Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Outline
Operational precautions
Benefits of prereforming
Feedstock flexibility
– Naphtha
– Butane
– LPG
– LNG / Off-gas
All higher hydrocarbons will be converted
– H2, CO, CH4
Can operate on low S/C to save energy
Long lifetime of primary reformer catalyst
– No risk of carbon formation
– No risk of sulphur poisoning
Longer lifetime of MTS catalyst
Hydrogen plant
H2O
Hydrocarbon
feed
Steam reforming
Hydrogenation
temperature
Pre-reforming
absorption
Medium
Sulphur
shift
Off gas
H2
CO + H2O ↔ H2 + CO2
Prereformer
1” Alumina balls
½” Alumina balls
RKNGR, 4.3x4.3
1” Alumina balls
Ni(200),
Step site 0.18nm
1mbar H2 at 500°C
Resistance to sintering
H2, 600°C
70
60
No. of references
50
40
30
20
10
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
Tubular
reformer
Prereformer
Feed
Steam
Operational precautions
Prevent sulphur poisoning
Prevent carbon formation
Prevent oxidation
Operate above hydration limit
Prevent sulphur poisoning
H2
Chlorine Chlorine
Absorption Absorption
HTG-1 HTG-1
Hydro-
genation Sulphur Sulphur
TK-250 Absorption Absorption
HTZ-3 HTZ-3
Sulphur poisoning
Naphtha
T
LPG
Natural gas
500
Temperature, °C
0 Days
137 Days
480 601 Days
1115 Days
T90
460 Z90
440
0 20 40 60 80 100
Bed height, %
540
TInlet
520
Temperature (°C)
500
480 TExit
T90
460
0 20 Z90 40 60 80 100
Height of bed, %
Natural gas based plant – evaluation with Z90
80
60
Z90, %
40
20
0
0 20 40 60
Age, months
490
1 9 13 22
Temperature (°C)
480
470
460
1 Time on-stream (months)
450
440
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Relative distance in catalyst bed
∆T
485
480
TMin
475
Z90
470
0 20 40 60 80 100
Naphtha based plant – evaluation with Z90
80
60
Z90, %
40
20
0
0 20 40 60
Summary
Topsøe prereforming catalysts are high activity nickel
catalysts with excellent carbon resistance
Stable carrier material limits sintering
Deactivation is diminished by avoiding poisoning of the
catalyst – caution against sulphur poisoning is essential
Following the development in temperature profiles with
Z90 plot enables actions against poisoning