HT - Lab - Manual - 2016 - 2017 PDF

HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY MANUAL
MAHATMA GANDHI MISSION’S
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

AURANGABAD. (M.S.)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
HEAT TRNASFER LABORATORY

MANUAL
Prepared by :- Mr. P.P.Khairnar
MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 1

MAHATMA GANDHI MISSION’S
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

AURANGABAD. (M.S.)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
HEAT TRNASFER LABORATORY

MANUAL
Prepared By Approved By
Mr. P.P.Khairnar Dr.M.S.Kadam
(Head of Department)

Mission and vision of the Department
VISION OF MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
To establish the state of the art learning center in Mechanical Engineering which will impart
global competence, enterprising skills, professional attitude and human values in the student.
MISSION OF MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
1. To impart quality technical education to the students.

2. To develop comprehensive competence in the students through various modes of
learning.
3. To enable students for higher studies and competitive examinations.
4. To facilitate students and industry professionals for continuous improvement and
innovation.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:
[1] Use core competence acquired in various areas of Mechanical Engineering to solve
techno-managerial issues for creating innovative products that lead to better livelihoods &
economy of resources.
[2] To establish themselves as effective collaborators and innovators to address technical,

managerial and social challenges.
[3]To equip students for their professional development through lifelong learning and career
advancement along with organizational growth.
[4] Serve as a driving force for proactive change in industry, society and nation.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
Student should have
1) An ability to work professionally in mechanical systems including design, analysis,

production, measurement and quality control.
2) An ability to work on diverse disciplinary tasks including manufacturing, materials,

thermal, automobile, robotics, mechatronics, engineering software tools, automation
and computational fluid dynamics.

’HEAT TRANSFER’ EXPERIMENTS

SUBJECT: - Heat Transfer
CLASS: - Third Year Mechanical Engineering
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Page No.
Sr.No Name of Experiment
From To
I Determination of thermal conductivity of insulating powder 05 10
II Determination of thermal conductivity of given metal rod 11 15
III Determination of thermal conductivity of composite slab 16 26
Determination of heat transfer coefficient in natural
IV 27 32
convection
V Determination of critical heat flux 33 41
Study of performance of parallel and counter flow heat
VI 42 48
exchanger
VII Determination of emissivity of given surfaces 49 53
VIII Determination of Stefan Bolzmann constant 54 66
Determination of heat transfer coefficient in forced
IX 67 75
convection
X To determine the heat transfer coefficient for natural & forced 76 78

convection from pin-fin.
XI To determine the following for a shell & tube heat exchanger 79 85
XII To study film wise and drop wise condensation and to 86 94

determine the overall heat transfer coefficient
Time Allotted for each Practical Session = 02 Hrs.

EXPERIMENT NO: I
AIM: To determine thermal conductivity of an insulating powder.
APPARATUS: Standard equipment for the determination of thermal conductivity of

insulating powder.
The apparatus consists of two thin walled concentric copper spheres. The inner sphere houses
the heating coil. The insulating powder (Asbestos powder – lagging material) is packed
between the two shells. The power supply to the heating coil is by using a knob and is
measured by an indicator displaying power in watt.
RTD thermocouples are used to measure the temperatures. Thermocouples 1 to 4 are
embedded on inner sphere and 5 to 10 are embedded on the outer shell. Temperature readings
in turn enable to find out the thermal conductivity of the insulating powder packed between
the two shells.
SPECIFICATIONS:-
Sr No. Name Specifications Qty.
1 Material of inner & Outer sphere COPPER 01
2 Radius of the inner sphere (ri) 50 mm 01
3 Radius of the outer sphere (ro) 100 mm 01
4 Thermocouples RTD Type 10
5 Insulating Powder Asbestos Magnesia 01

200 watts Sandwiched
6 Heater coil Strip heating element 01
Between mica sheets
NOTE:
RTD Thermocouples 1 to 4 embedded on inner sphere to measure Ti.
RTD Thermocouples 5 to 10 on outer sphere to measure. Insulating Powder
– Asbestos Magnesia Commercially available powder and packed between
two spheres.

THEORY: It is advised that students should write the theory on the subject in their own
words under the guidance of the teacher.
Consider the transfer of heat by conduction through the wall of a hollow sphere formed by
the insulating powdered layer packed between two thin copper spheres.
Let
ri = Radius of inner sphere in meter.
ro = Radius of the outer sphere in meter.
Ti = Average temperature of the inner sphere in °c
To = Average temperature of the outer sphere in °c
Where,
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
Ti = ------------------------------
T5 + T6 + T7+ T8+ T9+ T10
and To = ------------------------------------------
Note that T₁ to T₁₀ denote the temperatures of thermocouples 1 to 10 from the

experimental values of q, Ti and To the known thermal conductivity K can be
determined as
Q x (ro – ri)
K = --------------------------------------------
4 x p x ri x ro x (Ti – To)

PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the power knob to zero position by turning the knobs in anticlockwise
direction.
2. Give supply to Control Unit through the stabilizer unit.
3. Switch on the Control Unit.
4. Check the display it will be lighted up. If not then change the fuse from 1 back side of
control unit.
5. Check for leakage of current in apparatus body.
6. If the leakage of current is detected then switch off the supply and check the electrical
connections and earthing system.
7. Press start button from front side of control panel.

8. With the help of up key see the heater power and all 10 temperatures on control unit
display.
9. Now give supply to heater by rotating the knob H1.
10. After getting the proper steady state, all the observations are recorded.
11. The same procedure is repeated for going to higher temperature by giving more
power.
12. Note down the readings in the observation table as given below.
OBSERVATION:-
1. Radius of inner sphere (ri) = 50 mm
2. Radius of outer sphere (ro) = 100 mm
3. Q=Heat supplied by Heater (Watt)

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
READING SET-1 SET-2 SET-3
Q = Heat supplied by Heater (Watt)
SR.NO THERMOCOUPAL READING IN OC
Temp. for inner sphere in ⁰C
1 T1
2 T2
3 T3
4 T4
Temp. for outer sphere in ⁰C
5 T5
6 T6
7 T7
8 T8
9 T9
10 T10
CALCULATION:-
1. Q =The Rate of heat supplied in Watt.
2. Tmi = Mean temperature of inner surface in 0C
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
Tmi = ------------------------------
4

3. Tmo = Mean temperature of outer surface in 0C
T5 + T6 + T7+ T8+ T9+ T10

Tmo = ------------------------------------------
6
4. K =thermal conductivity of an insulating powder in W / m K
Q (ro – ri )
K = ---------------------------------------
4 x x ri x ro x (Ti – To)
RESULT: The thermal conductivity of the given insulating powder is =…………

w/mK.
CONCLUSION:
Also expected in this Journal:

1. Concept: Fourier‟s Law of heat conduction
2. Derivation: Fourier‟s Law of heat conduction as applied to a sphere
3. Graph (s): None
4. Diagrams:
a. Set-up
b. Schematic of Temperature Gradient

EXPERIMENT NO: II
AIM: To determine the thermal conductivity of metal rod.
APPARATUS: Standard equipment for the determination of thermal conductivity metal

rod.
The apparatus consists of a metal bar one end of which is heated by n electric heater
while the other projects inside a cooling water jacket. The middle portion of the bar is
insulated with asbestos filled in a cylindrical shell concentric to the rod. The temperature of
the bar is measured at 9 different sections, while radial temperature distribution is measured
with 4 separate thermocouples. Two thermocouples are also provided at the inlet & exit of
the cooling water jacket.
THEORY:
It is advised that students should write the theory on the subject in their own words under the
guidance of the teacher.
INTRODUCTION:
Thermal Conductivity is the physical property of the material denoting the ease with the
particular substance can accomplish the transmission of thermal energy by molecular motion.
Thermal Conductivity of a material is found to depend on the chemical composition
of the substance of which it is composed. The phase (i.e. gas, liquid, solid) in which it exists.
Its crystalline structure if a solid, the temperature and pressure to which it is subjected, and
whether or not it is a homogeneous material.
Table 1. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOME MATERIALS.
Thermal Conductivity State

Kcal/hr- oc
Solid(Metals)
Pure Copper 330 20oC
Brass 95 20oC
Steel 46 20oC
Stainless Steel 14 20oC

MECHANISM OF THERMAL ENERGY CONDUCTION IN METALS
Thermal energy may be conducted in solids by two modes:
• Lattice Vibrations and

• Transport by free electrons.
In good electrical conductors a rather large no. of free electrons moves about in the lattice
structure of the material. Just as these electrons may transport electric charge, they may also
carry thermal energy from a high temperature region to a low temperature region. In fact,
these electrons are frequently referred as the electron gas. Energy may also be transmitted as
vibrational energy in the lattice structure of the material. In general, however this latter mode
of energy transfer is not as large as the electron transport and it is for this reason that good
electrical conductors are almost always good heat conductors viz. Copper, Aluminum and
Silver.
With increase in the temperature, however the increased lattice vibrations come in the way of
transport by free electrons & for most of the pure metals the thermal conductivity decreases
with increase in the temperature.
PROCEDURE:
 Keep the dimmer-stat at minimum voltage position. Switch ON the electric

supply.
 Adjust the dimmer-stat to supply a voltage of 80 to 120 volts to the heating
coil. Maintain this constant throughout the experiment.
 Start the cooling water supply and adjust it to about 350 cc.
 Wait for steady state to be attained.
 Note down the readings in the observation table as given below.
 Note the mass flow rate of water in kg/s.
OBSERVATIONS:
Length of the metal rod= 425 mm.
Test length of the metal rod= 200 mm
Diameter of the metal rod= Inner diameter of insulation=25 mm.
Outer diameter of the insulation = 55 mm.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.No 1 2 3 4
Voltage (v)
Current (A)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
Mass flow
rate of
water (kg/s)
Plot the temperature gradient with the length of the rod.
CALCULATIONS:

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A METAL ROD APPARATUS

RESULT: The thermal conductivity of the given metal rod is as shown in the following
table
Sr. No. Local Temperature Thermal conductivity.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
CONCLUSION:

• Concept: Fourier’s Law of heat conduction
• Derivation: Fourier’s Law of heat conduction as applied to a one-

dimensional axial flow through a rod
• Formulas used:
• Graph (s): Temperature Gradient
• Diagrams:
Set-up
Thermocouple positions

EXPERIMENT NO: III

AIM: To determine the thermal resistance &thermal conductivity of composite slab.
APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of a central heater sandwiched between two sheets. Three types
of slabs are provided on both sides of heater, which forms a composite structure. A small
hand press frame is provided to ensure the perfect contact between the slabs. A heater control
knob is provided for varying the input to the heater and measurement of input to the heater.
Thermocouples are embedded between interfaces of the slabs, to read the temperature at the
surface. The experiments can be conducted at various values of input and calculation can be
more accordingly.
COMPOSITE WALL APPARATUS PHOTO:-
SPECIFICATIONS
01 Slabs
1 Mild Steel 0.3 mtr dia x 0.01 mtr thcickness. 01
2 Backlite 0.3 mtr dia x 0.011 mtr thickness 01
3 Press Wood 0.3 mtr dia x 0.0095 mtr thickness. 01
02 Heater Nichrome heater wound on mice former
and insulator with control unit capacity 01
300 watt maximum.
03 RTD Yog Electrical Solution. 08

THEORY:
 Heat transfer is transmission of energy from one region to another as a result of
Temperature difference or gradient.
 Since differences in temperature exist all over the universe, the phenomena of
heat flow are as universal as gravitational acceleration.
 Mechanical engineers deal with the problem of heat transfer in the design of
A.C engines, refrigeration and air-conditioning plants, steam generation
systems and many others.
 The electrical engineers require the knowledge of heat transfer for designing
the Cooling systems of motors, generators and transformers.
 The knowledge of heat transfer is essential to the civil engineers in the
construction of dams, tunnels and civil structures.
 The heat transfer is equally important to the chemical engineers in freezing,
Condensation, evaporation and boiling point.
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER:-

 Modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation. In all heat transfer
modes, a temperature difference must exist to cause heat flow and heat always flows
in the direction of lower temperature.
 Heat conduction due to the property of matter which causes heat energy to flow
through the matter even if the body is impermeable to any kind of radiation and its
parts are not in motion relative to one another (in the macroscopic sense).
 Heat convection is due to the property of moving matter (naturally or under force) to
carry heat energy from higher temperature region to lower temperature region as
internal energy (transporting load from one place to another).
 Heat radiation is due to the property of matter to emit and absorb different kinds of
electro-magnetic radiations. The radiation heat transfer between two bodies takes
place without any carrying medium as required in conduction and convection.
 It is not the purpose of this chapter to introduce the students with the behavior of the
molecules under each mode of energy transfer but to introduce the laws and ways to
find net transfer of heat energy by each mode or by combined modes.

STEADY AND UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER:-

 Steady state heat transfer through a body and between the bodies implies that the
temperature of the body varies with the position but not with time. The temperature
at each point of the body remains constant in course of time. The statement can be
represented as,
dT/dt =0 , dT/dx = 0
Where T is temperature and t is time. The heat flow rate (kJ/m2-hr) through the body
or from the body remains constant steady state condition.
 In unsteady state heat transfer process, the temperature of the body varies with time
and not with position. This can be stated (dT/dt) = 0. The heat flow rate through the
body or from the body varies with time and location.
The present chapter will deal mostly with steady state heat transfer process.
FOURIER LAW OF CONDUCTION AND THERMAL

CONDUCTIVITY:-
Fourier‟s law of conduction is represented by the equation
Where,
Q = heat flow through a body per unit time.
A = surface area of heat flow (perpendicular to the direction of flow)
dT = temperature difference of the faces of block of thickness dx through which

heat flows.
dx = thickness of body along the direction of heat flow.
The above law can be represented by the equality as.

Where k = constant of proportionality and known as thermal conductivity of a body.
• The negative sign of k in the equation is to take care of the decreasing temperature
along the direction of increasing thickness or the direction of heat flow.
• The temperature gradient is always negative along positive x direction and therefore
the value of Q must be positive.
Units of k are given by
 The thermal conductivity of the material is defined as the amount of energy conducted
through a body of unit area and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in
temperature between the faces causing heat flow is 1°C.
 Thermal conduction of different bodies is different. The conductivity of the body

depends mainly upon its molecular structure, the specific gravity, moisture content,
temperature and many other factors also affect the thermal conductivity.
 Metals are good conductors of heat whereas insula tors are poor conductors of heat.
CONDUCTION OF HEAT THROUGH A SLAB:-

Heat flow through a small elemental thickness dx of a slab (Fig. 1)under steady state
condition is given by Equation. This equation is known as Fourier law of conduction.

Integrating the above equation between the limits of x= 0 to L and T = T1 to T2 as

temperature changes from T1 to T2 through a thickness of slab L,
Fig. 1 Heat flow through a slab Where L/kA is known as thermal resistance of the slab
HEAT TRANSFER - (COMPOSITE WALL):-
a) A hot fluid is separated from a cold fluid by three different solid slabs
Hot fluid at temperature T1 is separated by three layers of solid L1, L2, L3 from a cold
fluid at temperature To as shown in Fig. 2. The steady state heat flow through the system
is given by
Where k1, k2 and k3 are the conductivities of the solid layers 1, 2 and 3 and hi and ho are the
inside and outside convective heat transfer coefficient.

 The above equations can be written as given below:
Fig. 2 Heat transfer through composite wall

Adding both sides of the above equations
If there are n layers of solids, then the above equation can be written as

PROCEDURE:-
1. Keep the power knob to zero position by turning the knobs in anticlockwise direction.
control unit.
6. If the leakage of current is detected then switch off the supply and check the
electrical connections and earthing system.

8. With the help of up key see the heater power and all 8 temperatures on control unit
display.
10. After getting the proper steady state, all the observations are recorded. 11. The same
procedure is repeated for going to higher temperature by giving more power.
PRECAUTION:-
 Keep knob to zero before start.
 Increase the heater power slowly.
 Keep all the assembly undisturbed.
 Remove air gap between plates by moving hand-press gently.
While removing the plates do not disturb the thermocouples. Operate control panel gently
OBSERVATION:-
COMPOSITE SLABS: 1] Slab thickness : 0.0305 m
A] Mild steel = 0.010 m.
B] Bakelite = 0.011 m.
C] Press wood = 0.0095 m.
2] Slab effective diameter = 0.150 m.

Thermal Conductivity of Slabs :
Mild Steel : 36 to 54 W/m.0C.

Backlite : 0.23 W/m.0C.
Press Wood : 0.13 W/m.0C
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
READING SET - 1 SET - 2 SET - 3

Q=Heat supplied by Heater (Watt)
SR. THERMOCOUPLE READING IN OC
1 T1
2 T2
3 T3
4 T4
5 T5
6 T6
7 T7
8 T8
CALCULATION:-
For calculating the thermal conductivity of composite walls, it is assumed that due to
large diameter of the plates, heat flowing through central portion is flowing at top and bottom
stack of the slab i.e. axial flow. Thus for calculations, central half dia. area, where uni-
directional flow is assumed, is considered. Accordingly thermo-couples are fixed at close to
center of the plates. Also, heat flow rate is to be taken half as same heat is flowing through
top and bottom slab. Here we are considering only one side of slab.
1) Q =The Rate of heat supplied in Watt.
2) A = Area of Plates in m2
A= / 4 d2
Where, d = half diameter of plates in meter.

3) Mean reading of temperatures in 0C
[T1 + T2] [T3 + T4]

TA = ------------------ TB = ------------------
2 2
[T5 + T6] [T7 + T8]

TC = ----------------- TD = -----------------------
2 2
4) R total = Total thermal resistance of composite slab
b
R total = ----------
KxA
5) Kcomp. = Thermal conductivity of composite slab in W / m.0 C
Qxb
K comp. = ---------------- W / m .0 C.
A (TA - TD )
Where, b = Total thickness of composite slab in meter.
Q = Heat flow in W .
A = Area of slab . m2
7) Effective K = 1/K1 + 1/K2 + 1/k3

RESULT:
The total thermal resistance of the composite slab is = K/w.
The thermal conductivity of the composite slab is = w/mK.
CONCLUSION:

 Concept: Fourier’s Law of heat conduction
 Derivation: Fourier’s Law of heat conduction as applied to a

composite slab with axial heat flow only
 Formulas used:
 Graph (s): Temperature gradient
 Diagram
a. Setup

EXPERIMENT NO: IV
AIM: To determine the average surface heat transfer coefficient in natural convection and
compare it with the value obtained by using appropriate correlation.
APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of a brass tube fitted in a rectangular duct in a vertical fashion.
The duct is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the purpose of
undisturbed surrounding. One side of the duct is made up of a transparent material for
visualization. An electric heating element is kept in the vertical tube, which in turn heats the
tube surface. The heat is lost from the tube to the surrounding air by natural convection. The
temperature of the vertical tube is measured by seven thermocouples. The heat input to the
heater is measured by an ammeter and a voltmeter and is varied by a dimmer-stat. The tube
surface is polished to minimize the radiation losses.
THEORY:
Convection is the heat transfer that occurs as a result of the movement of a fluid, and
hence it is not possible in case of solids. It is well known that a hot metal plate will cool faster
when placed in front of a fan than when exposed to still air. We say that heat is convected
away and we call the process convective heat transfer. Heat will transfer by conduction
through the walls of the fluid container. From the container walls, the heat will transfer by
conduction and radiation into the fluid, causing convection currents to be set up in the fluid.
Consider a heated plate. The temperature of the plate is Tp and the temperature of the fluid in
which it is immersed is Tf. The velocity of flow increases from the wall of the plate to the
surface of the fluid. At the wall, the velocity is zero. Therefore heat transfer here is only by
conduction. The change of temperature over the length (temperature gradient) is dependent on
the rate at which the fluid carries the heat away. This process is described by the Newton's
law of cooling.
q= h.As (Tp-Tf)
The heat transfer rate is related to the overall temperature difference between the wall
and the fluid and the surface area As. The quantity h is called the heat transfer coefficient and

it can be calculated for simple systems, but has to be experimentally determined for complex
systems. It includes the effects of conduction, radiation and convection at the considered
surface. For instance the convective heat transfer coefficient for free convection with water
flowing on a hot vertical plate 1 ft high with a temperature difference of 30°C between the
water and the plate is 4.5 W/m2.0C. The following figure shows the heat transfer from the
surface of a plate. Factors affecting the heat transfer co-efficient are:
i. Shape and inclination of the surface over which convection takes place.
ii. Injection of new fluid Roughness of the surface
iii. Whether the flow is in an open or closed space
iv. Mode of convection (free/forced)
v. Speed of flow and Reynolds‟s number (laminar/turbulent flow)
vi. Presence of Electric and magnetic fields.
Heat transfer using movement of fluids is called convection. In natural convection, the
flow is induced by the differences between fluid densities which result due to temperature
changes.
The heat transfer rate for convection is given by the following equation:
q= h.As (Tsurface-T∞)
h is the convection coefficient, As is the surface area and Tsurface and T∞ are the surface and
ambient temperatures, respectively.
Density of fluid changes with temperature. In general, fluids expand as the temperature rises,
and thus the density decreases (density is the mass per unit volume). Warm fluids therefore
are more buoyant than cooler fluids. A hot object will heat the surrounding fluid, which rises
due to buoyancy force. The warm fluid is then replaced by cool fluid. Similarly cool objects
will draw heat away from the surrounding fluid which then falls due to increased density. The
cool fluid is then replaced by warm fluid initiating convection currents.
For a hot horizontal plate surrounded by air, convection currents form when the air
above the plate starts to rise. The air below the plate, however, cannot rise because the plate is
blocking the flow. The heated fluid under the plate will eventually escape through the sides of
the plate; however, the convective flow below the plate is very small compared to the flow on

top. In general, natural convection is more pronounced (has a higher h) on the topside of a hot
plate or the bottom side of a cold plate.
The convection coefficient is a measure of how effective a fluid is at carrying heat to

and away from the surface. It is dependent on factors such as the fluid density, velocity, and
viscosity. Generally, fluids with higher velocity and/or higher density have greater h. The
convection coefficient for natural convection in gas is generally between 1 w/m 2K and 20
w/m2K; typical values for liquids fall between 100 w/m2K and 1000 w/m2K.
Correlations for Heat Transfer Coefficients:
Each flow geometry requires different correlations be used to obtain heat transfer coefficients.
Initially, we will look at correlations for fluids flowing in conduits. Most correlations will
take the "Nusselt form":
Nu = aReb Prc (correction factors)
The correlations that follow are limited to conduit flow without phase change. Unless
otherwise specified, fluid properties should be evaluated at the "bulk average" temperature --
the arithmetic mean of the inlet and outlet temperatures:
Choosing a Correlation
When choosing a correlation, begin by asking:
What is the geometry? (Flow through a pipe, around an object, over a plane, etc.)
Is there a phase change?
If the flow is laminar, is natural convection important? (The Grash of number will be used for
this.)
Laminar flow and free convection:
Heat usually causes the density of a fluid to change. Less dense fluid tends to rise,
while the more dense fluid falls. The result is circulation -- "natural" or "free" convection.

This movement raises h values in slow moving fluids near surfaces, but is rarely significant in
turbulent flow. Thus, it is necessary to check and compensate for free convection only in
laminar flow problems.
The Grashof Number is used to assess the impact of natural convection
The fluid properties used to calculate the Grash of number should be evaluated at the
film temperature, the arithmetic mean between the bulk and wall temperatures. This will
require determining an additional set of property values.
The Grashof Number provides a measure of the significance of natural convection. When the
Grashof Number is greater than 1000, heat transfer coefficients should be corrected to reflect
the increase due to free circulation. Multiplicative correction factors are available to apply to
the Nusselt Number or the heat transfer coefficient (do NOT use both).
Nu = Nulam (0.87(1 + 015 GrI/3))
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the electric supply and adjust the dimmer-stat to obtain the required heat
input (say 40w, 60w, 70w).
2. Wait for steady state to be attained.
3. Note down the reading in the observation table as given below. 4. Repeat the
experiment at different heat inputs. (Do not exceed 80 watts).
OBSERVATIONS:
O.D. of cylinder, d= 38 mm
Length of cylinder, l= 500 mm

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.No 1 2 3 4
Voltage (v)
Current (A)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
CALCULATIONS:
a) Actual heat transfer coefficient:
Rate of heat transfer, Q = V I watts
Average temperature of surface, Ts = (T1+ T2+ T3+ T4+ T5+ T6+ T7)/7
Ambient temperature in the duct, Ta = T8
Area of heat transfer,
As = πdI
Q= hactual As (Ts-Ta)
Hence, hactual= Q / [As (Ts-Ta)]
b) Theoretical heat transfer coefficient:

Theoretical is calculated using the appropriate correlation between Nu, Gr and Pr from heat
and mass transfer data book.
Nu = c (Gr Pr)"

RESULT:
The actual value of heat transfer coefficient was found to be…………… w/m2K and
The theoretical value of heat transfer coefficient was found to be………. w/m2K
CONCLUSION:

Diagrams:
 Set-up
 Schematic of thermal boundary layer with velocity gradient

EXPERIMENT NO: V
AIM: To study the pool boiling phenomenon upto critical heat flux point
APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of cylindrical glass container housing and the test heater
(Nichrome wire). Test heater is connected also to mains via a dimmer. An ammeter is
connected in series while a voltmeter across it to read the current and voltage. The glass
container is kept on a stand, which is fixed on a metallic platform. There is provision of
illuminating the test heater wire with the help of a lamp projecting light from back and the
heater wire can be viewed through a lens.
This experimental set up is designed to study the pool-boiling phenomenon up to

critical heat flux point. The pool boiling over the heater wire can be visualized in the different
regions up to the critical heat flux point at which the wire melts. The heat flux from the wire
is slowly increased by gradually increasing the applied voltage across the test wire and the
change over from natural convection to nucleate boiling can be seen.
The formation of bubbles and their growth in size and number can be visualized
followed by the vigorous bubble formation and their immediate carrying over to surface and
ending this in the braking of wire indicating the occurrence of critical heat flux point.

Dia. 186.5 mm. &
1. Glass container 01
Height 97mm
2. Nichrome wire size 0.120 mm 01
3. Dimmer stat 10 Amp, 230 volts. 01
4. Voltmeter 0 to 300 V 01
5. Ammeter 0 to 10 AMP 01
6. Thermometer 0 to 100 C 01

THEORY:-
The heat flux supplied to the surface is plotted against (Tw - Ts) the difference
between the temperature of the surface and the saturation temperature of the liquid. It is seen
that the boiling curve can be divided into three regions:
 Natural Convection Region

 Nucleate Boiling Region
 Film Boiling Region
The region of natural convection occurs at low temperature differences (of the order of
10 oC or less). Heat transfer from the heated surface to a liquid in its vicinity causes the liquid
to be superheated.
The superheated liquid rises to the free liquid surface by natural convection, where
Vapour is produced by evaporation. As the temperature difference (Tw – Ts) is increased,
nucleate boiling starts. In this region, it is observed that bubbles start to form at certain
locations on the heated surface.
Region II consists of two parts. In the first part, II – a, the bubbles formed are very few
in number. They condense in the liquid and do not reach the free surface. In the second part,
II – b, the rate of bu bbles formation and the number of locations where they are formed
increase. Some of the bubbles now rise all the way to the free surface. With increasing
temperature difference, a stage is finally reached when the rate of formation of bubbles is so
high, that they start to coalesce and blanket the surface with a vapour film. This is the
beginning of the region III viz film boiling.
In the first part of this region III-a, the vapour film is unstable, so that the film
boiling may be occurring on a portion of the heated surface area, while nucleate boiling
may be occurring on the remaining area. In the second part, III-b, a stable film covers the
entire surface. The temperature difference in this region is of the order of 1000 C and
consequently radiative heat transfer across the vapour film is also significant.
It will be observed that the heat flux does not increase in a regular manner with the
temperature difference. In region I, the heat flux is proportional to (Tw – Ts) ⁿ, where „n‟ is
slightly greater than unity. When th e transition from natural convection to nucleate boiling
occurs the heat flux starts to increase.

more rapidly with temperature difference, the value of n increasing to about 3.at the end of
region II, the boiling curve reaches a peak. Beyond this, in the region II-A, in spite of
increasing temperature difference, the heat flow increases with the formation of a vapour
film. The heat flux passes through a minimum at the end of region III-a. it starts to increase
again with (Tw – Ts) only when stable film boiling begins and radiation becomes
increasingly important.
It is of interest to note how the temperature of the heating surface changes as the heat
flux is steadily increased from zero. Up to point A, natural convection boiling and nucleate
boiling occur and the temperature of the heating surface is obtained by reading off the value
of (Tw – Ts) from the boiling curve and adding to it the value of Ts. If the heat flux is
increased even a little beyond the value of A, the temperature of the surface will shoot up to
the value corresponding to the point C. it is apparent from figure 1 that the surface
temperature corresponding to point C is high.
For most surfaces, it is high enough to cause the material to melt. Thus in most
practical situations, it is undesirable to exceed the value of heat flux corresponding to point A.
This value is therefore of considerable engineering significance and is called the critical or
peak heat flux. The pool-boiling curve as described above is known as Nukiyam pool Boiling
Curve. The discussions so far has been concerned with the various type of boiling which
occur in saturated pool boiling. If the liquid is below the saturation temperature we say that
sub-cooled pool boiling is taking place. Also in many practical situations, e.g. steam
generators; one is interested in boiling in a liquid flowing through tubes. This is called forced
convection boiling, may also be saturated or sub-cooled and of the nucleate or film type.
Thus in order to completely specify boiling occurring in any process, one must state
Whether it is forced convection boiling or pool boiling,
Whether the liquid is saturated or sub cooled, and
Whether it is in the natural convection nucleate or film boiling region.

PROCEDURE
1. Fill the tank with water.
2. Fix the Nichrome wire to two studs. Check no loose connection is present.
3. Dip the Nichrome wire into the water and make the electrical connections
4. Check all the MCB are at OFF position and also the heater connection is removed from
Three pin provided at right side of control panel.
5. Now on only two MCB not the heater. And immersed thermometer at top of the glass
to measure water temperature.
6. Note the current reading in steps of 1 amp till a maximum current of 10 ampere.
7. Between each reading the time interval of two min is allowed for steady state to
establish.
8. Water temperature is noted with a thermometer at the beginning and at the end of the
experiment. The average of these two is taken as the bulk liquid average temperature.
OBSERVATIONS:
Length test heater= l= mm.
Diameter of the test wire= d= mm.
Surface area= A= _dl= mm2.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Sr.No Water/Bulk Temp Voltage Ampere

o
T in C (V) (I)
1
2
3
4
CALCULATION:-
Q = heater power in Watts
Q =VXI Watts

q = critical heat flux in w / m2
q = Q/A in w / m2




RESULT:
The thermal conductivity of the given metal rod is as shown in the following table.
Sr.No Water/Bulk Temp Critical Heat Flux

T in oC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CONCLUSION:
Also expected in this Journal

Concept: Boiling Phenomenon, pool boiling curve & its various regions
Formulas used:
Graph (s): Variation of critical flux with pool temperature
Diagrams:
A) Set-up
B) Pool Boiling Curves

EXPERIMENT NO: VI
AIM: To determine the following for parallel flow and counter flow double pipe heat
exchangers:
1. LMTD
2. Effectiveness
3. Overall heat transfer coefficients
APPARATUS:
It consists of a tube in tube type of heat exchanger. A heater is provided for heating
the water. The hot water flows through the inner tube and the cold water flows through the
annular space between the inner and outer tubes. A pipe and valve arrangement is provided
for reversing the direction of the cold water. Thermo wells are fitted at the inlets and outlets
of both hot and cold water. The temperatures of the hot and cold water at these points are
measured with mercury in glass thermometers. The volumetric flow rates of the hot and cold
water are measured using a measuring jar and a stopwatch.
THEORY:
A device used to transfer heat between fluids that are at different temperatures and
separated by a solid wall is termed a heat exchanger. Common uses for heat exchangers are
found in waste heat removal, air-conditioning, power production and chemical processing.
The general representation of a heat exchanger is as shown in the figure above.
Types
Heat exchangers are normally classified according to type of construction and flow
arrangement. Heat exchangers can have several different flow arrangements. One
arrangement is where the fluids both enter the heat exchanger from the same side and flow
parallel to each other until the exit point. This is called Parallel Flow heat exchanger. Another
common type is the Counter Flow in which the opposite happens. Here, one fluid enters the
heat exchanger at the exit point of the other fluid, and exits at that fluids entrance point. A
third type of heat exchanger is the Cross Flow heat exchanger, in which one fluid flows
perpendicular to the other. The main difference between the flow arrangements lies in the

temperature distribution along the length of the heat exchanger, and the relative amounts of
heat transfer under given temperature specifications for specified heat exchanger surfaces. A
counter flow heat exchanger requires a minimum area; a parallel flow heat exchanger requires
a maximum area while a cross-flow heat exchanger requires an area in between.
Parallel Flow
In a parallel flow heat exchanger, both the hot and cold fluid flow in the same
direction. They enter together at one end, flow through in the same direction and leave
together at the other end. The temperature difference between the two fluids decreases
asymptotically along the increasing length of the exchanger. The outlet temperature of the
cold fluid never exceeds that of the hot fluid.
The temperature profiles for parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers is shown in the
figures below: Here the subscripts '1' and '2' stand for inlet and outlet respectively and the
subscripts 'h' and' c' stand for hot and the cold fluids respectively.
Counter Flow
Counter flow heat exchangers are the opposite of parallel flow heat exchangers. In a counter
flow design, the entrance of the hot fluid of the heat exchanger is the exit of the cold fluid,
and at the other end of the exchanger, the hot fluid exit is the cold fluids entrance. In contrast
to the parallel flow, exchanger, this configuration provides for heat transfer between the hotter
portions of the two fluids at one end, as well as between the colder portions at the other. The
difference in temperature between the two fluids along the length of the exchanger is nowhere
near as larger as it is for the inlet of the parallel flow design. The outlet temperature of the
cold fluid may exceed the outlet temperature of the hot fluid.

1. The heat exchanger is insulated from its surroundings, in which case the only heat exchange
is between the hot and cold fluids.
2. Axial conduction along the tubes is negligible
3. Potential and kinetic energy changes are negligible.
4. The fluid specific heats are constant.
5. The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant
Common designs incorporate concentric tubes, also known as double-pipe arrangement. This
consists of one pipe placed concentrically inside another of larger diameter. This design can
have parallel or counter flow configurations. This is largely used for sensible heating or
cooling of process fluids where small heat transfer areas are required.
For a hollow cylinder exposed to a convection environment on its inner and outer surfaces,
the electrical resistance analogy would appear as in the following figure where, again TA and
TB are the two fluid temperatures. Note that the area for convection is not the same in both
fluids in this case, these areas depending on the inside tube diameter and the wall thickness.
In this case the overall heat transfer would be expressed by
In accordance with the thermal network shown in the figure, the terms Ai and Ao represent
the inside and cut side surface areas of the inner tube. The overall heat transfer coefficient
may be based on either the inside or the outside area of the tube. Accordingly

Fouling Factors
After a period of operation the heat transfer surfaces for a heat exchanger may become coated
with various deposits present in the flow systems, or the surfaces may become corroded as a
result of the interaction between the fluids and the material used for construction of the heat
exchanger. In either event, this coating represents an additional resistance to the heat flow,
and thus results in decreased performance. The overall effect is usually represented by a
fouling factor or fouling resistance Rf, which must be included with the other thermal
resistances making up the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
F-or a double pipe heat exchanger with a hot and a cold fluid flowing through it, we calculate
the heat transfer in the arrangement with a simple formula q= UA Tm
Where U= Overall heat transfer coefficient
A = surface area for heat transfer consistent with definition of U Tm = suitable mean
temperature difference across the heat exchanger
LMTD is determined by the following equation
Where the subscripts i and 0 stand for the inlet and outlet positions; and h and c stand for the
hot and cold fluid. The above equation is valid for parallel flow heat exchangers. For counter
flow heat exchangers, the inlet and outlet temperature values for the cold fluid get reversed in
the equation.
Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
One way of measuring a heat exchanger's performance is to calculate its effectiveness. The
heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer to the heat
transfer attainable in an infinitely long counter flow exchanger. So, by defining the
effectiveness in this way, we have a much simpler expression for our effectiveness:

If, for any given exchanger, the effectiveness is known we can write the heat transfer equation
as:
PROCEDURE:
1. With the help of the valves provided both the hot and cold water are made to the
flow in same direction (Parallel flow arrangement).
2. Adjust the flow rate of hot and cold water with the help of the valves
3. Measure the flow rate of the hot and cold water with the help of a measuring jar and a
stopwatch. Note the flow rates.
4. Switch ON the heater and wait for steady state to be attained.
5. Note the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold water.
6. Also note the voltage and current supplied to the heating element.
7. Repeat the experiment after reversing the direction of the hot water. (Counter flow
arrangement)
OBSERVATIONS:
Diameter of inner pipe, di = 8.1 mm
Diameter of outer pipe, do = 13.14 mm
Length of pipes, I = 2m
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Type of Cold Water Hot water
flow Flow rate Tci Tco Flow rate Thi Tho
(lit/s) (0C) (0C) (lit/s) (0C) (0C)
Parallel
flow
Counter
flow

CALCULATIONS:
RESULTS:
For parallel flow arrangement
1. LMTD= °C
2. U actual= W/m2K
i
3. U theoretical= W/m2 K
i
4. U actual= W/m2K
o
5. U theoretical= W/m2K
o
6. ε =
For Counter flow arrangement:
1 LMTD = o
C
2. U actual= W/m2K
i
i
4. U actual= W/m2K
o
o
6. ε =

CONCLUSION:

1) Diagrams:
Set-up
Different flow arrangements
Set-up ckt

EXPERIMENT NO: VII

AIM: To determine the value of emissivity for a gray body.
APPARATUS:
The experimental set up consists of two circular Aluminum plates identical in size and
is provided with heating coils sandwiched. The plates are mounted on brackets and are kept in
an enclosure so as to provide undisturbed natural convection surroundings. The heat input to
the heater is varied by separate knob and it‟s power is measured by using an indicator.
The temperatures of the plates are measured by RTD separate wires are connected to
points to get the average surface temperatures of the plates.
Another thermocouple is kept in the enclosure to read the ambient temperature of enclosure.
Plate 1 is blackened by a thick layer of the lamp black to form the idealized black
surface whereas plate 2 is the test plate whose emissivity is to be determined. The heater
inputs to the two plates are dissipated from the plates by conduction, convection and
radiation.
The experimental set up is designed in such a way that under steady state conditions the heat
dissipation by conduction and convection is same for both the plates when the surface
temperatures are same and the difference in the heater input readings is because of the
difference in the radiation characteristics due to their different emissivities. The schematic
arrangement of the set up is shown in the figure.
PHOTO OF EMMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS:-

SPECIFICATIONS:-
1. Fuse 2 amp 01
2. Thermocouple RTD Type; Yog Electrical Solution. 03
3. Black plate Aluminium material 150 mm diameter 01
4. Test plate Aluminium material 150 mm diameter 01
THEORY:-
Emissivity being a property of the surface depends on the nature of the surface and
temperature.
It is obvious from the Stefan Boltzmann‟s law that the prediction of emissive power of
the surface requires knowledge about the values of its emissivity and therefore much
experimental research in radiation has been concentrated on measuring the values of
emissivity as function of surface temperature.
The present experimental set up is designed and fabricated to measure the property of
emissivity of the test plate surface at various temperatures.
It is denoted by „ϵ‟
ϵ = ---------
Eb
Absorptivity of a black body is 1 and by the knowledge of Kirchoff‟s law,

emissivity of the black body becomes unity.

PROCEDURE
control unit.
8. With the help of up key see the all 2 heater powers and all 3 temperatures on control
unit display.
9. Gradually increase the input to the heater to black plate and adjust it to some value
viz.12, 15, 20 watts. Adjust the heater input to test plate slightly less than the black
plate 8, 10, 12 watts etc.
10. Check the temperatures of the two plates with small time intervals and adjust the input
of test plate only, by the dimmerstat so that the two plates will be maintained at the
same temperature.
11. This will require some trial and error and one has to wait sufficiently (more than one
hour or so) to obtain the steady state condition.
12. After attaining the steady state condition, record the temperatures, power readings for
both the plates.
13. The same procedure is repeated for various surface temperatures in increasing order.
OBSERVATION S:
d = Diameter of plates =
A = Area of plates = (p / 4) x d2 =
Eb = Emissivity of black plate =1
s = Stefan Boltzman constant. = 5.669 x10-8 w/m²/ K4

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Ambient
Black Plate Test Plate
Temperature
Sr.No Power Qb Power Qs
Tb Ts Ta
(P1) in (P2) in
T1 T2 T3
watt watt
2
3
CALCULATION:-
Qb = Heater input to black plate in Watt
Qb = P1 in Watt
· QS = Heater input to test plates in Watt
QS = P1 in Watt
· A = Area of plates in m 2
A= (π/4)x d2 = 0.0201m2
· E = Emissivity of test plate
Qb – Q S = (Eb – E) sA (TS4 – Ta4)
PRACAUTION:-
1. Use stabilized AC single-phase supply (preferably).

2. Always keep the knobs at zero position before start.
3. Gradually increase the heater inputs.
4. See that the black plate is having the layer of lamp black uniformly.

NOTE: - There is a possibility of getting absurd results if the supply voltage is

fluctuating or if the input voltage is not adjusted till the satisfactory steady state
condition is reached.
PROPERTY TABLE:-
MATERIAL TEMPERATURE EMISSIVITY
Polished copper
0.15, Increases with
Steel, Stainless Steel 20 c
temperature
METALS Nickel
Aluminum (Oxidized) 90 - 540 c 0.15 to 0.35
NON Brick, Wood, Marble,

20 - 100 c 0.80 to 1
METALS Water
RESULT: The emissivity of the test plate is…………………. .
CONCLUSION:

1) Concept: Radiation, Emissivity, Shape factor
2) Formulas used:
3) Graph (s): None
4) Diagrams:
a. Set-up

EXPERIMENT NO: VIII

AIM: To determine the value of Stefan-Boltzmann constant experimentally.
APPARATUS:
The apparatus is centered on a flanged copper hemisphere B fixed on non-conducting
plate A. The outer surface of B is enclosed in a metal water jacket used to heat B to some
suitable constant temperature. The hemispherical shape of B is chosen solely on the grounds
that it simplifies the task of draining the water between Test Piece & hemisphere. Four RTD
thermocouples are attached to various points on surface of Hemisphere to measure its mean
temperature.
The test piece, which is mounted in an insulating Bakelite sleeve S. is fitted in a hole,
drilled in the center of base plate „A‟. A RTD thermocouple is used to measure the
temperature of Test Piece (T5).
The thermocouple is mounted on the disc to study the rise of its temperature. When the
disc is inserted at the temperature T5 (T5 T) i.e. the temperature of the enclosure, the
response of the temperature change of the disc with time is used to calculate the Stefan
Boltzmann constant.
SPECIFICATIONS
1. Hemispherical enclosure diameter 200 mm 01
2. Base plate, Bakelite diameter 310 mm 01
3. Test disc diameter 20 mm 07
4. Mass of test disc 0.004 Kg 01
5. Specific heat of the copper test disc 0.41868 KJ / Kg°C
6. No of RTD on Hemisphere 04
7. No of RTD on Test piece 01

8. No of RTD control heater 01
9. Water heater capacity (2KW) 01
10. Hot water Bath 5.75 liters Capacity. 01
NOTE: Using lampblack to make their absorptivities to be approximately
unity blackens the inner surface of hemisphere. The test piece is also blackened.
THEORY
CONCEPT OF BLACK BODY
It is defined as ideal body, which observes all incident radiant energy without reflecting or
transmitting any energy. This applies for radiation of all wavelengths & for all angle of
incidence.
Thermal Radiation is the important mode of heat transfer observed in several engineering and
other applications. All bodies at temp above ⁰ K emit energy in the form of radiation.
Different theories are developed to study the Radiation Heat transfer like Maxwell theory
explains the radiation phenomenon as propagation of energy in the form of electromagnetic
wave, while Max Plank‟s hypothesis treats it as energy being carried through photons or
quanta‟s Whichever of these theories are used, it is convenient to classify all electromagnetic
radiant energy emission in terms of wavelength.
The most commonly used law of thermal radiation is the Stefan Boltzman law which states
that heat flux or emissive power of a black body is proportional to the forth power of absolute
temperature of the surface and is given by:
Eb = σ T4 W / m2
Where,
Eb = Emissive power (W / m2)
σ = Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.699x 10-8 W /m2 K4
T= Temperature of Black body (0 K)

The Stefan Boltzman law can be derived by integrating the Plank‟s law over the entire
spectrum of wavelengths from 0 to ∞, though historically it is worth noting that the Stefan
Boltzmann law was independently developed before Plank‟s law.
The radiation energy falling on Test Piece from the enclosure is given by:
E = AD T⁴σ ----------- (1)
Where,
AD = Area of the disc D in m²
T = Average temperature of the enclosure Recorded by the

Thermocouple K
The emissivity of the disc D is assumed to be unity (Black disc) the radiant energy,
emitted by disc D into enclosure will be
Et = AD T54 σ----------- (2)
The net heat input to disc D per unit time is given by (1) - (2)
E - Et = σ AD (T4- T54)--------- (3)
If the test piece has mass m and specific heat S then in a short time after test piece is
inserted in A,
m.s. (dT/dt) = σ AD (T4 -T54)
OR,
m.s. (dT/dt)T= 0
σ = -----------------------------
AD (T4 -T54)

In this equation, m.s. (dT/dt) t = 0 denotes the rate of rise of temperature of the test
piece at the instant when its temperature is T5 and will vary with T5. it is clearly best
measured at time t = 0 before heat conducted from A to test piece begins to have any
significant effect.
This is obtained from plot of temperature rise of test piece with respect to time and
obtaining its slope at t = 0 when temperature is T5. This will be the required value of dT/dt at
t=0. The thermocouple mounted on disc is to be used for this purpose.
Note that the test piece with its insulating sleeve S is placed quickly in position and
start the timer and record the temperature at fixed time intervals. The whole process is
completed in about 30 seconds of time.
Longer test piece is left in position; the greater is the probability of errors due to heat
conduction from A to test piece .the experiment is repeated for obtaining better results.
PROCEDURE
1. Check the ball valve fitted at bottom of water bath is at closed position.

2. Make tap water connection by using a flexible pipe up to the hot water bath till
it with water.
control unit.
8. Press START button from front side of control panel.

9. With the help of UP key see the all 6 temperatures on control unit display.
10. Now start the heater by following procedure.
a) After giving power supply and press START button we see the below screen.
b) Now press ENTER button.
c) Now press UP key to ON the heater.
d) Now press ENTER button.

11. The heater is started to heat the water.
12. Also we have to set the heater cut off for one time only. We are using one RTD (T6) as
thermostat. While temperature reached at set points it automatic cut off the heater power
supply. Foe setting see following process:-
a) While power on the control panel it shows.
b) Now press ENTER button.

c) Now press UP button till SYSTEM SETTING screen comes.
d) Now again press ENTER button and feed password 3000 with the help of UP button.
) After that press ENTER.

f) Set the OUTPUT SETTING with the help of UP & SHIFT key.
TEMP CHANNEL: 06 (for heater cut off) CUT OFF TEMP: 090.0 (for heater
cut off)
OFF TIME: 05 (in sec) g) Now press ENTER button.
h) Now press again ENTER button to exit.
i) Now we set all the parameters.
j) Now press START button.

13. The immersion heater up to a temperature of about 90°C heats the water in the tank.
14. The test piece is removed before pouring the hot water into the jacket from bottom end of the
enclosure.
15. When water crossed to 90°C (indicated as T6) then o pen the ball valve fitted at bottom of
water bath is at closed position.
16. The hot water is poured in the water jacket.
17. The hemispherical enclosure and will come to some uniform temperature T in a short time
after filling the hot water in the jacket the thermal inertia of hot water is quite adequate to
present significant cooling in the time required to conduct the experiment.
18. Note down all the 4 temperature readings after getting steady state. 19. The enclosure will
soon come to the thermal equilibrium conditions. 20. The test piece is now inserted in A at a
time when its temperature is saying T5 (to be sensed by a separate thermocouple).
21. No. Of reading (Say 10 No.) Can be taken at the interval of 5 Sec. For 5 seconds
notifications we see a star (*) mark indicating after every 5 seconds near to temperature
T5. Note down every time the star (*) come to temperature T5.

22. After getting all the readings drain all water by opening ball valve provided at right side of
enclosure.
OBSERVATION:-
Type of material = Copper
d = Diameter of Test Disc = 20 mm
t = Disc Thickness = 1.6 mm
W = Weight of Disc =0.004 kg
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Sr.no. Thermocouple No Temperature °c
1 T1
2 T2
3 T3
4 T4

Observation table for different temp. of test disc at every 5 sec
Time in sec 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Temp in 0c
CALCULATION
 Ta = Average temperature in 0C
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
Ta = -----------------------------
 T5 = Temperature of disc in 0C
T5 = at the instant when it is inserted in 0C
T5 = …….. 0C
dT / dt = Slope from graph of dT against dt.
 σ = Stefan boltzman constant in W / m2 0K4

σ = ………………………w/m2 o K
 Plot the graph Time interval and temperature (T5)
GRAPH:
dT / dt graph for slope

RESULT: The experimental value of Stefan-Boltzmann constant was found to be

……….w/m2K4
CONCLUSION:

1) Concept: Radiation, Stefan-Boltzmann constant
2) Formulas used:
3) Graph (s): Temperature against time with tangent drawn at time=0, slope
of the tangent shown
4) Diagrams:
a. Set-up

EXPERIMENT NO: IX
AIM: To determine the heat transfer coefficient in forced convection
INTRODUCTION:-
In many practical situations and equipment‟s, we invariably deal with flow of fluids in tubes
e.g. boiler, super heaters and condensers of a power plant, automobile radiators, water and air
heaters or coolers etc. the knowledge and evolution of forced convection heat transfer
coefficient for fluid flow in tubes is essentially a prerequisite for an optional design of all
thermal system
Convection is the transfer of heat within a fluid by mixing of one portion of fluid with the
other. Convection is possible only in a fluid medium and is directly linked with the transport
of medium itself.
In forced convection, fluid motion is principally produced by some superimposed velocity

field like a fan, blower or a pump, the energy transport is said due to forced convection.
APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of a blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is
surrounded by a Nichrome band heater. Four thermocouples are embedded on the test section
and two thermocouples are placed in the air stream at the entrance and exit of the test section
to measure the air temperature. Test pipe is connected to the delivery side of the blower along
with the orifice to measure flow of air through the pipe. Input to the heater is given through a
dimmer stat and measured by meters.
It is to be noted that only a part of the total heat supplied is utilized in heating the air.
A display indicator is provided to measure temperatures of pipe wall at various points in the
test section. Airflow is measured with the help of orifice meter and the water manometer
fitted on the board.

ASSEMBLY DIAGRAM OF FORCED CONVECTION APPARATUS:-
SPECIFICATIONS:-
1. Pipe diameter (Do) 33 mm. 01
2. Pipe diameter (Di) 28 mm 01
3. Length of test section (L) 570 mm. 07
4. Air Blower 1 35 No 01
5. Orifice Diameter (d) 14 mm 01
400mm with 100mm Equi- distant

6. Band Heater 4holes of 6mm ID-33mm, 400 01
watt,
7. Manometer U-tube, acrylic body, +/- 100mm, 01
8. Thermocouples RTD Type 06

PROCEDURE :-
control unit.

8. With the help of up key see the all 6 temperatures on control unit display.
10. Also start the blower by rotating knob H2. Set the desired blower speed.
11. After getting the proper steady state, all the observations are recorded. 12. The same
procedure is repeated for going to higher temperature by giving more power.

PRECAUTION:-
1. Keep the dimmer stat at zero position before switching ON the power supply.
2. Increase the Power gradually.
3. Do not stop the blower in between the testing period.
4. Do not disturb thermocouples while testing. Don‟t exceed 200 watts
5. Operate push buttons of control panel gently.
OBSERVATION:-
Outer diameter of the pipe (Do) = 33 mm
Inner diameter of the test pipe (D i) = 28 mm
Length of the test section (L) = 570 mm
Diameter of the orifice (d) = 14 mm
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Sr Heater Temperature in c Manometer
No Power reading of
(H1) T1oC T2oC T3oC T4oC T5oC T60C water
In watt h in meter

CALCULATION:-
Ao = Area of Cross Section Orifice in m2
π
Ao = -------------- x d2
4
· Q = Volume flow rate in m3 / sec
Q = Cd x Ao x √2 x g x h x (ρw / ρa)
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.68

Ao = area of cross section of orifice in m2
ρw = Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3
ρa = density of air at ambient temp. = 1.03 Kg/m3

h= manometer reading in meter
ma = mass flow rate of air in Kg / sec
ma = Q x ρa
Where,
ρa = Density of air at Ambt. temp. = 1.03 Kg/m3
· ∆T = Temperature rise in air in 0C or 0K
∆T = (T6 – T 1)
Qa = Heat carried away by Air in kJ / sec or Watts
Qa = ma x Cp x ∆T
Where,

Cp = specific heat of air= 1.005 KJ / oK Kg
Ta = Average Temperature of Air in 0C
(T1 + T6)
Ta = ----------------
2
Ts = Average Surface Temperature in 0C
T2 + T3+ T4 +T5
Ts = -----------------------
4
 As = Test Section Surface Area in m2
As = π x Di x L
Where,
Di = Inner diameter of the test pipe in meter
L = Length of the test section in meter
 h = Heat Transfer Coefficient in W / m2k
Q
h = -------------------
A (Ts – Ta)
 Ac = Cross Test Section Area in m2
π
Ac = ------- x Di2
4
 V = Mean Velocity of Flow through tube in m / sec
Q
V = -----------
Ac

 Re = Reynold’s Number
V Di
Re = ------------
Ʋ
Where,
Ʋ= Kinematic Viscosity at bulk mean Temp. i.e. (T1 + T6) in

m2 / s
 Pr = Prandtle Number
Pr = 0.7 at Avg. Temperature
 Nu = Nusselt Number
Nu = 0.023 x Re0.8 x Pr0.3
h = heat transfer coefficient calculated by using the correlations
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3 ………… For Re >10000
Nu = 0.036 Re0.8 Pr0.3 ………… For Re >2300
h x D Nu
= ------------
K
Where,
K = thermal conductivity of air at avg. temp. in …………..w / m k

RESULT: The heat transfer coefficient in forced convection was found to be

……….w/m2K
CONCLUSION:

a. Concept: Heat Transfer in forced convection, Important correlations
b. Formulas used:
c. Diagrams:
i. Set-up
ii. Location of the thermocouples

EXPERIMENT NO: X
AIM: To determine the heat transfer coefficient for natural & forced convection from pin-
fin.
APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of a pin-fin provided with an electric heater at one end. This assembly
is kept in a duct and provided with thermocouples along the length. A blower is fitted to this
duct to provide a constant supply of high velocity air. This blower is fitted in such a way that
its inlet is at the end of the duct. The heater coil is fitted with voltmeter and ammeter. An
orifice meter with a U-tube differential type manometer is fitted to the delivery pipe to
measure the velocity of the air.
THEORY:
In order to increase the rate of cooling or heating, the heat flow area is increased by
attachment of fins or solid materials to the wall of heat exchangers on that side which the
coefficient of heat transfer is small. These fins are widely used in engineering heat transfer
applications like transformer motors, IC engines, etc.. External surfaces in the form of rods
are known as pin fins or spines and one in the form of continuous plates are known as fins.
They may be located longitudinally or circumferentially. The cross sectional shape of
extended surface in a plane normal to the wall is known as the profile of spine or fin.
PROCEDURE:
1) Keep the dimmer-stat to the heater at minimum voltage position. Switch ON the electric
supply.
2) Adjust the dimmer-stat to supply a particular voltage to the heater. Maintain this constant
throughout the experiment.
3) Wait for steady state to be attained in natural convection mode.
4) Note down the readings in the observation table as given below for natural convection
mode.
5) Now turn the blower on.
6) Again, note down the readings in the observation table as given below for forced
convection mode.

OBSERVATIONS:
Density of manometric fluid= 1000 kg/m3.
Diameter of orifice= 15mm.
Diameter of pin= 12.7 mm.
Duct size= 10x15 cm2.
Coefficient of discharge= 0.64.
Diameter of delivery pipe= 28 mm.
Length of pipe= 40 cm.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Plot the temperature gradient with the length of the pin.

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:
Heat transfer coefficient by-
1. Natural convection:
a. Experimentally w/m2K.
b. Theoretically w/m2K.
2. Forced convection:
a. Experimentally w/m2K.
b. Theoretically w/m2K.
CONCLUSION:

a. Concept: Heat transfer through pin-fin
b. Derivation: Heat transfer through pin-fin (All 3 conditions)
c. Graph (s): Temperature gradient along the length of fin
d. Diagrams:
i. Set-up
ii. Location of thermocouples

EXPERIMENT NO: XI
AIM: To determine the following for a shell & tube heat exchangers:
I) LMTD
II) Effectiveness
III) Overall heat transfer coefficients
APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of a shell & tube type heat exchanger (two pass-tube side). The tube
side is supplied with hot water while the cold side with cold water. Thermocouples are
provided at the entry & exit of both the water circuits. There is
provision of a measuring flask & a stop-watch to measure flow rate on either side. The water
is heated with the help of two geysers. Water is continuously supplied to
both the circuits.
THEORY:
A device used to transfer heat between fluids that are at different temperatures and separated
by a solid wall is termed a heat exchanger. Common uses for heat exchangers are found in
waste heat removal, air-conditioning, power production and chemical processing. Heat
exchangers may be constructed in different fashions.
Common designs incorporate concentric tubes, also known as double-pipe arrangement. This
consists of one pipe placed concentrically inside another of larger diameter. This design can
have parallel or counter flow configurations. This is largely used for sensible heating or
cooling process fluids where small heat transfer rates are required. Other designs incorporate
a shell-in-tube construction.
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

They are built of round tubes mounted in large cylindrical shells with the tube axis parallel to
the shell. They are widely used as oil coolers, power condensers, preheaters in power plants
and steam generators in nuclear power plants. Specific shell and tube designs differ by the
number of shell and tube passes. Baffles are commonly used in heat exchangers to increase
the convection coefficient.

Resistance to Heat Transfer

The ability to transfer heat from one fluid to another through some form of solid wall is
dependent on a variety of factors:
1. Surface area between the two fluids.
2. Rate of heat transfer through a dividing wall which separates the two fluids.
3. Rate of heat transfer from one layer to the next (if more than one layer is present) in
the dividing wall.
4. Rate of heat transfer from the hot fluid to the dividing wall.
5. Rate of heat transfer from the dividing wall to the cold fluid.
Surface Area
Increasing a common surface area between two fluids will increase overall heat transfer rate
between the fluids. This could be accomplished by incorporating more tubes in a shell and
tube heat exchanger.
Typical Values for Overall Heat Transfer „U‟ are-

1. Plate Heat Exchanger, liquid to liquid U range 1000›4000Wm-2K-1
2. Shell and tube, liquid inside and outside tubes U range 150›1200 Wm-2K-1
3. Spiral Heat Exchanger, liquid to liquid U range 700›2500Wm-2K-1
The general representation of a heat exchanger is as shown in the figure below.

U= Overall heat transfer coefficient Wm-2K-1
A= Heat Exchanger Surface Area m2
h1=Heat transfer coefficient-hot side (Wm-2K-1)
h2= Heat transfer coefficient-cold side (Wm-2K-1)
t=Temperature (oC)
θ=Temperature difference (oC)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
For a hollow cylinder exposed to a convection environment on its inner and outer surfaces,
the electrical resistance analogy would appear as in the following figure, where, again TA and
TB are the two fluid temperatures. Note that the area for convection is not the same in both
fluids in this case, these areas depending on the inside tube diameter and the wall thickness.
In this case, the overall heat transfer would be expressed by

In accordance with the thermal network shown in the figure, the terms Ai and AO represent
the inside and outside surface areas of the inner tube. The overall heat transfer coefficient
may be based on either the inside or the outside area of the tube. Accordingly,
Fouling Factors
After a period of operation, the heat transfer surfaces for a heat exchanger may become
coated with various deposits present in the flow systems or the surfaces may become
corroded as a result of the interaction between the fluids and the material used for
construction of heat exchanger. In either event, this coating represents a additional resistance
to the heat flow, and thus results in decreased performance. The overall effect is usually
represented by a fouling factor or fouling resistance Rf, which must be included with other
resistances making up the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

For a double pipe heat exchanger with a hot and cold fluid flowing through it, we calculate
the heat transfer in the arrangement with a simple formula
Q=UAΔTm
Where, U=overall heat transfer coefficient
A=surface area for heat transfer consistent with definition of U
Tm=suitable mean temperature difference across the heat exchanger
LMTD is determined by following equation

Where the subscripts I and o stand for the inlet and outlet positions and h and c stand for the
hot and cold fluids.
The above equation is valid for parallel flow heat exchangers. For counter flow heat
exchangers, the inlet and outlet temperature values for the cold fluid get reversed in the
equation.
LMTD Correction Factor For Countercurrent Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Log Mean
Temperature difference (LMTD) is defined for countercurrent heat transfer. A double pipe
heat exchanger provides true countercurrent flow. Other equipment geometries will depart
from countercurrent flow. When this happens, the effective MTD is lower than the LMTD. A
LMTD correction factor has been defined to account for this circumstance. The LMTD
correction factor (F) is defined and used as follows :
F= (Effective MTD) / (LMTD)
Heat Exchange Duty Q = (Overall Coefficient U)*(Area A)*(F)*(LMTD)
F is related to heat transfer geometry and temperatures. This section contains formulas
for countercurrent multi-tube pass shell and tube heat exchangers.
Temperatures And LMTD Definition
T1= Shell IN t1= Tube IN
T2= Shell OUT t2= Tube OUT
The definition of LMTD is the same for all heat exchangers. Shell and tube designations are
immaterial in this definition.
Auxiliary Variables
…………………….(2)

……………………(3)
The LMTD correction factor F is obtained from the relevant charts for the values of P & R.
Heat Exchanger Effectiveness

One way of measuring a heat exchanger‟s performance is to calculate its effectiveness. The
heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer to the heat
transfer attainable in an infinitely long counter-flow exchanger. So, by defining the
effectiveness in this way, we have a much simpler expression for our effectiveness:
If, for any given exchanger, the effectiveness is known, we can write the heat transfer
equation as:
q= εCmin(Thin-Tcin)
PROCEDURE:
1) Start the tube-side water-flow. After ensuring that the water is running, start one of the
geysers.
2) Start the cold water supply after a while. Keep the flow-rate at the cold water side higher
than the hot water side. Maintain both the flows at a moderate level.
3) Wait for steady state to be attained.
4) Note down the reading in the observation table as given below.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Shell
a. Inner Diameter = 208 mm
b. Thickness = 6 mm
c. Material = M. S.
2. Tubes
a. O.D. = 19 mm
b. I.D. = 17 mm
c. Material = Copper
d. Pitch = 30 mm
e. No. of tubes = 32
f. Length = 500 mm
OBSERVATION TABLE:
CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:
1) LMTD= °C
2) Ui actual= W/m2K
3) Ui theoretical= W/m2K
4) Uo actual= W/m2K
5) Uo theoretical= W/m2K
6) ε =
CONCLUSION:

a. Concept: Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger, Correlations
b. Graph (s): None
c. Diagrams:
d. Set-up

EXPERIMENT NO: XII
AIM: To study film wise and drop wise condensation and to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient.
APPARATUS:
The equipment consists of a glass cylinder in which steam generation takes place. The lower
portion of glass cylinder houses suitable electric heater for steam generation. A cover is
provided for the container for filling the water. The glass cylinder houses to water cooled
copper condensers, one of which is chromium plated to promote drop wise condensation and
the other is in its natural state to give film wise condensation. Separate connections of two
condensers for passing water are provided. One rotameter with two valves and appropriate
piping can be used for measurement of water flow rate in one of the condensers under test. A
digital temperature indicator provided has multipoint connections, which measures
temperatures of steam, two condensers, water inlet and outlet temperature of condenser water
flow.
SPECIFICATIONS:-
1. CONDENSERS:
A) One chromium plated for drop wise condensation and one having natural Finish
for film wise condensation. Both are identical in construction.
B) Dimensions:
1. Outer Diameter (Do) = 19 mm

2. Inner Diameter (Di) = 18 mm
3. Length (L) = 150mm
C) Fabricated from copper with reverse flow in concentric tubes. Fitted with
Thermo couples for surface temperature measurement.

2. MAIN UNIT:
M.S. fabricated construction comprising of test section and steam generation section.
Test section is provided with glass cylinder for visualization of the process.
3. HEATING ELEMENTS:
Suitable water heater operated through 10 Amps. Switch. Heating element

(2KW) is protected from over-heating by thermostat and power can be controlled by
solid-state thyristor drive.
4. INSTRUMENTATION:
a) TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: Digital, 8-channel temperature indicator with

cold junction compensation using RTD thermocouples 0-200 C.
b) ROTAMETER: Eureka Make 10 –100 LPH capacity for mea suring water
flow rate.
c) Thermostat control for heater
THEORY
In all applications, the steam must be condensed as it transfers heat to a cooling medium, e.g.
cold water in the condensers of a generating station, hot water in a heating calorifier, sugar
solution in a sugar refinery etc. During condensation very high heat fluxes are possible and
provided the heat can be quickly transferred from the condensing surface to the cooling
medium, heat exchangers using steam can be compact and effective.
Steam may condense on to a surface in two distinct modes, known as “Film wise” and “Drop
wise”. For the same temperatu re difference between the steam and the surface, drop wise
condensation is much more effective than film wise. In practical plants it rarely occurs for
prolonged periods.
FILM WISE CONDENSATION:-
Unless specially treated, most materials are wettable and as condensation occur a film
condensate spreads over the surface. The thickness of film depends upon a number of factors,
e.g. the rate of condensation, the viscosity of the condensate and whether the surface is
vertical or horizontal, etc.

Fresh vapour condenses on to the outside of the film and heat is transferred by conduction
through the film to the metal surface beneath. As the film thickens, it flows downwards and
drips from the low points leaving the film intact and the film of liquid is a barrier to the
transfer of heat and its resistance accounts for most of the difference between the
effectiveness of film wise and drop wise condensation.
DROP WISE COMDENSATION
By specially treating the condensing surface, the contact angle can be changed and the surface
becomes „non-wettable‟. As the stea m condenses, a large number of generally spherical
beads cover the surface. As condensation proceeds, the beads become larger, coalesce, and
then stricken downwards over the surface. The moving bead gathers on the static beads along
its downward in its trail. The „bare‟ surface offers very little re sistance to the transfer of heat
and very high heat fluxes are therefore possible.
Unfortunately, due to the nature of the materials used in the construction of condensing heat
exchangers, film-wise condensation is normal. (Although many bare metal surfaces are „non-
wettable‟ this is not true of the oxide film, which quickly covers the bare material).
PROCEDURE:
1) Fill up water in main unit by hand valve, 1 cm above the heater.
FIGURE NO. – 1

2) After filling the water close the hand valve. Start water flow through one of the
condensers, which is to be tested and note down water flow rate in rotameter.
Ensure that during measurement, water is flowing only through the condenser
under test and second valve is closed.
3) Switch ON the heater and set the thermostat temperature.
4) Steam generation will start slowly in the steam generator of the unit and as the
steam rises to test section, gets condensed and falls down in the cylinder.
5) Depending upon type of condenser under test drop wise or film wise
condensation can be visualized.
6) If water flow rate is low then steam in the chamber will condensate less. If the
water flow rate is changed then condensation will occur at more of less
atmospheric pressure.
7) Observations like temperature, water flow rate, are noted down in the observation
table at the end of each set.

PRECAUTIONS :-
• Do not start heater supply unless water is filled in the test unit.
• Operate gently the selector switch of temperature indicator to read various
temperatures.
 PLATED CONDENSER (DROP WISE CONDENSATION)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Water inlet Water outlet to Surface temp. of Water flow Steam
no. to plated condenser plated rate temp.
condenser T2 in (o C) condenser Mw in T6 in (o C)
T1 in ( o C) T3 in (o C) (LPH)

PLAIN CONDENSER (FILM WISE CONDENSATION):-
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. Water inlet Water outlet to Surface temp. of Water flow Steam
no. to plain condenser plain condenser rate temp.
condenser T4 in (o C) T5 in (o C) Mw in T6 in (o C)
T1 in ( o C) (LPH)
CALCULATION:-
We will first calculate the valves of the inside and outside heat transfer coefficients
and then the valves of the overall heat transfer coefficient.
A) Reynold‟s number for water flowing inside tube condenser.
The properties of water at average bulk mean temperature at
(Tsat + Ts)
Tf = --------------- from table
2
1
Density p= = Kg / m3
vf
v = m2 / sec.
Thermal conductivity K = W /m k
(Prandtl Number) Pr =
Tsat = Steam temperature . (T6 or T7)

Ts = Surface temperature of condenser (T3 or T5)
4xm
Reynolds Number Re = ……………………………….
ΠxDxρxv
Here
m = Mass flow rate of water flowing inside condenser
D = inside diameter of condenser tube = 0.018 mtr
• Now Calculate Nussult Number Nu

= 0.023 (R) 0.8 (Pr)0.4
• Heat transfer Rate inside the condenser tube

hi = Nu x v/Di
where, Di = Tube inside diameter in meter =0.018 mtr.
• The valve of ho (tube outside heat transfer rate)will be calculated from

following equation
Where,
g = 9.81 m /s2
Properties At Saturated Liquid At Tf =0 K

Tf = (Tsat + Ts) /2
where,
Tsat. = steam temperature . (T6 or T7)
Ts = Condenser surface temperature (T3 or T5)
ρl = Kg/m3 (from chart)
µl = N s/ m2 (from chart)
Kl = W/ m k (From Chart)
Properties of saturated vapour at TS = steam temperature 0C
ρv = Kg/m3 (From chart)
hfg = kJ/kg ( From Chart)
E) The correctness of assumption of laminar flow of condensate can be verified
by calculating Reynolds number,
4 ho x L (Tsat - Ts )
R=
µ l x h fg
where,
L= Length of condenser tube = 0.150 mtr.
m. = Ө kg / sec
h
fg

H) Overall Heat transfer coefficient
RESULT:
Type Ui (w/m2K) Uo (w/m2K)
Filmwise Condensation
Dropwise Condensation
CONCLUSION:
a. Concept: Phenomena governing dropwise & filmwise condensation.

b. Graph (s): None
c. Diagrams:
i. Set-up
ii. Condensation on Drop & Film type tubes

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HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY MANUAL

MAHATMA GANDHI MISSION’S

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT TRNASFER LABORATORY

Prepared by :- Mr. P.P.Khairnar

MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 1

MAHATMA GANDHI MISSION’S

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

HEAT TRNASFER LABORATORY

MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 2

Mission and vision of the Department

VISION OF MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

MISSION OF MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

1. To impart quality technical education to the students.

[2] To establish themselves as effective collaborators and innovators to address technical,

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Student should have

1) An ability to work professionally in mechanical systems including design, analysis,

2) An ability to work on diverse disciplinary tasks including manufacturing, materials,

MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 3

’HEAT TRANSFER’ EXPERIMENTS

X To determine the heat transfer coefficient for natural & forced 76 78

XII To study film wise and drop wise condensation and to 86 94

Time Allotted for each Practical Session = 02 Hrs.

MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 4

AIM: To determine thermal conductivity of an insulating powder.

APPARATUS: Standard equipment for the determination of thermal conductivity of

Sr No. Name Specifications Qty.

1 Material of inner & Outer sphere COPPER 01

2 Radius of the inner sphere (ri) 50 mm 01

3 Radius of the outer sphere (ro) 100 mm 01

4 Thermocouples RTD Type 10

5 Insulating Powder Asbestos Magnesia 01

MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 5

ri = Radius of inner sphere in meter.

ro = Radius of the outer sphere in meter.

Ti = Average temperature of the inner sphere in °c

To = Average temperature of the outer sphere in °c

T5 + T6 + T7+ T8+ T9+ T10

Note that T₁ to T₁₀ denote the temperatures of thermocouples 1 to 10 from the

MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 6

2. Give supply to Control Unit through the stabilizer unit.

3. Switch on the Control Unit.

MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 7

9. Now give supply to heater by rotating the knob H1.

MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 8

READING SET-1 SET-2 SET-3

Q = Heat supplied by Heater (Watt)

SR.NO THERMOCOUPAL READING IN OC

Temp. for inner sphere in ⁰C

Temp. for outer sphere in ⁰C

1. Q =The Rate of heat supplied in Watt.

2. Tmi = Mean temperature of inner surface in 0C

MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 9

3. Tmo = Mean temperature of outer surface in 0C

T5 + T6 + T7+ T8+ T9+ T10

4. K =thermal conductivity of an insulating powder in W / m K

RESULT: The thermal conductivity of the given insulating powder is =…………

Also expected in this Journal:

MGM’S JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. Page 10