See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/261335157

Fruit and vegetable peels - strong natural source of

antimicrobics

Chapter · January 2010

CITATIONS READS
18 976

4 authors:

Sumitra Chanda Yogesh Barvaliya

Saurashtra University Saurashtra University
218 PUBLICATIONS   4,171 CITATIONS    26 PUBLICATIONS   361 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Mital Kaneria Kalpna D. Rakholiya

Saurashtra University Saurashtra University
63 PUBLICATIONS   646 CITATIONS    66 PUBLICATIONS   355 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Toxicity View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Yogesh Barvaliya on 08 August 2014.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Current Research, Technology and Education
Topics in Applied Microbiology
and Microbial Biotechnology

FORMATEX
Microbiology Series Nº 2

VOL. 1

Edited by

A. Méndez-Vilas
Vol. 1
ISBN-13: 978-84-614-6194-3

FORMATEX
C/ Zurbarán 1, 2º - Oficina 1
06002 Badajoz
Spain
http://www.formatex.org
Email: microb2@formatex.org

Printed in Spain
Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology
A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Fruit and vegetable peels – strong natural source of antimicrobics

S. Chanda*, Baravalia Y, Kaneria M and Rakholiya K
Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University,
Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India
* author for correspondence email:svchanda@gmail.com

Infectious diseases are leading cause of death world wide due to multidrug resistant strains of bacteria, reduced
susceptibility to antimicrobics and increase in untreatable bacterial infections. Natural products provide unlimited
opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Because of increasing threat
of infectious diseases, the need of the hour is to find natural agents with novel mechanism of action. Fruit and vegetable
peels are thrown into the environment as agro waste which can be utilized as a source of antimicrobics. It will be
economic, eco friendly and reduce pollution. Here we report the antimicrobial activity of peels of seven fruit and
vegetables against 11 microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The
Mangifera indica peel showed best and promising antimicrobial activity. This study will definitely open, scope for future
utilization of the waste products for therapeutic purpose.
Key words: Agro waste; peels; antimicrobics; natural extracts; Mangifera indica

1. Introduction
The introduction and increasing use of antibiotics for antibacterial therapy has initiated a rapid development and
expansion of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Infectious diseases are as old as life itself. They have played a
major part in shaping human history, not only because of the decimating effects of the various plagues through the
centuries, but also because of the intense efforts made to find cures for them, thus advancing medical sciences. It is
widely accepted that the increased availability and the use of antibacterial and antifungal agents in recent years has
resulted in the control and even eradication of diseases, but it has also led to the development of resistant strains.
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi affect millions of people world wide due to the global emergence of
multi-drug resistant bacterial strains; it is increasingly limiting the effectiveness of current drugs and significantly
causing treatment failure of infections [1].

1.1. Mechanism of drug resistance

The development and spread of resistance to currently available antibiotics is a worldwide concern. Bacterial resistance
is an increasing threat to the successful treatment of infectious diseases. As bacterial resistance continues to evolve,
some pathogens that were once considered routine to treat are developing, or have developed, resistance to almost
every antibacterial agent currently available [2]. Several mechanisms have evolved in microorganisms, which confer
them with antimicrobial resistance. Three mechanisms predominate in antimicrobial resistance: 1) enzymatic
inactivation of the antimicrobial agent, 2) substitutions, amplifications or modifications of the drug target reducing the
affinity of the drug to the target or 3) reduced access of the antimicrobial agents to the target by means of permeability
barriers or efflux pumps [3, 4]. These mechanisms can either chemically modify the antibiotic, or it becomes inactive
through physical removal from the cell, or modify target site so not recognized by the antibiotics. Examples include
methicillin-resistant staphylococci, pneumococci resistant to penicillin and macrolides, vancomycin-resistant
enterococci as well as multi-drug resistant Gram-negative organisms and fungi [5].

1.2. Role of pathogens in infection

S. aureus is a facultative anaerobic organism, which causes food poisoning and usually grows on the nasal membrane
and skin. It causes boils, abscesses, wound infection, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome and other diseases [6].
Klebsiella species cause diseases such as pneumonia, urinary and respiratory tract infections. K. pneumoniae are widely
distributed in hospitals and are increasingly being isolated from community-acquired infections [7]. S. typhi is a serious
public health problem in developing countries and represents a constant concern for the food industry [8]. P. mirabilis
is a secondary invader of ulcers, pressure sores, septicemia and occasionally meningitis and chest infections [9]. C.
albicans is the agent of candidisis; is one of the most pervasive pathogenic fungi, especially infecting immuno-
compromised hosts, in which it can invade various tissues [10, 11]. C. tropicalis is one of the non-albicans candida
strains that are emerging in fungal infections [12]. C. glabrata is a highly opportunistic pathogen of urogenital tract and
of the blood stream. It is especially prevalent in HIV positive people.

444 ©FORMATEX 2010

 Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology
A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________

1.3. Approaches towards natural drugs

In recent years, multiple drug resistance in human pathogenic microorganisms developing due to indiscriminate use of
commercial antimicrobial drugs commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases. This situation has necessitated
a search for new antimicrobial compounds and for this reason, researchers are increasingly turning their attention to
herbal products, looking for new leads to develop better drugs against pathogenic microbial strains [13]. The
emergence of antibiotic resistance is further complicated by the fact that bacteria and their resistant genes are traveling
faster and further. We are facing not only epidemics but pandemics of antibiotic resistance. Existing antibiotics are
losing their effect at an alarming rate, but development of new antibiotics is declining. There is a tremendous need for
novel antimicrobial agents from different sources. Screening of plants with validated methods can lead to identify
potentially useful molecules against infectious disease [14]. Medicinal plants produce a large number of secondary
metabolites with antimicrobial effects on pathogens [15]. All parts of plants individually or in combination show
antimicrobial properties. A significant part of the chemical diversity produced by plants is thought to protect plants
against microbial pathogens.
Many medicinal plants remain unexplored; screening of antibiotic resistance modifying compounds from plants
sources are expected to provide the basis for identifying leads for the isolation of therapeutically useful compounds.
The antimicrobial constituents are present in all parts of the plant viz. bark, stalks, leaves, fruits, roots, flowers, pods,
seeds, stems, latex, hull and fruit rind [16-18]. Recent research has revealed that fruit peels and seeds, such as grape
seeds and peels [19], pomegranate peel [20], wampee peel [21] and mango seed kernel [22] may potentially possess
antimicrobial property. This represents a potential area of future investigation. The reported antimicrobial activity of
some plants peel is listed in table 1.

1.4. Peel: eco-friendly source of novel antimicrobics

Numerous scientific investigations point at consecutive rich sources of antimicrobics, especially among fruits and
vegetables, but only few of them involve waste parts of fruits, i.e. seeds and peels. Many of the fruits and vegetables
skins are thrown in the garbage or fed to livestock. Fruits and vegetables wastes and by-products, which are formed in
great amounts during industrial processing, represent a serious problem, as they exert an influence on environment and
need to be managed and/or utilized. On the other hand, they are very rich in bioactive components, which are
considered to have a beneficial effect on health. Since last decade, efforts have been made to improve methods and
ways of reusing fruits and vegetables wastes. The important purpose is the valorization of the biocomponents in
byproducts from fruit and vegetable industries. Plant waste is prone to microbial spoilage; therefore drying is necessary
before further exploitation. Till now, agro industrial waste often is utilized as feed or fertilizer. But using this agro
waste therapeutically is a new idea which is slowly gaining popularity. They are high value products and their recovery
will be economically attractive. These are novel, natural, eco friendly and economic sources of antimicrobics, which
can be used in the prevention of diseases caused by pathogenic microbes and also reduce pollution.
In the, present investigation, we report the antimicrobial property of peels of different fruits and vegetables, that are
commonly available and readily consumed in India, and to indicate which of them can become a new source of natural
antimicrobics for pharmaceutical industries. Some promising fruit and vegetable peels are shown in figure 1. Seven
fruits and vegetables peels were evaluated for their antimicrobial property (Table 1).

2. Antimicrobial activity
The antimicrobial activity was done against eleven microorganisms by agar well diffusion method [23, 24]. DMSO was
used as the negative control.

3. Results and discussion

In this study, polar solvents (acetone and methanol) were more effective as antimicrobial agents than non-polar solvents
(hexane and chloroform). The maximum zone of inhibition was shown by acetone extracts followed by methanol
extracts of all the 7 peels. The fruit and vegetable peel extracts showed better antifungal activity than antibacterial
activity; Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-positive bacteria which contradict the previous
reports that plant extracts are more active against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria [25]. This
difference may be due structural differences in cell wall of these bacteria. The Gram-negative cell wall is complex and
multilayered structure; it has an outer phospholipid membrane carrying the structural lipopolysaccharide components,
which makes a barrier to many environmental substances including synthetic and natural antibiotics. The Gram-positive
bacteria contain a single outer peptidoglycan layer, which is not an effective permeability barrier [26]. The most
susceptible organism was fungi C. glabrata and Gram-negative K. pneumoniae. M. indica showed maximum and best
antimicrobial activity (Table 2).

©FORMATEX 2010 445

 A.

446
Table 1 Antimicrobial activity of some plant peels against some microorganisms causing infectious diseases
Plant name Extract Microorganisms Reference
Hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella
Citrus grandis (Rutaceae) [27]
methanol, benzene: acetone enteritidis
Citrus reticulata Blanco Alternaria alternata , Rhizoctonia solani, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum,
Méndez-Vilas (Ed.)

Oil [28]
(Rutaceae) Helminthosporium oryzae
Vitis vinifera Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus Escherichia coli, Salmonella infantis, Campylobacter
80% ethanol [29]
(Vitaceae) coli
Citrus reticulata Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis,
Flavonoid extract [30]
Blanco(Rutaceae) Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter cloacae
Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter
aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Aspergillus ficuum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus
Citrus acida Roxb. (Rutaceae) Oil [31]
fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium saloni, Fusarium oxysporum, Pencillium digitatum,
Candida utilis
Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) Aqueous [32]
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Citrus bergamia Risso Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocua, Bacillus
Ethanolic fraction [33]
(Rutaceae) subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus lactis, Sacharomyces cerevisiae
Nephelium lappaceum L. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio
Ether, methanol, aqueous [34]
(Sapindaceae) cholerae, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis
Chloroform, ethyl acetate, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia
Musa sapientum (Musaceae) [35]
aqueous coli

©FORMATEX 2010
Petroleum ether, 1,4-dioxan, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus flavus, Staphylococcus aureus, Alcaligenes faecalis, Klebsiella
Trapa natans L. chloroform, acetone, aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii, Pseudomonas
[36]
(Trapaceae) dimethylformamide, ethanol, putida, Pseudomonas testosteroni, Candida albicans, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus
aqueous luteolus, Trichosporon beigelii, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus flavus
Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology
_______________________________________________________________________________________
 Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology
A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Table 2 Antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of seven fruits and vegetables peels

Zone of Inhibition (mm)*

Plant name (Family) Extracts Gram positive Gram negative Fungi
SA SS CR EA KP PM ST CA CT CG CL
HE – – – – – – 9 11.5 – 11 –
CH 13.3 11.7 14 10 14 13 11 – – 11 11
Mangifera indica L.
(Anacardiaceae) AC 15 12 12.7 11 18 13 11 11 10 12 12
ME 16 13.7 11.7 10 18 – 12 12 11 11 12
HE 10 10 – – 12 9 10 9 – 10 –
Lagenaria siceraria CH – 10 9 – 13 9 – 10 9 11 10
(Molina) Standl.
(Cucurbitaceae) AC 10 11 10 10 10 10 9 12 10 9 10
ME – – – 9 9 – 9 12 10 10 10
HE – – – 10 10 – – 10 9 11 –

Solanum tuberosum L. CH – 9 – 10 10 – 9 13 11 9 –
(Solanaceae) AC – – – 9 11 10 9 9 9 10 9.5
ME – 9 – – 15 11 – 10 9 11 9.5
HE – – – – 11.7 – – – – 9 –
Ananas comosus CH 10 – 9 – 12.7 – 9.3 9.5 10 10.5 9.5
(Linnaeus) Merr.
(Bromeliaceae) AC 11 10 9 9 10 9 9 10.5 9.5 11 10
ME 12 – – – 9 – – 12 9.5 11.5 10.5
HE – 9 – – – – 9.5 10 – 10.5 –

Luffa acutangula (L.) CH – 9 – – 13.5 – – – – 11 –

Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) AC – – – – – – – 10 10 9.5 –
ME – – – 10 9 – 9 10 10 9 9.5
HE – – – – 9 – – 12 9 11 –

Momordica charantia L. CH 11 10 9 – 11 11 – 10 – 12 9
(Cucurbitaceae) AC 10 10 – – 11 10 – 11 10 9 10
ME 9 11 – – 11 12 – 12 10 11 10
HE – – – – 9 – – 13 – 10 –

Moringa oleifera Lam. CH – – – 10 10 – – 11 9 11 9

(Moringaceae) AC 10 10 11 10 13 10 10 11 10 10 10
ME 10 9 – – 10 11 – 10 9 10 10

* The values are mean (n = 3); –: No zone of inhibition; HE: Hexane; CH: Chloroform; AC: Acetone; ME: Methanol;
SA = Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29737; SS = Staphylococcus subflava NCIM2178; CR = Corynebacterium
rubrum ATCC14898; ST = Salmonella typhimurium ATCC23564; EA = Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC1304; KP =
Klebsiella pneumoniae NCIM2719; PM = Proteus mirabilis NCIM2241; CL = Cryptococcus luteolus ATCC32044;
CA = Candida albicans ATCC2091; CT = Candida tropicalis ATCC4563; CG = Candida glabrata NCIM3448

©FORMATEX 2010 447

Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology
A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Mangifera indica Lagenaria siceraria Solanum tuberosum Ananas comosus

Luffa acutangula Momordica charantia Moringa oleifera

Ficus carica Nephelium lappaceum Punica granatum Vitis vinifera

Luffa acutangula

Manilkara zapota Musa sapientum Trapa natans

Citrus grandis Citrus reticulata Citrus bergamia Citrus acida

Fig. 1 Some promising plant peels with antimicrobial property

448 ©FORMATEX 2010

 Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology
A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Conclusion and future aspects

It is known that the by-products of some vegetables and fruits represent an important source of sugars, minerals,
organic acid, dietary fiber and phenolics that have a wide range of action, which includes antitumoral, antiviral,
antibacterial, cardioprotective and antimutagenic activities. Thus new aspects concerning the use of the wastes
therapeutically are very attractive. The present investigation focuses on the possibility of using plant peel waste as a
source of low-cost natural antimicrobial. M. indica peel, usually a waste product which is thrown into the environment
has a very good antimicrobial potentiality. The demonstration of broad spectrum of antibacterial activity by M. indica
peels may help to discover new chemical classes of antibiotic substances that could serve as selective agents for
infectious disease chemotherapy and control. This investigation has opened up the possibility of the use of this plant in
drug development for human consumption possibly for the treatment of various infections caused by microbes. These
are novel, natural and economic sources of antimicrobics, which can be used in the prevention of diseases caused by
pathogenic microbes. Therefore, this study will definitely open up as a scope for future utilization of the waste for
therapeutic purpose. The results also indicate that selective extraction from natural materials, by an appropriate solvent,
is important for obtaining fractions with high antimicrobial activity.

References
[1] Hancock EW. Mechanisms of action of newer antibiotics for Gram-positive pathogens. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005;5:209-
218.
[2] Isturiz R. Global resistance trends and the potential impact on empirical therapy. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.
2008;32:S201-S206.
[3] Sundsfjord A, Simonsen GS, Haldorsen BC, Haaheim H, Hjelmevoll SO, Littauer P, Dahl KH. Genetic methods for detection
of antimicrobial resistance. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2004;112:815-837.
[4] Fluit AC, Visser MR, Schmitz FJ. Molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews.
2001;14:836-871.
[5] Norrby SR, Nord CE, Finch R. Lack of development of new antimicrobial drugs: a potential serious threat to public health.
Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005;5:115-119.
[6] Bergdoll MS, Reiser RF, Crass BA, , Robbins RN, Davis JP. A new staphylococcal enterotoxin, enterotoxin F associated with
toxic-shock syndrome Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The Lancet. 1981;317:1017-1021.
[7] Akram M, Shahid M, Khan AU. Etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of community acquired urinary tract infections in J N
M C hospital Aligarh, India. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2007;6:4-10.
[8] Mastroeni P. Immunity to systemic salmonella infections. Current Molecular Medicine. 2002;2:393-406.
[9] Murphy CA, Belas R. Genomic rearrangements in the flagellin genes of Proteus mirabilis. Molecular Microbiology.
1999;31:679–690.
[10] Kauffman CA, Hedderwick S. Opportunistic fungal infections: Superficial and systemic candidiasis. Geriatrics. 1997;52:50–54.
[11] Esquenazi D, Wigg MD, Miranda MMFS, Rodrigues HM, Tostes JBF, Rozental S, da Silva AJR, Alviano CS. Antimicrobial
and antiviral activities of polyphenolics from Cocos nucifera Linn. (palmae) husk fiber extract. Research in Microbiology.
2002;153:647-652.
[12] Powderly WG, Mayer KH, Perfect JR. Diagnosis and treatment of Oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients infected with HIV: A
critical reassessment. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 1999;15:1405-1412.
[13] Braga LC, Leite AAM, Xavier KGS, Takahashi JA, Bemquerer MP, Chartone-Souza E, Nascimento AMA. Synergic interaction
between pomegranate extract and antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2005;51:541-
547.
[14] Karaalp C, Yurtman AN, Yavasoglu NUK. Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of Achillea L. flower head extracts.
Pharmaceutical Biology. 2009;47:86-91.
[15] Ushimaru PI, da Silva MTN, Stasi LCD, Barbosa L, Fernandes A Jr. Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts. Brazilian
Journal of Microbiology. 2007;38:717-719.
[16] Kaneria M, Baravalia Y, Vaghasiya Y, Chanda S. Determination of antibacterial and antioxidant potential of some medicinal
plants from Saurashtra region, India. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009;71:406-412.
[17] Aref HL, Salah KBH, Chaumont JP, Fekih AW, Aouni M, Said K. In vitro antimicrobial activity of four Ficus carica latex
fractions against resistant human pathogens. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010;23:53-58.
[18] Rajaei A, Barzegar M, Mobarez AM, Sahari MA, Esfahani ZH. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimutagenicity activities of
pistachio (Pistachia vera) green hull extract. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2010;48:107-112.
[19] Jayaprakasha GK, Selvi T, Sakariah KK. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extracts. Food
Research International. 2003;36:117-122.
[20] Singh RP, Murthy KNC, Jayaprakasha GK. Studies on the antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel and seed
extracts using in vitro models. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002;50:81-86.
[21] Prasad KN, Xie H, Hao J, Yang B, Qiu S, Wei X, Chen F, Jiang Y. Antioxidant and anticancer activities of 8 – hydroxypsoralen
isolated from wampee [Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels] peel. Food Chemistry. 2010;118:62-66.
[22] Kabuki T, Nakajima H, Arai M, Ueda S, Kuwabara Y, Dosako S. Characterization of novel antimicrobial compounds from
mango (Mangifera indica L). kernel seeds. Food Chemistry. 2000;71:61-66.
[23] Perez C, Paul M, Bazerque P. An antibiotic assay by the agar well diffusion method. Acta Biologiae et Medicine
Experimentalis. 1990;15:113-115.

©FORMATEX 2010 449

 Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology
A. Méndez-Vilas (Ed.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________

[24] Nair R, Chanda S. Antimicrobial activity of Punica granatum in different solvents. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
2005;67:239-243.
[25] Rabe T, Van Staden J. Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for medicinal purposes. Journal of
Ethanopharmacology. 1997;56:81-87.
[26] Costa ES, Hiruma-Lima CA, Lima EO, Sucupira GC, Bertolin AO, Lolis SF, Andrade FDP, Vilegas W, Souza-Brito ARM.
Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants of the Cerrado, Brazil. Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22:705-707.
[27] Mokbel MS, Watanabe Y, Hashinaga F, Suganuma T. Purification of the antioxidant and antimicrobial substance of ethyl
acetate extracts from Buntan (Citrus grandis Osbeck) fruit peel. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2006;9:145-150.
[28] Chutia B, Deka Bhuyan P, Pathak MG, Sarma TC, Boruah P. Antifungal activity and chemical composition of Citrus reticulata
Blanco essential oil against phytopathogens from North East India. LWT -Food Science and Technology. 2009;42:777–780.
[29] Katalinic V, Mozina SS, Skroza D, Generalic I, Abramovic H, Milos M, Ljubenkov I, Piskernik S, Pezo I, Terpinc P, Boban M.
Polyphenolic profile, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of grape skin extracts of 14 Vitis vinifera varieties grown
in Dalmatia (Croatia). Food Chemistry 2010;119:715–723.
[30] Yi Z, Yu Y, Liang Y, Zeng B. In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extract of Pericarpium Citri reticulatae of
a new Citrus cultivar and its main flavonoids. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 2008;41:597–603.
[31] Mahmud S, Saleem M, Siddique S, Ahmed R, Khanum R, Perveen Z. Volatile components, antioxidant and antimicrobial
activity of Citrus acida var. sour lime peel oil. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 2009;13:195–198.
[32] Oliveira AP, Valentao P, Pereira JA, Silva BM, Tavares F, Andrade PB. Ficus carica L.: Metabolic and biological screening.
Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2009;47:2841–2846.
[33] Mandalari G, Bennett RN, Bisignano G, Trombetta D, Saija A, Faulds CB, Gasson MJ, Narbad A. Antimicrobial activity of
flavonoids extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a by product of the essential oil industry. Journal of Applied
Microbiology. 2007;103: 2056-2064.
[34] Thitilertdecha N, Teerawutgulrag A, Rakariyatham N. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Nephelium lappaceum L.
extracts. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 2008;2029-2035.
[35] Mokbel MS, Hashinaga F. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of banana (Musa, AAA cv. Cavendish) fruit peel. American
Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2005;1:126-132.
[36] Parekh J, Chanda S. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Trapa natans L. fruit rind extracted in different solvents. African Journal
of Biotechnology. 2007;6:766-770.

450 ©FORMATEX 2010

View publication stats