MINI PROJECT REPORT

SOUND OPERATED CLAP SWITCH

submitted in the partial fulfillment of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology
By

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the work contained in the thesis titled “CLAP SWITCH” by:
ANKUSH GUPTA M1 101803384
ANKUSH SOOD M1 101803381
HITEN GUPTA M1 101803382
AMAN SHARMA M1 101803386
has been carried out in under my supervision and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a

degree.
Place:
Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We feel great pleasure to acknowledge all those involved in the process of our education and research. In

the first place we would like to record our deep and sincere gratitude to our incharge, Mrs. Shivani and

Miss. Raveena for their supervision, advice, guidance, and crucial contribution, which made them the

backbone of this project. Their understanding, encouraging and personal guidance have provided a good

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basis for the present project. Their involvement with their originality has triggered and nourished our

intellectual maturity that we will benefit from, for a long time to come. We wish to express our gratitude

towards our all teachers, who helped us throughout our course work. We extend our acknowledgement

to our lab mates, lab staff, who are directly or indirectly involved in carrying out the project work

INDEX

S.NO TOPIC PAGE.NO

I. CERTIFICATE 2
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
III. INDEX 4
IV. ABSTRACT 5
V. INTRODUCTION 6
V1. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 7
V11. COMPONENTS USED 8
V111. OPERATION 16
1X. APPLICATION,
ADVANTAGES AND 18
DISADVANTAGES
X. REFRENCES 19

ABSTRACT

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Sound operated switch is one of the interesting applications of 555 timer IC. The circuit uses a 555 timer

IC and transistor BC547 for its operation. The electrets microphone is used to provide the pulse to the

555 timer. The operation is simple. Clap and the lamp turns on. Clap again it turns off. The electrets

microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of that knocked off the table. It

produces a small electrical signal which is amplified by the succeeding transistor stage. Two transistor

cross connected as a bistable multivibrator change state at each signal. One of these transistors drives a

heavier transistor which controls a lamp.

The transistor type is not critical and any n-p-n silicon transistors can be used.

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 INTRODUCTION
Clap switch is an beginners project done using 555 timer IC. Its application is interesting that we can

switch on an off by just clapping the hands. Simply by lying on the bed even we can switch on and off

the light. The circuit which is provided in this report is the most simple and economical circuit for a clap

switch. Since it uses a simple condenser mike to produce the pulse signal more voltage is not necessary.

It can be used for controlling ornamental lightning circuit.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 COMPONENTS USED

RESISTOR:A linear resistor is a linear, passive two-terminal electrical component that implements

electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the

voltage across the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals

to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by Ohm's

law: V=IR

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most

electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as

resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also

implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into

hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its

resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a

range of more than nine orders of magnitude. When specifying

that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of

the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to

its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some

precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which

must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of

concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and

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may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated

maximum working voltage of the resistor.

CONDENSER MICROPHONES

Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic

field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but has stuck as the name for this type of microphone,

which uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into electrical energy.

Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source. The resulting audio signal is

stronger signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers also tend to be more sensitive and responsive than

dynamics, making them well-suited to capturing subtle nuances in a sound. They are not ideal for high-

volume work, as their sensitivity makes them prone to distort.

How Condenser Microphones Work

A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser mic, one of these plates is

made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound

waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing the capacitance.

Specifically, when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a charge current occurs.

When the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current occurs.

A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied either by a battery in

the mic or by external phantom power.

Cross-Section of a Typical

Condenser Microphone

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 CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely different ways, capacitors and

batteries both store electrical energy. A battery has two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical reactions

produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons on the other terminal. A capacitor is much

simpler than a battery, as it can't produce new electrons -- it only stores them.

Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by a non-conducting substance,

or dielectric. We can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum foil and a piece of paper.

The dielectric can be any non-conductive substance. However, for practical applications, specific

materials are used that best suit the capacitor's function. Mica, ceramic, cellulose, porcelain, Mylar,

Teflon and even air are some of the non-conductive materials used. The dielectric dictates what kind of

capacitor it is and for what it is best suited. Depending on the size and type of dielectric, some capacitors

are better for high frequency uses, while some are better for high voltage applications. Capacitors can be

manufactured to serve any purpose, from the smallest plastic capacitor in your calculator, to an ultra

capacitor that can power a commuter bus. NASA uses glass capacitors

to help wake up the space shuttle's circuitry and help deploy space

probes. Here are some of the various types of capacitors and how they

are used.

 Air - Often used in radio tuning circuits

 Mylar - Most commonly used for timer circuits like clocks, alarms and counters

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  Glass - Good for high voltage applications

 Ceramic - Used for high frequency purposes like antennas, X-ray and MRI machines

 Super capacitor - Powers electric and hybrid cars

BC547 TRANSISTOR

The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. It is used in general-purpose switching and

amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.

The BC547 transistor is an NPN bipolar transistor, in which the letters "N" and "P" refer to the majority

charge carriers inside the different regions of the transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN,

because electron mobility is higher than hole mobility in semiconductors, allowing greater currents and

faster operation. NPN transistors consist of a layer of P-doped semiconductor (the "base") between two

N-doped layers. A small current entering the base in common-emitter mode is amplified in the collector

output. In other terms, an NPN transistor is "on" when its base is pulled high relative to the emitter. The

arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the conventional

current flow when the device is in forward active mode. One mnemonic device for identifying the

symbol for the NPN transistor is "not pointing in." An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes

with a shared anode region. In typical operation, the emitter base junction is forward biased and the base

collector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied

to the base emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally generated carriers and the repelling

electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited electrons to inject

into the base region. These electrons wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region of high

concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons

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in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-type which would make holes the

majority carrier in the base

BC547 Transistor Symbol BC547 Transistor Pinouts

555 TIMER IC

555 is a very commonly used IC for

generating accurate timing pulses. It is an 8pin timer IC and has mainly two modes of operation:

monostable and astable. In monostable mode time delay of the pulses can be precisely controlled by an

external resistor and a capacitor whereas in astable mode the frequency & duty cycle are controlled by

two external resistors and a capacitor. 555 is very commonly used for generating time delays and pulses.

The 555 timer IC is an amazingly simple yet versatile device. It has been around now for many years

and has been reworked into a number of different technologies. The two primary versions today are the

original bipolar design and the more recent CMOS equivalent. These differences primarily affect the

amount of power they require and their maximum frequency of operation; they are pin-compatible and

functionally interchangeable.

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator

applications. The part is still in widespread use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability.

PINOUT DIAGRAM:

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The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

Pin Name Purpose

1 GND Ground, low level (0 V)

2 TRIG OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC.

3 OUT This output is driven to +VCC or GND.

4 RESET A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND.

5 CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).

6 THR The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.

7 DIS Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.

8 V+, VCC Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.

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 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many

devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in

1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible,

ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high

When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with

electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called

electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined

by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated

optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. [3] LEDs present many advantages over

incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness,

smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room

lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat

management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements

for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn

signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The advantages of LEDs

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mentioned above have allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their

high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also

used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and

other domestic appliances.

BATTERY:

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It consists of a number

of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte

containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions

(negatively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the anode or negative electrode; the other half-cell includes

electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the cathode or

positive electrode. In the redox reaction that powers the battery, cations are reduced (electrons are

added) at the cathode, while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. The electrodes do

not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Some cells use two half-cells with

different electrolytes. A separator between half cells allows ions to flow, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes.

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 OPERATION OF SOUND OPERATED SWITCH

Conversion of sound to electrical pulse

Microphones are types of transducers, they convert acoustic energy i.e. sound signal. Basically, a

microphone is made up of a diaphragm, which is a thin piece of material that vibrates when it is struck

by sound wave. This causes other components in the microphone to vibrate leading to variations in some

electrical quantities thereby causing electrical current to be generated. The current generated in the

microphone is the electrical pulse.

This microphone has a stage of amplification built in. The power for this built in amplifier is supplied by

connecing a resistor to a posotive source of voltage and the changes in current get reflected as changes

in voltage across this resistor according to the familiar relation V=T*R. A larger resistor will give you a

larger voltage, but then the current into the device gets reduce which brings down the gain.

Biasing of amplifier:

A transistor stage, biased near cut-off (that is, almost no current with no signal) amplifier the signal from

the microphone. The output of the microphone is coupled to the base of the transistor using an

electrolytic capacitor (note : using a better capacitor here will not work). The top of the electrets

microphone is at a few volts, the base conducts at around half a volt, so the leakages current of the

capacitor (all electrolytic capacitor here will not work). The top of the electrets microphone is at a few

volts, the base conducts at around half a volt. so the leakage current of the capacitor (all electrolytic

capacitors leak at least a little bit) will eventually cause he steady state condition in which the leakage of

the capacitor goes into the base terminal of the transistor. So the collector will have He times this

leakage, which can usually be ignored. The first time the microphone output goes positive, however,

(because somebody clapped) this change gets coupled to the base entirely due to the action of the

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capacitor. This causes the current through the transistor to increase and this increase in current causes the

voltage at the collector, which was sitting near the supply voltage at the collector, which was sitting near

the supply voltage, to fall to nearly zero. If you clapped loudly enough. This is not a high fidelity audio

amplifier. Its function is to produce no output for (slightly) bigger sounds, so the customary biasing

network can be omitted.

Changing State:

On a clap, the state of the bistable changes. The output of the amplifier is converted to a sharp pulse by

passing it through a (relatively) low valued capacitor, of 0.1 microfarads (100 nanofarads). This is

connected through “streering” diodes to the base of the transistor which is conducting. This transistor

stop conducting, and the other transistor was not conducting anyway. So at a clap, both transistors

become off. Then, those two capacitors across the base resistors come into action. The capacitor

connecting to the base of the transistor which was ON has voltage across it. The capacitor connecting to

the base of the transistor which was OFF has no voltage across it. As the sound of the clap dies away,

both bases rise towards the supply voltage.But due to the difference in the charges of the two capacitors,

the base of the transistor which was previously not conducting reaches the magic value of half a volt

first, and it gets on, and stays on. Until the next clap. Two Red Light Emitting Diodes have been placed

in the two collector circuits so that this circuit can be made to work by itself. If you cover up one LED,

and display the other prominently, you have it there - a clap operated light.

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 APPLICATION OF CLAP SWITCH

The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person. A clap switch is generally used

for a light, television, radio or similar electronic device that the person will want to turn on/off from bed.

ADVANTAGES:

The major advantage of a clap switch is that you can something (e.g. a lamp) on and off from any

location in the room (e.g. while lying in bed) simply by clapping your hands.

DISADVANTAGES:

The major disadvantage is that it’s generally cumbersome to have to clap one’s hands to turn something

on or off and it’s generally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light switch.

REFERENCES

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 William D.Stanely, ‘Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits’. Pearson Education,

2004.

 Electronic Devices and Circuits – T.F. Bogart Jr., J.S.Beasley and G.Rico, Pearson Education, 6th

edition, 2004.

 Electronic Devices and Circuits – Dr. K. Lal Kishore, B.S. Publications, 2nd Edition, 2005.

 “Microprocessor and Microcontrollers”, Krishna Kant Eastern Company Edition, Prentice – Hall

of India, New Delhi , 2007.

 M.H. Rashid, ‘Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications’, Pearson Education, PHI

Third edition, New Delhi 2004.

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