participated with manual and automated equip-
15.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive ment. The apparatus used either a gas test flame or an electric
results, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus resistance (hot wire) device for the ignition source. Information
under constant operating conditions on identical test material, on the type of samples and their average flash point are in the
would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of research report.5
the test method, exceed the following values in 1 case in 20. 16. Precision and Bias (Procedure B)
r 5 AX, (4) 16.1 Precision—The precision of this procedure, as deter-
A 5 0.029, mined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test
X 5 mean result in °C, and results, is as follows:
r 5 repeatability.
16.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
15.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single under constant operating conditions on identical test materials
and independent results, obtained by different operators work- would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
ing in different laboratories on identical material, would in the the test method, exceed the following value in 1 case in 20:
long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test Residual fuel oil 2°C
method, exceed the following values only in 1 case in 20. Other types 5°C
R 5 BX, (5) 16.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
B 5 0.071, and independent results obtained by different operators work-
X 5 mean result in °C, and ing in different laboratories on identical material would, in the
R 5 reproducibility.
long run, exceed the following value only in 1 case in 20:
Residual fuel oil 6°C
15.1.3 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material Other types 10°C
suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these test NOTE 13—The precisions of these standards were derived from inter-
methods, bias has not been determined. laboratory studies conducted in the C–scale using C–scale measuring
15.1.4 Relative Bias—Statistical evaluation of the data did devices.
not detect any significant difference between the reproducibil-
16.1.3 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
ity variances of manual and automated Pensky-Martens flash
suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these test
point results for the samples studied. Evaluation of the data did
methods, bias has not been determined.
not detect any significant difference between averages of
16.1.4 The precision data for residual fuel oils were devel-
manual and automated Pensky-Martens flash point for the
oped in a 1996 cooperative test program conducted by the IP
samples studied with the exception of cycle oil and fuel oil
using 12 samples of residual fuel and 40 laboratories world-
which showed some bias. In any case of dispute, the manual
wide using both the manual and automated apparatus. Infor-
procedure shall be considered the referee test.
mation on the type of samples and their average flash point are
NOTE 12—The precision statements were derived on clear liquids only. in the research report.
Refer to the research report5 for information regarding relative bias and 16.1.5 The precision data for other sample types in Proce-
types of samples. Additional studies are in progress concerning relative dure B is not known to have been developed in accordance
bias.
with RR:D02–1007.
15.1.5 The precision data were developed from a combined
NOTE 14—Procedure B was not tested in the 1991 interlaboratory
1991 ASTM cooperative test program5 using 5 samples of fuel program.
and lubricating oils (Twelve laboratories participated with the
17. Keywords
5
Supporting data (the results of the 1991 interlaboratory cooperative test
17.1 automated flash point; automated Pensky-Martens
program) have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained closed cup; flammability; flash point; Pensky-Martens closed
by requesting Research Report RR: S15–1008. cup

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D 93 – 07
ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS

A1.1 A typical assembly of the apparatus, gas heated, is A1.1.1 Cup—The cup shall be of brass, or other nonrusting
shown in Fig. A1.1. The apparatus shall consist of a test cup, metal of equivalent heat conductivity, and shall conform to the
cover, and stove conforming to the following requirements: dimensional requirements in Fig. A1.2. The flange shall be

NOTE 1—Lid assembly can be positioned either right or left-handed.


FIG. A1.1 Pensky-Martens Closed Flash Tester

7
D 93 – 07

mm (in.)
min max (min) (max)
D 12.7 13.5 (0.50) (0.53)
E 4.8 5.6 (0.19) (0.22)
mm (in.) F 13.5 14.3 (0.53) (0.56)
min max (min) (max) G 23.8 24.6 (0.94) (0.97)
H 1.2 2.0 (0.05) (0.08)
A 79.0 79.8 (3.11) (3.14) I 7.9 ... (0.31) (...)
B 1.0 ... (0.04) (...) J 12.00 12.32 (0.472) (0.485)
C 2.8 3.6 (0.11) (0.14) K 16.38 17.00 (0.645) (0.669)
D 21.72 21.84 (0.855) (0.860) L 18.65 19.45 (0.734) (0.766)
E 45.47 45.72 (1.790) (1.800)
F 50.72 50.85 (1.997) (2.002) FIG. A1.3 Cover Proper
G 55.75 56.00 (2.195) (2.205)
H 3.8 4.0 (0.15) (0.16)
I 53.90 54.02 (2.122) (2.127)
J 2.29 2.54 (0.090) (0.100) openings A, B, and C in the cover are completely closed, and
FIG. A1.2 Test Cup
when in the other extreme position, these openings are com-
pletely opened. The mechanism operating the shutter should be
of the spring type and constructed so that when at rest the
equipped with devices for locating the position of the cup in the shutter shall exactly close the three openings. When operated
stove. A handle attached to the flange of the cup is a desirable to the other extreme, the three cover openings shall be exactly
accessory. The handle shall not be so heavy as to tip over the open and the tip of the exposure tube shall be fully depressed.
empty cup. A1.1.2.3 Flame-Ignition Device—The flame-ignition de-
A1.1.2 Cover: vice (Fig. A1.4) shall have a tip with an opening 0.69 to 0.79
A1.1.2.1 Cover Proper—The cover shown in Fig. A1.3 mm (0.027 to 0.031 in.) in diameter. This tip shall be made
shall be of brass (A1.1.1) and shall have a rim projecting preferably of stainless steel, although it may be fabricated of
downward almost to the flange of the cup. The rim shall fit the other suitable metals. The flame-exposure device shall be
outside of the cup with a clearance not exceeding 0.36 mm equipped with an operating mechanism which, when the
(0.014 in.) on the diameter. There shall be a locating or locking shutter is in the open position, depresses the tip so that the
device, or both, engaging with a corresponding device on the center of the orifice is between the planes of the under and
cup. The four openings in the cover, A, B, C, and D, are shown upper surfaces of the cover proper at a point on a radius passing
in Fig. A1.3. The upper edge of the cup shall be in close contact through the center of the larger opening A (Fig. A1.3). An
with the inner face of the cover throughout its circumference. electric ignitor is also suitable. The electric ignitors shall be of
A1.1.2.2 Shutter—The cover shall be equipped with a brass the electric resistance (hot-wire) type and shall position the
shutter (Fig. A1.1 and Fig. A1.4), approximately 2.4 mm (3⁄32 heated section of the ignitor in the aperture of the test cover in
in.) thick, operating on the plane of the upper surface of the the same manner as the gas flame device.
cover. The shutter shall be so shaped and mounted that it A1.1.2.4 Pilot Flame—A pilot flame shall be provided for
rotates on the axis of the horizontal center of the cover between automatic relighting of the exposure flame. A bead 4 mm (5⁄32
two stops, so placed, that when in one extreme position, the in.) in diameter can be mounted on the cover so that the size

8
D 93 – 07

mm (in.)
min max (min) (max)
A 18.3 19.8 (0.72) (0.78)
B 2.38 3.18 (0.094) (0.125)
C 7.6 8.4 (0.30) (0.33)
D 2.0 2.8 (0.08) (0.11)
E 0.69 0.79 (0.027) (0.031)
F 2.0 2.8 (0.08) (0.11)
G 6.4 10.4 (0.25) (0.41)
H 9.6 11.2 (0.38) (0.44)
IA 43.0 46.0 (1.69) (1.81)
J 50.0 51.6 (1.97) (2.03)
K ... 0.36 (...) (0.014)
L 1.22 2.06 (0.048) (0.08)
M 31.8 44.4 (1.25) (1.75)
N 7.6 8.4 (0.30) (0.33)
A
Includes tolerance for length of thermometer given in Specification E 1.
FIG. A1.4 Test Cup and Cover Assembly

9
D 93 – 07
of the test flame can be regulated by comparison. The tip of the ment (A1.1.2.9). In either case, the air bath must be suitable for
pilot flame shall have an opening the same size as the tip of the use at the temperatures to which it will be subjected without
flame exposure device (0.69 to 0.79 mm (0.027 to 0.031 in.) in deformation.
diameter). A1.1.2.8 Heater, Flame or Electric—If the heating element
A1.1.2.5 Stirring Device—The cover shall be equipped with is a flame or an electric heater, it shall be so designed and used
a stirring device (Fig. A1.4) mounted in the center of the cover that the temperatures of the bottom and the walls are approxi-
and carrying two 2-bladed metal propellers. In Fig. A1.4 lower mately the same. In order that the air bath internal surfaces
propeller is designated by the letters L, M, and N. This should be at a uniform temperature, it should not be less than
propeller shall measure approximately 38 mm from tip to tip, 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in.) in thickness unless the heating element is
with each of its two blades 8 mm in width with a pitch of 45°. designed to give equal heat flux densities over all the wall and
The upper propeller is designated by the letters A, C, and G. bottom surfaces.
This propeller measures approximately 19 mm, tip to tip, each A1.1.2.9 Heater, Electric Resistance—If the heater is of the
of its two blades is also 8 mm in width with a pitch of 45°. Both electric resistance type, it shall be constructed so that all parts
propellers are located on the stirrer shaft in such a manner that, of the interior surface are heated uniformly. The wall and
bottom of the air bath shall not be less than 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in.) in
when viewed from the bottom of the stirrer, the blades of one
thickness unless the resistance heating elements are distributed
propeller are at 0 and 180° while the blades of the other
over at least 80 % of the wall and all the bottom of the air bath.
propeller are at 90 and 270°. A stirrer shaft may be coupled to
A heater having such a distribution of the heating elements
the motor by a flexible shaft or a suitable arrangement of
positioned at least 4.0 mm (5⁄32 in.) away from the internal
pulleys.
surface of the heating unit can be used in conjunction with a
A1.1.2.6 Stove—Heat shall be supplied to the cup by means minimum thickness of 1.58 mm (1⁄16 in.) for the wall and
of a properly designed stove which is equivalent to an air bath. bottom of the air bath.
The stove shall consist of an air bath and a top plate on which A1.1.2.10 Top Plate—The top plate shall be of metal, and
the flange of the cup rests. shall be mounted with an air gap between it and the air bath. It
A1.1.2.7 Air Bath—The air bath shall have a cylindrical may be attached to the air bath by means of three screws and
interior and shall conform to the dimensional requirements in spacing bushings. The bushings should be of proper thickness
Fig. A1.1. The air bath may be either a flame or electrically to define an air gap of 4.8 mm (3⁄16 in.), and they shall be not
heated metal casting (A1.1.2.8), or an electric-resistance ele- more than 9.5 mm (3⁄8 in.) in diameter.

A2. MANUFACTURING STANDARDIZATION OF THERMOMETER AND FERRULE

A2.1 The low-range thermometer, which conforms also to not affect test results, are a source of unnecessary trouble to
the specification for the cup thermometer in the tag closed manufacturers and suppliers of instruments, as well as to users.
tester (Test Method D 56) and which frequently is fitted with a
metal ferrule intended to fit the collar on the cover of the tag A2.2 Dimensional requirements are shown in Fig. A2.1.
flash tester, can be supplemented by an adapter (Fig. A2.1) to Conformity to these requirements is not mandatory, but is
be used in the larger diameter collar of the Pensky-Martens desirable to users as well as suppliers of Pensky-Martens
apparatus. Differences in dimensions of these collars, which do testers.

10
D 93 – 07

mm (in.)
min max (min) (max)
A 6.20 6.50 (0.244) (0.256)
B 17.0 18.0 (0.67) (0.71)
C 9.80 9.85 (0.386) (0.388)
D 11.92 12.24 (0.469) (0.482)
E 1.40 1.65 (0.055) (0.065)
F 8.56 8.61 (0.337) (0.339)
G 12.4 13.0 (0.49) (0.57)
H 8.56 8.61 (0.337) (0.339)
I 8.1 8.6 (0.32) (0.34)
J 9.9 10.7 (0.39) (0.42)
K 8.64 8.69 (0.340) (0.342)
L 5.1 5.6 (0.20) (0.22)
M 17.0 17.5 (0.67) (0.69)
N 27.4 28.2 (1.08) (1.11)
O 7.11 7.16 (0.280) (0.282)
P 9.73 9.78 (0.383) (0.385)

FIG. A2.1 Dimensions for Thermometer Adapter, Ferrule, and Packing Ring

A3. THERMOMETER SPECIFICATIONS

A3.1 See Fig. A3.1 and Tables A3.1-A3.4.

11
D 93 – 07

FIG. A3.1 Test Gage for Checking Enlargements on Thermometers

TABLE A3.1 IP Thermometer Specifications

NOTE—The stem shall be made with an enlargement having a diameter of 1.5 to 2.0 mm greater than the stem and a length of 3 to 5 mm, the bottom
of the enlargement being 64 to 66 mm from the bottom of the bulb. These dimensions shall be measured with the test gage shown in Fig. A3.1.
IP 15C IP 16C IP 101C
Name
Pensky-Martens Low Pensky-Martens High Pensky-Martens Medium
Range −5 to + 110°C 90 to 370°C 20 to 150°C
Graduation 0.5°C 2°C 1°C
Immersion, mm 57 57 57
Overall length 65 mm 290 280 6 10 290
Stem diameter, mm 6.0 to 7.0 6.0 to 7.0 6.0 to 7.0
Bulb shape cylindrical cylindrical cylindrical
Bulb length, mm 9 to 13 7 to 10 9 to 13
Bulb diameter, mm not less than 5.5 and not less than 4.5 and not less than 5.5 and
not greater than not greater than not greater than
stem stem stem
Length of graduated portion, 140 to 175 143 to 180 140 to 175
mm
Distance bottom of bulb to, 0°C 90°C 20°C
mm 85 to 95 80 to 90 85 to 95
Longer lines at each 1 and 5°C 10 and 20°C 5°C
Figured at each 5°C 20°C 5°C
Expansion chamber required required required
Top finish ring ring ring
Scale error not to exceed 6 0.5°C 1 to 260°C 1°C
2°C above 260°C
See notes 1 and Table A3.2 for 1 and Table A3.2 for 1 and Table A3.2 for
emergent stem emergent stem emergent stem
temperatures temperatures temperatures

12
TABLE A3.2 Specifications for ASTM Thermometers
All dimensions are in millimetres.
See Table A3.3 for Standardization Temperature.

Expan-
sion Ice Point Contraction
Graduations Bulb Scale Location Stem Enlargement
Cham- Scale Chamber
ber
ASTM
For Im- Scale Special Total Bot- Bot- Bot-
Number Stem Dis-
Range Test mer- Error, Inscrip- Length tom tom tom Dis- Dis-
and Long Num- OD tance
at sion max tion Permit 65 of of of tance tance
Name Sub- Lines ber Dis- to
Heat- Length OD Bulb Distance Bulb Range Bulb to OD Length to
divisions at at tance Bot-
ing to to to to Top, Bot-
Each Each tom,
Line Line Ice max tom
min
at at Point
B C D E F G H I J K L M
9C-62 –5 to 57 0.5°C 1°C 5°C 0.5°C ASTM 160°C 287 6.0 9.0 not 0°C 85 100°C 221 7.5 2.5 64
greater
than
Pensky- +110°C 9C or to to stem to to to to to
9F

13
A
Martens 57 mm 7.0 13 98 237 8.5 5.0 66
Low- IMM 32°F 212°F
Range
Tag (20 to 1°F 5°F 10°F 1°F 320°F
D 93 – 07

Closed
Tester 230°F)
9F-62

B C
10C-62 90 to 57 2°C 10°C 20°C ASTM 287 6.0 8.0 4.5 110°C 86 360°C 227 7.5 2.5 64
Pensky- 370°C 10C or to to to to to to to to
Martens, 10F 7.0 10.0 6.0 99 245 8.5 5.0A 66
D
High- (200 to 5°F 25°F 50°F 57 mm 230°F 680°F
Range
10F-62 700°F) IMM

A
The length of the enlargement, and the distance from the bottom of the enlargement to the bottom of the bulb shall be measured with the test gage shown in Fig. A3.1.
B
Scale error: 1°C up to 260°C; 2°C over 260°C.
C
An expansion chamber is provided for relief of gas pressure to avoid distortion of the bulb at higher temperatures. It is not for the purpose of joining mercury separations; and under no circumstances should the
thermometer be heated above the highest temperature reading.
D
Scale error: 2.5°F up to 500°F; 3.5°F over 500°F.
D 93 – 07
TABLE A3.3 Standardization Temperatures
NOTE—The emergent column temperatures are those attained when using the thermometers in the test equipment for which the thermometers were
originally designed. In some cases these temperatures are markedly different from those realized during standardization.
Average Average Average Average
Tempera- Tempera- Tempera- Tempera-
Tempera- Tempera- Tempera- Tempera-
ture of ture of ture of ture of
ture ture ture ture
Emergent Emergent Emergent Emergent
Column Column Column Column
Thermometer 9C Thermometer 9F Thermometer 10C Thermometer 10F
(−5 to + 100°C) (20 to 230°F) (90 to 370°C) (200 to 700°F)
0°C 19°C 32°F 66°F 100°C 61°C 212°F 141°F
35°C 28°C 100°F 86°F 200°C 71°C 390°F 159°F
70°C 40°C 160°F 106°F 300°C 87°C 570°F 180°F
105°C 50°C 220°F 123°F 370°C 104°C 700°F 220°F
IP 15C (−7 to 110°C) IP 15F (20 to 230°F) IP 16C (90 to 370°C) IP 16F (20 to 700°F)
0°C 19°C 32°F 66°F 100°C 61°C 200°F 140°F
20°C 20°C 70°F 70°F 150°C 65°C 300°F 149°F
40°C 31°C 100°F 86°F 200°C 71°C 400°F 160°F
70°C 40°C 150°F 104°F 250°C 78°C 500°F 175°F
100°C 48°C 212°F 118°F 300°C 87°C 600°F 195°F
350°C 99°C 700°F 220°F

TABLE A3.4 Specifications for Medium-Range Pensky-Martens


ASTM No. 88F (88C) Vegetable Oil Flash Thermometer
Name Medium-Range Pensky-Martens
Reference Fig. No. 5
Range 10–200°C 50–392°F
For test at
A Immersion, mm 57
Graduations:
Subdivisions 0.5°C 1°F
Long lines at each 1°C and 5°C 5°F
Numbers at each 5°C 10°F
Scale error, max 0.5°C 1°F
Special inscription ASTM
88F (88C)
57 mm IMM
Expansion chamber:
Permit heating to 205°C 400°F
B Total length, mm 285 to 295
C Stem OD, mm 6.0 to 7.0
D Bulb length, mm 8.0 to 12.0
E Bulb OD, mm >4.5 and <stemA
Scale location:
Bottom of bulb to line at 20°C 68°F
F Distance, mm 80 to 90
G Length of graduated portion, mm 145 to 180
Ice-point scale:
Range
H Bottom of bulb to ice-point, mm
Contraction chamber:
I Distance to bottom, min, mm
J Distance to top, max, mm
Stem enlargement:
K OD, mm 7.5 to 8.5
L Length, mm 2.5 to 5.0A
M Distance to bottom, mm 64 to 66
A
Bulb OD shall be greater than 4.5 mm and less than the outside diameter of the stem (C).

14
D 93 – 07

A4. VERIFICATION OF APPARATUS PERFORMANCE

A4.1 Certified Reference Material (CRM)—CRM is a will provide certificates stating the method-specific flash point
stable, pure (99 + mole % purity) hydrocarbon or other stable for each material of the current production batch. Calculation
petroleum product with a method-specific flash point estab- of the limits for these other CRMs can be determined from the
lished by a method-specific interlaboratory study following reproducibility value of these test methods, reduced by inter-
ASTM RR:D02-1007 guidelines or ISO Guide 34 and 35. laboratory effect and then multiplied by 0.7. See Research
A4.1.1 Values of the flash point corrected for barometric Report RR:S15-1008.5
pressure for some reference materials and their typical limits NOTE A4.1—Materials, purities, flash point values, and limits stated in
are given in Table A4.16 (see Note A4.1). Suppliers of CRMs Table A4.1 were developed in an ASTM interlaboratory program to
determine suitability of use for verification fluids in flash point test
methods. Other materials, purities, flash point values, and limits can be
TABLE A4.1 D 93 Typical Flash Point Values and Typical Limits suitable when produced according to the practices of ASTM RR:D02-
for CRM 1007 or ISO Guides 34 and 35. Certificates of performance of such
materials should be consulted before use, as the flashpoint value will vary
NOTE—Supporting data for the interlaboratory study to generate the dependent on the composition of each CRM batch.
flash point in Table A4.1 can be found in research report RR:S15-1010.6
Hydrocarbon Purity, mole % Flash Point,°C Limits, °C
A4.2 Secondary Working Standard (SWS)—SWS is a
stable, pure (99 + mole % purity) hydrocarbon, or other petro-
n–decane 99 + 52.8 62.3
n–undecane 99 + 68.7 63.0 leum product whose composition is known to remain appre-
n–tetradecane 99 + 109.3 64.8 ciably stable.
n–hexadecane 99 + 133.9 65.9
A4.2.1 Establish the mean flash point and the statistical
control limits (3s) for the SWS using standard statistical
techniques. (See ASTM MNL 7).7

6 7
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis, ASTM MNL, 6th
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: S15–1010. ed., ASTM International, W. Conshohocken, 1990.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. FLASH POINT MASKING PHENOMENON

X1.1 A condition during flash point testing can occur with test flame from blue to yellow-orange laminar flame is ob-
certain mixtures whereby the nonflammable component of the served.
sample tends to inert the vapor space above the liquid, thus
preventing a flash. Under this condition, the flash point of the X1.4 Under this condition, continued heating and testing
material is masked resulting in the reporting of incorrect high for flash point at temperatures above ambient temperature,
flash point or no flash point. have resulted in significant burning of the ignitable vapor
outside the test cup, often above the test flame. This can be a
X1.2 This flash point masking phenomenon most fre- potential fire hazard if not recognized.
quently occurs with ignitable liquids that contain certain
halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane (methyl- X1.5 It is recommended that if this condition is encoun-
ene chloride) and trichloroethylene. tered during the flash point testing of these type of materials,
testing should be discontinued.
X1.3 Under this condition, no distinct flash as defined in
3.1.3 of these test methods is observed. Instead a significant X1.6 Further commentaries regarding flash point test and
enlargement of the test flame and a change in the color of the flammability of mixtures can be found in Test Method E 502.

15
D 93 – 07

X2. FLASH POINT TEST AND FLAMMABILITY OF MIXTURES

X2.1 While the flash point can be used to indicate the components, there are cases where this liquid can evolve
flammability of liquid materials for certain end uses, flash point flammable vapors under certain conditions and yet will not
does not represent the minimum temperature at which a exhibit a close-cup flash point. This phenomenon is noted
material can evolve flammable vapors. when a nonflammable component is sufficiently volatile and
present in sufficient quantity to inert the vapor space of the
X2.2 There are instances with pure materials where the closed cup, thus preventing a flash. In addition, there are
absence of a flash point does not ensure freedom from certain instances where an appreciable quantity of the nonflam-
flammability. Included in this category are materials that mable component will be present in the vapor, and the material
require large diameters for flash propagation, such as trichlo- will exhibit no flash point.
roethylene. This material will not propagate a flame in appa-
ratus the size of a flash point tester, however, its vapors are X2.4 Liquids containing a highly volatile nonflammable
flammable and will burn when ignited in apparatus of adequate component or impurity, which exhibit no flash point because of
size. the influence of the nonflammable material, may form flam-
mable mixtures if totally flash vaporized in air in the proper
X2.3 When a liquid contains flammable and nonflammable proportions.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D 93–06) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1, 2007.)

(1) Revised the Introduction. (4) Deleted 3.1.3.1 and 3.1.3.2 (discussions).
(2) Revised 3.1.1. (5) Revised 4.1.
(3) Revised 3.1.2.

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D 93–02a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Nov. 1, 2006.)

(1) Added 6.5. (3) Added Note 13.


(2) Added Note 2. (4) Revised 16.1, 16.1.1, and 16.1.2.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
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(www.astm.org).

16

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