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writing system. At their young age, they have to gain functional knowledge
of the parts, products, and uses of the writing system from their ability to
Reading skills form the basis for learning, thus it is an important element for
society.
process to transfer the information from book to brain from writer to reader,
and this information will not receive with the readers if they did not
understand what the content of the text. In reading learning process the
student must understand what the content of text to get the information
from it. Through reading activity, the students can enlarge their knowledge.
informational of the text; in other words, they are good in decoding the text
beyond the text are. In this condition Perfetti (1985) asserts that the reason
technique that is chosen and used by the teacher will influence the success
able to have an active learning. Active learning can make the students
interested in the reading lesson that given to them, not only silent or passive
school some of the students have problems in understanding the text they
read. Thus, they always confused to master the reading text. The problem is
Gen. Gregorio del Pilar Elementary School of the Division of City Schools,
1. What was the profile of the elementary grade school pupils as regards
1.1 Gender
2. What was the pre – screening reading test results of the elementary
Filipino?
3. What was the overall pre- screening reading test results in Filipino and
between the male and female grade school pupils in English and
Filipino?
5. What was the post screening reading test results of the elementary
Filipino?
6. What was the overall post- screening reading test results by grade
between the male and female grade school pupils in English and
Filipino?
Elementary school.
lesson to learn in their lives. In this way, it could motivate and encourage
DEFINITION OF TERMS
something.
frustration levels.
del Pilar Elementary School. This study only focuses in specific skill
(Reading). Any other skills, methods, strategies and approaches related are
not included in the study. Thus, other factors in reading comprehension (e.g.
This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the
thorough and in-depth search done by the researchers. This will also present
has shifted its focus from one skill to another in search of the best way to
improve reading instruction. Although all the concepts needed for reading
are important, reading comprehension stands out for its difficulty to teach
and assess. The challenge has been finding the best way to increase the
efficacy of reading instruction (Van Keer and Pierre, 2005). The instructional
practice has moved away from assuming that comprehension was a skill that
was mastered alongside decoding (Dole, 2000). Rather it is now known that
understand the reasons why metacognition was chosen as the focus of this
study, first other strategies will be discussed. Then, the discussion will focus
on metacognition: what is it, how can it be taught, and how the concept of
There are numerous approaches that have been presented to teach reading
reading (Adler, 2001). Students are explicitly taught that while reading they
experiences and thus is subjective. Students are taught to give their thinking
a name. They learn that they should be aware and recognize the moments
especially any connections they can make to their own life and other texts
Graphic organizers help students focus on text structures and help them see
students a more visual way to synthesize the information they gather from
the text. The summarizing strategy asks students to synthesize what they
have read usually focusing on the main idea and supporting details (Adler,
2001).
students concepts like main idea and to assess what information they have
extracted from the text while reading. Using comprehension questions allows
can respond correctly to the questions. The questions can be tailored to test
skills like identifying literary elements or to test a student’s understanding of
monitoring and regulating activities that focus on the product and the
situational constraints, and the reader's own cognitive abilities” (p. 292).
Among these activities are the use of thinking stems like “I’m noticing” or
hand, the use of schema to help student make sense of ideas in a text using
their background knowledge, and the use of inferencing to help students use
consists of four key aspects. First, you must know when you understand and
when you do not. Second, you must know what you do know. In other
words, you must be aware of your background knowledge. Third, you must
know what your purpose for reading is or what you need to know from a
text. Lastly, you must know useful strategies to help you intervene when
reading and to make a plan to fix whatever plans arise (Paris & Myers,
1981).
Studies have found that proficient readers are aware of the thinking that is
awareness as they are learning how to read, the students with the most
need are the ones who are least likely to develop that awareness (Casanave,
1988). Thus it is crucial for teachers to explicitly teach students how to think
about their thinking while they are reading. As Van Keer and Pierre (2005)
https://sites.google.com/a/asu.edu/applied-project_roman-salazar/literature-review