Assignment no 2

Submitted to:
Muhammad Usman Nasir
Submitted by:
Areej Ashraf
Registration NO:
004
Subject:
Introduction to Computer
Class:
FSN (A) Batch 2
Dated:
31-03-2019
Dial up
A dial up connection is connection that is connected by a phone line and that phone line is
further connected with a modem and after that is instructed to dial a number, so that the user
can access to the internet. It is slowest form of internet. The problem in using this connection is
the noise coming from phone. As dial up is a very slow connection it is not possible to watch
videos and play games.

Many people are still interested in using this connection because there are still some under
developed areas and the internet service is not so good there so they have to use this
connection to solve their problems.
Dedicated line

Dedicated lines are communication cables as compared to the telephone network and internet
it is a different connection. It is a communication network between two resources. As the
systems are improved dedicated lines have take place internet and other networks. Some
private institutes and news agencies use private lines such as dedicated lines to interview
people.

ISDN lines
ISDN stands for integrated services digital network .it is used for digital telephone networks and
sending of data and voice by a digital line. These are basically telephone lines and exchange by
the government. Before the establishment of ISDN it was impossible for a common line to
provide fast connection and transportation by a single line.

It was basically designed for digital telephone system and was already in place. After a very long
time ISDN is standardized. ISDN is a high speed internet service.

Types of ISDN
ISDN is of two types:
  Basic rate ISDN line
 Primary rate ISDN line

Basic rate ISDN line

It is also known as basic rate basic rate interface. It has two data or bearer channels which
operate 64 Kbit/sec. Two or more than ISDN (BRI) lines can be combined to have speed of 256
Kbit/sec. there are many advantages of combining these lines i.e. better video conferencing and
transmission of data with higher speed.

Primary rate ISDN line

It is also called primary rate interface. It has 23 bearer channels and total speed 1544 Kbit/sec.
it is most commonly used for communication on telephone not data transmission. Mostly it is
used in companies for exchange of large data.

DSL
DSL is a connection which has high speed. DSL also uses the wires similar to telephone lines.
When we connect a device or a computer to the internet by a modem by a LAN (local area
network). This connection is made by a cable modem or by digital subscriber line.

Advantages of DSL
 The internet connection and phone line both can be used simultaneously.
 DSL have very high speed compared to other modems.
 It does not require new wirer and can use wires of phone line.
Disadvantages of DSL
 Signals can cause problem in the connection, if we are near to the main provider office
signal strength will be good but if no then signal strength will be poor.
 This is faster for receiving data but not for sending data.
 The service of DSL in not available easily everywhere.

FTTP
FTTH is “fiber to the home” and it is also called as “fiber to the premises” FTTP. FTTP provides
the direct connection from central point to individual residence such as to the building or to the
apartment of individual or the home of user.

FTTH increase the speed of connection for the user as compared to the other technologies used
in most places. FTTH provide connection speed of up to 100 megabits/sec (mbps). It is 20 to 100
times fast as compared to a common cable modem.

The implementation of FTTH on large scale costs more because there will be a need of more
cables and other accessories. Some communities prefer FTTC service which uses the installation
and use of optical fiber to curbs which are near to home and business places.
T-carrier lines
T-carrier lines have high speed and are dedicated digital lines that can be taken from telephone
companies. This creates a connection which is always open and always available between you
and the other person whom with you want to connect when you establish a connection. These
support voice and data transmission and sometimes they are also used to create point to point
network which is a private network.

Types of T-carrier lines

They have four types

 T1 T1 lines
 T2 T2 lines
 T3 T3 lines
 T4 T4 lines

T1 T1 lines
They offer transmission speed of 1.544 Mbps. They create point to point dedicated digital paths
for communication. T1 lines are used for connecting LANs.

T2 T2 lines
They are mostly leased lines which offer transmission speed of 6.312 Mbps and use 96 64 Kbps
B channels.

T3 T3 lines
They offer transmission speed of 44.736 Mbps by using 672 64 Kbps B channels.

T4 T4 lines
They offer very impressive transmission speed of 274.176 Mbps, using 4,032 64 Kbps B
channels.
ATM
It is Asynchronous Transfer Mode; it is a network technology which is based on transfer of data
in cell or in packets which are of fixed size. The older technologies have large units but ATM
uses small units of cell. These small units allow ATM equipment to transfer video, audio and the
computer data over the same network.

Some think that ATM holds the answers of the internet bandwidth problems but doubt in
others. It creates fixed channel or a rout between two points whenever data is transferred. It is
different from TCP/IP in which messages are divided into packet and every packet can use a
different route. This difference makes it easy to find and then bill data usage across an ATM
network.

ATM service has four different categories

 Constant bit rate: It specifies a bit rate which is fixed so that the data can be sent
continuously. This is very similar to leased line.
 Variable bit rate: It provides a specific capacity but data is no sent evenly. It is best for
video and voice conferencing data.
 Available bit rate: When the network is free it allows data to burst higher capacity but
do not offer much capacity usually.
 Unspecified bit rate: It does not guarantee a throughput level. It is used for such
applications that can tolerate delays, such as file transfer.