ADC-DAC

Interfacing
Analog signals are very common inputs to embedded systems .Most transducers and sensors
such as temperature ,pressure ,velocity ,humidity are analog. Therefore we need to convert
these analog signals in to digital so that 8051 can read it.

ANALOG DIGITAL TO CONVERTER - ADC

Commonly used ADC device – ADC804

ABOUT IC

PinOut
• CS – Chip Select , active low
• RD – Read Digital data from ADC, H-L edge triggered
• WR -- Start conversion, L-H pulse edge triggered
• INTR -- end of conversion, Goes low to indicate conversion done
• Data bits -- D0-D7
• CLK IN & CLK R
– CLK IN is an input pin connected to an external clock source when an external clock is used
for timing. However, ADC804 has an internal clock
generator.
To use the internal clock generator of the ADC804, the CLK IN and CLK R pins are connected
to a capacitor and a resistor. In that case, the
clock frequency is determined by the equation.

f = 1/1.1RC
R=10K and C=150pF f=606Hz
the conversion time is 110us.

Vref/2 Vin
Input Voltage range Step size (mV)
(Volts) (Volts)
• Default 0-5V. Can be changed by setting Open (2.5) 0 to 5 5/256 = 19.53
different value for Vref/2 pin. 2.56 0 to 5.12 5.12/256 =20
Vin=Vin(+) – Vin (-) 1.28 0 to 2.56 2.56/256 = 10
0.5 0 to 1 1/256=3.90
 • Range = 0 to 2x Vref/2.
for Vin = 2x Vref/2. we
get 256 as a digital output on
D0-D7. (Refer Table)

•Step Size a Smallest change

– (2 x Vref/2)/ 256 for
ADC804
for eg for step size 10mv
,digital output on D0-D7
changes by one count for
every 10mv change of the input analog voltage.

Data Out
Dout = Vin / Step Size

for input vtg. of 2.56 volts (Vref=1.28 volts) and stepsize of 10mv Dout =2560/10 =256 or
FF that is full scale output.

Conversion Time
Greater than 110us for ADC804

Resolution
8 bits for ADC804

INTERFACING ADC804 TO 8051

Signals to be interfaced (on the ADC804)

– D0-D7, RD, WR, INTR, CS
Can do both Memory mapping and IO mapping

Memory Mapping (timing is critical)

– Connect D0-D7 of ADC804 to the data bus of the 8051 system
– Connect RD, WR of the ADC804 to the 8051 system (ensure polarity)
– Connect CS of ADC804 to an appropriate address decoder output
– Connect INTR of ADC804 to an external interrupt Pin on the 8051 (INT0 or INT1)
IO Mapping (easiest - I prefer )
– Connect D0-D7, RD, WR, CS, INTR to some port bits on the 8051 (12 in all).

Algorithm
• Make CS=0 and send a low-to-high to pin WR to start the conversion.
• Keep monitoring INTR
– If INTR =0, the conversion is finished and we can go to the next step.
– If INTR=1, keep polling until it goes low.
• After INTR=0, we make CS=0 and send a high-to-low pulse to RD to get the data out of the
ADC804 chip.

ASSEMBLY LANGUEGE (A51)

ADC_IO:
mov P1, #0xff ; To configure as input

AGAIN
clr p3.7 ;Chip select
setb P3.6 ;RD=1
clr P3.5 ;WR=0
setb P3.5 ;WR=1- low to high transition

WAIT:
jb P3.4, WAIT ;wait for INTR
clr p3.7 ;generate cs to ADC
clr P3.6 ;RD=0 -High to low transition
mov A, P1 ;read digital o/p
sjmp AGAIN

INTERFACING ADC804 TO 8051

 ADC808/809 Chip with 8 analog channel. This means
this kind of chip allows to monitor 8 different
transducers.
• ADC804 has only ONE analog input: Vin(+).
• ALE: Latch in the address
• Start : Start of conversion (same as WR in 804)
• OE: output enable (same as RD in 804)
• EOC: End of Conversion (same as INTR in 804)

Channel CBA
IN0 000
IN1 001
IN2 010
IN3 011
IN4 100
IN5 101
IN6 110
IN7 111

Algorithm

Notice that the ADC808/809 that there is no self-clocking and the clock must be provided from
an external source to the CLK pin. (you can use programmable clock oscillator to enable or
disable clock by programmable bit. )

• Select an analog channel by provide bits to A, B, C.

• Enable clock
• Activate ALE with a low-to-high pulse.
• Activate SC with a high-to-low pulse (start conversion) The conversion is begun on the
falling edge of the start conversion pulse. you can use circuit like
• Monitor EOC Pin .After conversion this pin goes high.
• Activate OE with a high-to-low pulse to read data out of the ADC chip.

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER - DAC

Commonly used DAC808 (MC1408)

– R/2R ladder
– Iout = Iref (D7/2 + D6/4 + D5/8 + …… + D0/256)
– Iout converted to voltage by a resistive load or op-amp based isolator (Rf from Vout to V-
and V+ to GND)

PinOut
– D0-D7 à Connected to the Processor’s IO port
– Vref+, Vref-, Vee

Usage:
– Just write a byte to the IO port and the DAC converts it to an
analog value
Some 8051 clones have ADCs and DACs in built