Workflow Steel Concrete Composite Bridge Assessment to BD 61/10 PAGE 1

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1 GENERAL

2 COMBINATIONS
BD 61/10 § 2.7 Both ULS and SLS checks need to be carried out.

BD 61/10 § 2.8+2.9 ULS Fatigue (FAT) when necessary should be checked to BS5400/10 as modified by BD9/81.

3 LOADING
3.1 EQUATIONS

The assessment load effects 𝑆∗𝐴 are must be obtained by the relation:

BD 61/10 § 2.5 1.0 ∙ (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑄∗𝐴 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝐿𝑆

𝑆∗𝐴 = 𝛾𝑓3 ∙ (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑄∗𝐴 ) = {
1.1 ∙ (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑄∗𝐴 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑈𝐿𝑆

The assessment loads can be obtained by:

BD 61/10 § 2.5 𝑄∗𝐴 = 𝑄𝑘 ∙ 𝛾𝑓𝐿

And thus the final relation becomes:

1.0 ∙ (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝑘 ∙ 𝛾𝑓𝐿 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝐿𝑆

𝑆∗𝐴 = {
1.1 ∙ (𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝑘 ∙ 𝛾𝑓𝐿 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑈𝐿𝑆

FURTHER INFORMATION
 Check BD 61/10 § 2.5 and §4.1.3 for lower 𝛾𝑓3 if required

3.2 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR LOADS, γFL

BD 61/10 § 2.5 The partial load factors are given by BD21/01 § Table 3.1 and BD37/01 Table 1.
 Essentially BD21/01 Table 1 contains some of the ULS combination factors of BD37/01
Table 1 since BD21/01 refers only to ULS combination.

The γfL for shrinkage modified by creep must be taken as

 1.0 for SLS
 1.2 for ULS
3.3 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR MATERIALS, γM
BD61/10 § 2.6 The partials factors are given in BD44/15 and BD56/10 and can be seen concentrated in the
BD61/10 § 4.2.1 following table for use with Characteristic Strength and referring to:
 structural steel
 reinforcing steel
 non-prestressed concrete

FURTHER INFORMATION
 BD21/01 § Table 3.2 essentially contains some of the partial factors given in BD44/15
and BD56/10 for ULS conditions only. So taking the factors for the two latter standards Commented [SS1]: Probably it is worth creating at
leads to compliance with BD21/01 as well. some point a manual referring to worst credible strengths
 If worst credible strength is used then the following clauses, among others, should be referring to:
taken into account: 1) Code requirements
o BD61/10 § 4.1.1A 2) Specification for site works
3) [provisionally]
Workflow Steel Concrete Composite Bridge Assessment to BD 61/10 PAGE 2

o BD61/10 § 4.2.1
o BD56/10 § 4.3.3
o BD44/15 § 2.10
o BD44/15 § 4.3.3

Reference APPLICATION SYMBOL ULS VALUE SLS VALUE

BD44/15 § Table 4A Reinforcement and prestressing tendons γms 1.15 1.00

BD44/15 § BS 5400- Concrete Triangular or near-triangular γmc 1.50 1.00

Table 4A 4:1990 § Compressive stress distribution (e.g.
Table 4 due to bending)

BS 5400- Uniform or near-uniform compressive 1.33

4:1990 § stress distribution (e.g. due to axial
Table 4 loading)

BD44/15 § Table 4A Shear in concrete γmv 1.25 ??

BD44/15 § Table 4A Bond γmb 1.40 ??

BD60/10 § Table 4.1 Shear connectors in isolation γm,con,iso 1.10 ??

BD60/10 § Table 4.1 Shear connectors in beam γm,con,beam 1.375 1.375

BS5400-3:2000 § Table 2 General steel members γm,steel 1.05 1.00

BS5400-3:2000 § Table 2 Strength of longitudinal Fibre in compression γm,stiffeners 1.20 1.00

stiffeners
BS5400-3:2000 § Table 2 Fibre in tension γm,stiffeners 1.05 1.00

BS5400-3:2000 § Table 2 Buckling resistance of stiffeners γm,stiff.buckl. 1.20 1.00

BS5400-3:2000 § Table 2 Fasteners in tension γm,fast,tens 1.20 1.00

BS5400-3:2000 § Table 2 Fasteners in shear γm,fast,shear 1.10 1.00

BS5400-3:2000 § Table 2 Friction capacity of HSFG bolts γm,HFSG,friction 1.30 1.20

BS5400-3:2000 § Table 2 Welds γm,welds 1.20 1.00

BD56/10 § 4.3 Compression members γm,conpression 1.00

𝑚𝑖𝑛 {1.05; 0.95

1.8
+ }
𝐿
( + 5)
𝑟

4 MATERIALS
4.1 STEEL

4.2 CONCRETE
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4.2.1 Modulus of Elasticity

In absence of test data the modulus is calculated as:

4.2.1.1 SHORT TERM

BD44/15 § 4.3.2.1 20 + 0.27𝑓𝑐𝑢

4.2.1.2 LONG TERM

BD44/15 § 4.3.2.1 Assume half the short term modulus

BD61/10 § 4.2.3

4.2.1.3 INTERMEDIATE

BD44/15 § 4.3.2.1 BD44/15 states “To determine the effects of imposed deformations, for the calculation of
deflections and to determine crack widths and stresses due to the effects of long and short term
loading and imposed deformations, an appropriate intermediate value between the two above
may be used.”
Possibly applying each type of load using the appropriate properties of concrete and then
superimposing the results should be adequate for Linear Elastic anaylsis.

5 VERIFICATIONS IN SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

BD 56/10 § 4A For structures built after 1965 SLS should be checked. For older structures it may not needed
but it should be agreed with TAA.

5.1 ANALYSIS

BD 56/10 § 5.1.1.2 In continuous beams, the distributions of bending moments and vertical shear forces must be
calculated assuming the appropriate steel member acts compositely with a concrete flange.

Effective breadth to be calculated as per BS 5400-3 Annex A as modified by BD61/10 § 5.2.3 as

follows:

 For b/l values less than 0.05, a ψ value of 1.0 may be assumed
 For cracked flanges the ψ ratio should be taken as (2ψ+1)/3

5.1.1 REINFORCEMENT TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT

Only reinforcement within the effective breadth of the concrete slab must be assumed to be
effective in analysing cross sections. The effective area of longitudinal reinforcement must be
taken as∑ 𝐴𝑟 (cos 𝑎1 )4 Σ(Ar cos4 α1), where α1 is the angle between the bars and the web of
the steel beam.

5.2 STRESS LIMITATIONS

BD61/10 § 4.3.1 Compressive stresses in concrete and stresses in reinforcing steel should be calculated by linear
BS 5400-4:1990 § 4.1.1.3 elastic analysis for load combinations 1 to 5.

BD61/10 § 4.3.2(a) 5.2.1 MAXIMUM STEEL TENSION FLANGE STRESS, σyt

The steel stress of the tension flange under the SLS combination should not exceed:

𝜎𝑦𝑡
𝛾𝑚 ∙ 𝛾𝑓3
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5.2.1.1 Calculation of the σyt

BS5400-3:2000 § 6.2 The appropriate nominal yield stress for the thickness of the top flange is chosen either from
one of the following standards if relevant:

BS5400-3:2000 § 6.1.2  BS 7668

 BS EN 10025
 BS EN 10113
 BS EN 10137
 BS EN 10155
 BS EN 10210

BS5400-3:2000 § 6.2 Or calculated according to BS5400-3:2000 § 6.2.

BD61/10 § 4.3.2(a) 5.2.2 MAXIMUM STEEL COMPRESSION FLANGE STRESS, σyc

The steel stress of the compression flange under the SLS combination should not exceed:

𝜎𝑦𝑐
𝛾𝑚 ∙ 𝛾𝑓3

5.2.2.1 Calculation of the σyc

For the calculation of the nominal yield stress of the compression flange the σyt as calculated
before should be checked against the following:

BS 5400-3:2000 § 9.3.2.1

bfo

2
BS 5400-3:2000 § 9.3.2.1 𝑏𝑓𝑜 355 51120∙𝑡𝑓𝑜
≤ 12√ ⟹ 𝜎𝑦 ≤ 2 (MPa)
𝑡𝑓𝑜 𝜎𝑦 𝑏𝑓𝑜

And the minimum value should be chosen.

The requirements of BS 5400-3:2000 § 9.3.4 are relevant for closed steel-concrete composite
girder bridges.

The requirements of BS 5400-3:2000 § 9.3.6 is referring to hollow sections and therefore is not
relevant to usual composite bridges.

BD61/10 § 4.3.2(C) 5.2.3 Maximum stress in concrete

To my knowledge there is not any stress limitation given in BD44/15 for normally reinforced
(non-prestressed) concrete slabs.

5.2.4 Maximum stress in reinforcement

The stress of the concrete slab reinforcement under the SLS combination should not exceed:
Workflow Steel Concrete Composite Bridge Assessment to BD 61/10 PAGE 5

𝑓𝑟𝑦
0.80
𝛾𝑚𝑟 ∙ 𝛾𝑓3

5.3 DEFLECTION ESTIMATES

BD61/10 § 4.3.1 Deflection estimates may be disregarded unless specifically requested.

BD61/10 § 4.3.1A(c) However when the headroom below is insufficient the deflection may exacerbate the
difficulties.

5.4 CRACK WIDTH

The crack width should be calculated to BD44/15 § 5.8.8.2 as modified by BD61/10 § 5.2.6.3

5.5 SHEAR CONNECTORS