1.

0 SUMMARY

The Batch Reactor experiment was conducted smoothly according to the procedure and the
aims stated were achieved successfully as reported in result and discussion. In order to achieved
the aim of this experiment which is, to study the liquid phase reaction kinetics of a batch reactor
the batch saponification reaction between Ethyl Acetate and Sodium Hydroxide was carried out.
Then, to study the operation of batch reactor at different operating conditions in terms of
conversion by sampling out the solution for 30 minutes in time interval of 5 minutes and measured
its conductivity by using the conductivity meter. To study the effect of temperature on the reaction
in batch reactor the temperature was varied at 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C. Thus, the best optimum
temperature of batch reactor was the higher temperature which was at 60°C because as the
temperature increased the collision between the molecules increasing causing the activation energy
also went higher. In conclusion from the work of the experiment, batch reactors were equipped
with a high conversion tools that can be obtained by leaving the reactant for long periods of time.

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2.0 DATA AND RESULTS

Table 1: Graph Concentration of NaOH vs. Conductivity (mS/cm) and Graph Conversion (%)
vs. Conductivity (mS/cm)

Conversion Concentration of NaOH Conductivity

(M) (mS/cm)
0% 0.0500 10.7
25% 0.0375 9.7
50% 0.0250 7.5
75% 0.0125 5.6
100% 0.0000 4.0

Table 2: Graph Conversion (%) vs. Time (40oC)

Temperature 40ºC
Time Conductivity Concentration of Naoh Conversion, X
(min) (mS/cm) (M) (%)
0 6.69 0.019499 61.45%
5 5.73 0.012683 75.03%
10 5.16 0.008636 83.09%
15 5.02 0.007642 85.07%
20 4.95 0.007145 86.06%
25 4.89 0.006719 86.91%
30 4.82 0.006222 87.90%

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 Table 3: Graph Conversion (%) vs. Time (50oC)

Temperature 50ºC
Time Conductivity Concentration of Naoh Conversion, X
(min) (mS/cm) (M) (%)
0 7.35 0.024185 52.12%
5 5.74 0.012754 74.89%
10 5.34 0.009914 80.54%
15 5.15 0.008565 83.23%
20 5.07 0.007997 84.36%
25 5.02 0.007642 85.07%
30 5.00 0.007500 85.35%

Table 4: Graph Conversion (%) vs. Time (60oC)

Temperature 60ºC
Time Conductivity Concentration of Naoh Conversion, X
(min) (mS/cm) (M) (%)
0 6.43 0.017653 65.13%
5 6.01 0.014671 71.07%
10 5.70 0.01247 75.45%
15 5.56 0.011476 77.43%
20 5.47 0.010837 78.70%
25 5.46 0.010766 78.85%
30 5.41 0.010411 79.55%

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 Table 5: Graph ln (-dCA/dT) vs. ln CA

T CA dCA dT In CA In (-dCA/dT)
0 0.019499 - - - -
5 0.012683 -0.006816 5 -4.367492765 -6.597920402
10 0.008636 -0.004047 5 -4.751815766 -7.119217326
15 0.007642 -0.000994 5 -4.87409593 -8.523211264
20 0.007145 -0.000497 5 -4.941342468 -9.216358444
25 0.006719 -0.000426 5 -5.002815945 -9.370509124
30 0.006222 -0.000497 5 -5.079663881 -9.216358444

Table 6: Graph 1/CA vs. Time (40oC)

Temperature 40ºC
Time Concentration of Naoh 1/CA
(min) (M)
0 0.019499 51.28468
5 0.012683 78.84570
10 0.008636 115.79435
15 0.007642 130.85580
20 0.007145 139.95801
25 0.006719 148.83167
30 0.006222 160.72003

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 Table 7: Graph 1/CA vs. Time (50oC)

Temperature 50ºC
Time Concentration of Naoh
1/CA
(min) (M)
0 0.024185 41.34794
5 0.012754 78.40677
10 0.009914 100.86746
15 0.008565 116.75423
20 0.007997 125.04689
25 0.007642 130.85580
30 0.007500 133.33333

Table 8: Graph 1/CA vs. Time (60oC)

Temperature 60ºC
Time Concentration of Naoh 1/CA
(min) (M)
0 0.017653 56.64760
5 0.014671 68.16168
10 0.01247 80.19246
15 0.011476 87.13838
20 0.010837 92.27646
25 0.010766 92.88501
30 0.010411 96.05225

Table 9: Graph ln k vs. 1/T

Temperature k ln k Temperature 1/T

(ºC) (K) (K)
40 3.5174 1.25772 313.15 0.003193
50 2.8931 1.06233 323.15 0.003095
60 1.2839 0.24990 333.15 0.003002

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3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

Through this batch reactor experiment, the reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethyl
acetate was analysed in order to improve understanding and gain hands-on the experience in
reaction engineering in general and batch reactors in specific. The purpose of this experiment was
to determine the liquid phase reaction kinetics in a batch reactor. Other than that, sodium hydroxide
and ethyl acetate were used to study the operation of a batch reactor at different operating
conditions in terms of conversion and the effect of temperature on the reaction in batch reactor
because experimenter was used different temperature for the different reaction.

Both ethyl acetate and ethyl alcohol are none conductive. Besides, for sodium hydroxide
and sodium acetate are conductive. Based on the theory, sodium hydroxide is a stronger ionic
compound than sodium acetate because it has higher conductivity. As for the relation, the decrease
in conductivity that occur as the reaction proceeds, the decrease in sodium hydroxide concentration
and an increment in sodium acetate concentration. The reaction rate increases with increasing
temperature, hence higher conversions are achieved for higher temperatures at equal time intervals.

Figure 1: Concentration of NaOH vs. Conductivity (mS/cm)

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 According to the data in Appendix A, a graph for the calibration curve for concentration of
NaOH against conductivity has been plotted. The trend for this graph shows that the concentration
of NaOH was directly proportional to the conductivity. For the Figure 1, the slope of the graph is
-0.028 and the y-axis intercept is 0.0071 that can determined from the graph.

Figure 2: Conversion (%) vs. Conductivity (mS/cm)

Using the appendix A also, the graph for the conversion against conductivity has been
plotted and the trend of the graph shows decreasing according to the time for the experiment. Then,
the slope of the graph was obtained which is 1.5605 and -0.1414 is the value for the y-axis
intercept.

This experiment was divided into two section of experiment which are batch saponification
reaction for experiment A and effect of temperature on the batch saponification reaction for
experiment B. For the experiment A, the experimenter was carried out a batch saponification
reaction between ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide. The sample was mixed and ready to take
the reading at every five minute intervals for the conductivity value. Then, for experiment B, the
experimenter was determined the conductivity value with the different temperature which is 40oC,
50oC and 60oC at every five minute intervals. So, the graph has been plotted based on the data in
appendix B.

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Figure 3: Conversion (%) vs. Time (40oC)

Figure 4: Conversion (%) vs. Time (50oC)

Figure 5: Conversion (%) vs. Time (60oC)

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 From the graph above that has been plotted, the experimenter can conclude that the graph
of conversion against time for temperature 40oC, 50oC and 60oC was increasing time to time with
five minute intervals. For Figure 3, the trend graph shown that the conversion was directly
proportional to the time with temperature 400C where the slope for the graph is 0.6942 and 0.0076
for the value of y-axis intercept. Next, according the same trend graph with Figure 3, the slope was
has value 0.6467 and the y-axis intercept is 0.0088 that has been plotted for the next graph. For
Figure 5, the value of slope is 0.6852 and the y-axis intercept is 0.0044 with the temperature 60oC
has been plotted directly proportional to the time for this graph. The graph clearly indicate that the
reaction rate increase when the temperature increase too.

Based on Collision theory, the higher temperature will cause the kinetic energy increase.
At the higher temperature, the number of collisions is greater because the particles are moving
more quickly. So, when the molecules collide with each other, there is more chance of a reaction
taking place because the movement energy in the particles is greater to produce activation energy
in the relation to the higher reaction rate.

Figure 6: ln (-dCA/dT) vs. ln CA

From the graph above, the experimenter can determine the slope of the graph which is -
3.2003 and 0.1961 is the value for the y-axis intercept. Then, the trend graph for this graph can
describe by second order of the reaction order because ln (-dCA/dT) was directly proportional to

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the ln CA and the rate of reaction is proportional to concentration squared. The rate constant can
be obtained from the slope y=mx+c where the ln k is the intercept value. The intercept value is
0.1961 and the rate constant value is -3.2003 that had shown in the graph. So, the concentration of
NaOH was decreasing due to the process where sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate is mixture and
was stirred.

After that, for experiment B was to determine the effect of temperature on the batch
saponification reaction. There are three graph that has been generated from the data obtained. The
first graph has been shown below:

Figure 7: 1/CA vs. Time (40oC)

For this graph, the experimenter can describe that value of 1/CA was directly proportional
to the time. The rate constant of the graph is 65.28 and the y-axis intercept is 3.5174 at the
temperature of 40oC.

The second graph had shown below:

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 Figure 8: 1/CA vs. Time (50oC)

The second graph shown that the rate constant is 2.8931 and the value of the y-axis
intercept is 60.405 different to the temperature of 40oC that has the higher value than this
temperature.

The third graph had shown below:

Figure 9: 1/CA vs. Time (60oC)

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 As for the third graph, the rate constant of this graph is 62.649 and 1.2839 is the value for
y-axis intercept. So, the experimenter can conclude that the increase the temperature, the decrease
the value of 1/CA for the graph.

Figure 10: ln k vs. 1/T

As for the last graph, the value of ln k was directly proportional to the 1/T. The rate constant
of the graph is 15.314 and 5222.2 for the y-axis intercept. From the graph, the experimenter need
to determine the activation energy (Ea) and frequency factor (A) from the slope and intercept value.
So, the calculation for the activation energy and frequency factor as follows :

K(T) = Ae-E/RT , (R = 8.3014 J/mol) = - (5222.2 x 8.3014)

Ln k = ln A – (Ea/R)(1/T) = - 43354.0615

Y = mx + c Ln A = C

Y = 5222.2x – 15.314 = e-15.314

-Ea/R = m = 2.23467 x 10-7

Ea = -(m x R)

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 4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMONDATION

As a conclusion, to study the liquid phase reaction kinetics in a batch reactor, sodium
hydroxide and ethyl acetate was analysed. Based on the theory, sodium hydroxide has higher
conductivity. As for the relation, the decrease in conductivity that occur as the reaction proceeds,
the decrease in sodium hydroxide concentration and an increment in sodium acetate concentration.
The reaction rate increases with increasing temperature, hence higher conversions are achieved for
higher temperatures at equal time intervals. The optimum temperature for conducting this
experiment is at 60°C due to the collision theory, the increase of temperature, the increase amount
of particle collision. The higher the number of particle colliding, the higher the activation energy.
There are some recommendation for other students for conducting this experiment such as make
sure that the amount of solution being pour into the reactor is accurrate and there are no spilage of
solution near the work area to avoid accidents. Students also have to make sure that the time interval
for taking the sample are accurate and constant. Finally, for part B students have to frequently check
the temperature valve due too the temperature will increase or decrease during the experiment. The
temperature have to be constant for every run for part B. Overall conclusion of this experiment, the
objectives have been achieved.

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5.0 TUTORIAL

1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using batch reactors in chemical

reaction.

Advantages Disadvantages

High conversion per unit volume for one pass. High operating cost.

Flexibility of operation – can produce a product Large scale production is difficult in

one time and a different product the next time. this reactor.

Easy to clean. Product quality more variable than with

continuous operation.

2. Determine the effect of temperature on chemical reaction.

Collisions between molecules will be more violent at higher temperatures. The higher the
temperature, the higher molecular velocities too. Then, the increased number of collisions
and the greater violence of collisions results in more effective collisions. In the kinetic
theory the molecules are in constant motion. The velocity of molecules is directly
proportional to the temperature. The rate of chemical reaction can be changed by altering
the temperature.

3. Write down the function of each following component in a batch reactor used in this
experiment.

(Stirrer)

 Use to stir the mixture so that the level of temperature at all parts is constant.
(Thermocouple)

 To detect a voltage of electricity and temperature inside the reactor.

(Temperature controller)
 Control the reactor temperature between the reactors.

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6.0 REFERENCES

Saponification of Ethyl Acetate and Sodium Hydroxide in. 2016. Lab Report Template
[ONLINE] Report-Template/[Accessed 07 March 2016].
https://www.coursehero.com/file/11565867/Lab.

H Scott Fogler, Elements of Chemicals Reaction Engineering (fourth ed), Pearson Education
Inc., United States, 2006, page 10 & 38.

Silberberg , Martin S, Chemistry (fourth ed),McGraw-Hill, page 696.

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7.0 APPENDICES

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