state space analysis - 27.

27. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA)

Topics:

Objectives:

27.1 INTRODUCTION
 state space analysis - 27.2

27.2 FINITE ELEMENT MODELS

• Consider a central node ’i’ connected to neighboring nodes with springs.

nb

y
Ks
x

na Ks ni Ks

nc

Fi Ks

nd

• Equations can be written to relate the position of node i to the surrounding nodes
 state space analysis - 27.3

and the applied force.

Ks ( y b – yi )
+
∑ Fx = Fix – Ks ( xi – xa ) + K s ( xc – x i ) = 0
Ks ( x i – x a )
Ks ( x c – xi ) x i ( 2K s ) + x a ( – K s ) + x c ( – K s ) = F i x

F i = ( F i x, F i y ) + ∑ Fx = F iy – K s ( y i – y d ) + K s ( y b – y i ) = 0

Ks ( yi – yd ) y i ( 2K s ) + y b ( – K s ) + y d ( – K s ) = F i y

xi
yi
xa
ya
Fix 2K s 0 – K s 0 0 0 – K s 0 0 0 xb
=
Fiy 0 2K s 0 0 0 – K s 0 0 0 – K s y b
xc
yc
xd
yd
 state space analysis - 27.4

27.3 FINITE ELEMENT MODELS

• Consider a central node ’i’ connected to neighboring nodes with springs.

na nb
y
Ks
Fa x
Fb Ks
Ks

Ks
nd nc

Fd Fc

• Equations can be written to relate the position of node i to the surrounding nodes
and the applied force. The ’x’ and ’y’ values are deflections from the unloaded state. The
’Ks’ value is based on the material stiffness and the geometry of the elements.
+
Ks ( xb – xa ) ∑ Fx = F ax + K s ( x b – x a ) = 0
( F a x, F a y )
∴F ax = x a ( K s ) + x b ( – K s )
Ks ( ya – y d )
+ ∑ Fx = F ay – K s ( y a – y d ) = 0

∴F ay = y a ( K s ) + y d ( – K s )

+
Ks ( xb – xa )
∑ Fx = Fbx – Ks ( xb – xa ) = 0

∴F bx = x a ( – K s ) + x b ( K s )
( Fb x, F by )

+ ∑ Fx = Fby – Ks ( yb – yc ) = 0
Ks ( y b – yc )
∴F b y = y b ( K s ) + y c ( – K s )
 state space analysis - 27.5

Ks ( yb – yc ) +
∑ Fx = F cx – Ks ( x c – x d ) = 0
Ks ( xc – xd )
∴F cx = x c ( K s ) + x d ( – K s )

( F cx, F cy ) + ∑ Fx = F cy + Ks ( y b – y c ) = 0

∴F cy = y b ( – K s ) + y c ( K s )

Ks ( ya – yd ) +
∑ Fx = Fdx + Ks ( xc – x d ) = 0

Ks ( x c – xd ) ∴F d x = x c ( – K s ) + x d ( K s )

( F d x, F d y ) + ∑ Fx = F dy + K s ( y a – y d ) = 0

∴F dy = y a ( – K s ) + y d ( K s )

Fax Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 xa
Fay 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 –K s ya
Fbx –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 xb
Fby 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 yb
=
Fcx 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 xc
Fcy 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 yc
Fdx 0 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 xd
Fdy 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 Ks yd

local stiffness matrix

• This can be combined into a more

 state space analysis - 27.6

• A four element mesh

n2 n3
n1
Ks Ks

Ks #1 Ks #2 Ks

Ks Ks
n5 n6
n4

Ks #3 Ks #4 Ks

Ks Ks
n7 n8 n9
 state space analysis - 27.7

For element #1
F 1x Ks 0 –K s 0 0 0 0 0 x1
Local stiffness matrix
F 1y 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 –Ks y1
F 2x –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 x2
F 2y 0 0 0 Ks 0 –K s 0 0 y2
=
F 4x 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 x4
F 4y 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 y4
F 5x 0 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 x5
F 5y 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 Ks y5

Global stiffness matrix

F 1x x1
F 1y y1
Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 2x x2
0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 2y y2
–K s 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 3x x3
0 0 0 Ks 0 0 0 –K s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 3y y3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 4x x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
F 4y 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 –K s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y4
F 5x 0 0 0 –Ks 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x5
= s
F 5y 0 0 0 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y5
F 6x 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 0 0 0 x6
s
F 6y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y6
F 7x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x7
F 7y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y7
F 8x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x8
F 8y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 9x x9
F 9y y9
 state space analysis - 27.8

For element #2 F2x Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 x2

F2y 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 –K s y2
local stiffness matrix F3x –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 x3
F3y 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 y3
=
F5x 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 x5
F5y 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 y5
F6x 0 0 0 0 –K s 0 Ks 0 x6
F6y 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 Ks y6

added to global matrix

F 1x x1
F 1y Ks 0 –K s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y1
0
F 2x 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 –K s 0 0 0 0 0 0 x2
F 2y – K s 0 2K s 0 – K s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y2
F 3x 0 0 0 2K s 0 0 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x3
F 3y 0 0 –K s 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y3
F 4x 0 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x4
F 4y 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y4
F 5x 0 0 0 –Ks 0 0 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x5
=
F 5y 0 0 0 0 0 0 – K s 0 2K s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y5
F 6x 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2K s 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 6
F 6y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 y6
F 7x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 0 x7 s
F 7y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y7
F 8x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x8
F 8y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y8
F 9x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x9
F 9y y9
 state space analysis - 27.9

For element #3 F4x Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 x4

F4y 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 –K s y4
F5x –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 x5
F5y 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 y5
=
F7x 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 x7
F7y 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 y7
F8x 0 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 x8
F8y 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 Ks y8
 state space analysis - 27.10

For element #4 F5x Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0 x5

F5y 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 –K s y5
F6x –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 x6
F6y 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 y6
=
F8x 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 x8
F8y 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 y8
F9x 0 0 0 0 –K s 0 Ks 0 x9
F9y 0 –K s 0 0 0 0 0 Ks y9

• If the input forces are known, then the resulting displacements of the nodes can
be calculated by inverting the matrix. Consider the matrix for a single node.
 state space analysis - 27.11

–1 Fax
xa Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 0 0 0
ya 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 –Ks Fay
xb –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 0 0 0 Fbx
yb 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 Fby
=
xc 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 –Ks 0 F cx
yc 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 F cy
xd 0 0 0 0 –Ks 0 Ks 0 Fdx
yd 0 –K s 0 0 0 0 0 Ks Fdy

• If we assume that node ’c’ is fixed in the ’x’ and ’y’ directions, the matrix can
reflect this by setting the appropriate matrix rows to zero.
–1
xa Ks 0 –Ks 0 0 0 F ax
ya 0 Ks 0 0 0 –K s F ay
xb –Ks 0 Ks 0 0 0 F bx
=
yb 0 0 0 Ks 0 0 F by
xd 0 0 0 0 Ks 0 F dx
yd 0 –K s 0 0 0 Ks F dy

• The displacements can then be found by selecting values for the coefficents and
solving the matrix. We can select a value of 1000 for the stiffness, and a force of 10 will be
 state space analysis - 27.12

applied at point ’a’ in the positive ’x’ direction.

–1
3 3
xa 10 0 – 10 0 0 0
3 3
10
ya 0 10 0 0 0 –10 0
xb 3 3
= – 10 0 10 0 0 0 0
yb 3 0
0 0 0 10 0 0
xd 3 0
0 0 0 0 10 0
yd 0
3 3
0 – 10 0 0 0 10

• This method generates very large matrices, easily into the millions.

• To reduce the matrix size techniques such as symmetry are commonly used.

• Strains can be found by calculating the relative displacements of neighboring

points. These can then be used to calculate the stresses.

• More complex elements are commonly used depending upon the stress condi-
tions, part geometry and other factors.

• There are a variety of finite element element methods and applications

Computation Fluid Dynamics

Nonlinear deformation

27.4 SUMMARY

•
 state space analysis - 27.13

27.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

27.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

27.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

1.

27.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

How, J, "16.31 Feedback Control Course Notes", MIT Opencourseware website.