TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

Institute of Engineering
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Libali-2, Bhaktapur

A
REPORT
ON
FIELD VISIT OF TRANSPORTATION

ENGINEERING II
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Kushum K.C(070BCE25) Department Of Civil Engineering

Mahotsav Basnet (070BCE26) Khwopa College of Engineering
Manish Thapa (070BCE27) Submission Date:2073/11/
Niwash Basnet(070BCE28)
 PREFACE
We have been able to prepare this report from the field visit of “Transportation
Engineering II” on 4th Falgun, 2073 with information and knowledge achieved from
that visit conducted by Civil Department, Khwopa College of Engineering. This was
an important visit as this field visit is included in the syllabus of Fourth year of
Bachelors Degree of Engineering affiliated by Tribhuvan University. This field visit
helped us in gaining information and knowledge about the Hill road and the various
structures in the Hill road.This visit also helped us to familiarize with the various Hill
road Protection works.

The various Hill road structures and the protection work done there was the main
concerned topic for us. After the real observation in the field, we could figure out the
problems that might occur in the Hill roads and the way to mitigate it. Various cross
drainage structures provided such as culverts, bridges, etc along with side drains and
slope side protection works like Grouting, Wire meshing, Stone pitching , etc were
seen.

After our field visit, we got a lot of knowledge about the Hill road and various
structures and protection works done to make it safe to make our visit fruitful.

Sincerely,
GROUP B1
FIELD VISIT OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING II 2073
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our sincere gratitude is firstly to Institue of Engineering for including Transportation
Engineering II field visit in the syllabus of fourth year of Bachelors Degree of
Engineering.This field visit was necessary in gaining knowledge and information about
the Hill road for all the students of Civil Engineering.

We would like to acknowledge the Department of Civil Engineering,principal

Er.Sunil Duwal and Head of Civil Department Er.Rameshwor Shrestha for their
constant support and help for this field visit.

We would like to thank to our Co-ordinator of the field visit and course instructor Er.
Ramesh Bala for his guidance and close supervision and providing us with
informations, knowledge related to our topic of concern and kind co-operation for
completion of the field visit in very proper and disciplined way.

We also express our gratitude, Er. Ananda Kumar Mishra ,Er. Raju Miyan,
Er.Suman Duwal, for their help and support in providing us with the extra
informations and knowledge in the visit.

We would like to thank the concerened authority of B.P Highway to let us observe all
the components closely and the people of the area where we visited for their kind co-
operation.

We would like to dedicate this page to all the people who have directly or indirectly
helped and concerned for the completion of this field visit warmly.Our thanks is to our
Friends, Family ,all the staffs of Khwopa College of Engineering and the Transportation
Team for their support and help throughout the field visit. We all like to express our
sincere appreciation to all of them.

Field Visit 2073

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................................. v
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 7
1.1. Hill Road ....................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1. B.P.HIGHWAY ........................................................................................................................ 7
2. OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................................... 9
3. METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................. 9
4. ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION ................................................................................................. 9
4.1. Observations ................................................................................................................................ 9
5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 15
 ABSTRACT
This report of “Transportation Engineering II Field Visit” is prepared from all the
informations obtained from field visit done on 4th Falgun, 2073 organized by the,
Department of Civil Engineering, Khwopa College of Engineering for the students of
070BCE Batch on B.P. Highway. In the visit we were able to explore our theoretical
knowledge about Hill road and the various prominent structures over there. The visit
included the observation of catch drains, road side drains, retaining structures of road,
cross-drainage structure and side slope protection works. We observed in a team and
finished the visit within the the time limit.

Organized By
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
KHWOPA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LIBALI,BHAKTAPUR
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Stone wall................................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 2: Catch Drain............................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 3: Longitudinal Drain .................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 4: Box Culvert ............................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 5: Bridge ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 6: Chicken Wire Mesh ................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 7: Shotcrete ................................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 8: Fall and Drop Structure .......................................................................................................... 14
1. INTRODUCTION
Transportation has a very important role to play in general development of the country and
especially in its economic development. It has been described as the arteries and veins for the
flow of economy of the nation. In developing country like ours, the goal of industrial
development can be achieved through an efficient transportation system. The adequacy of
transportation system of a country indicates its economic and social development. For
sustainable transportation system overall field knowledge is inevitable. Basically knowledge
of highway materials, structures around the highway, slope protection measures, drainage
system and highway strengthening measures is required.

1.1. Hill Road

The roads constructed in mountainous regions of a country are known as Hill roads.
These roads present great difficulty in their alignment, design, construction and maintenance.
Curves, sharp bends, sleep gradients and limited width of roadway make hill roads more
liable to accidents. Also the effects of heavy rainfall on the construction and maintenance of a
hill road are serious. At many locations on the hill roads, the landslides and slips may occur
during heavy rainfall. Therefore, much care is needed during their layout and construction
so as to provide a stable and safe road. Moreover, a large number of streams cross the road
and hence a suitable facility for cross drainage is needed.

The overall cost as well as cost per km length of a hill road is higher than that of a similar
road in plains. The reason for this is that hill road construction involves difficult rock cutting,
construction of more number drainage crossing and costly protective works like retaining
walls, breast walls, parapet walls, drains, etc. which are specially needed for hill roads.

1.1.1. B.P.HIGHWAY
The B.P. Koirala Highway, also known as the Banepa Bardibas Highway, is a highway in
eastern Nepal. It links Kathmandu Valley with the Eastern Terai region. It is named after the
former leader of Nepal, Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala. This highway is the shortest link
between Kathmandu valley and the Terai region in Nepal. Construction of the highway began
on 1996 and after encountering different issues with materials, manpower and budget, the
road was finally completed and handed over to the Nepalese government on 3 July 2015.[1

The total cost of the project from start to completion was NPR. 21.5 billion (¥ 26 billion).[
During the construction of the project different innovative technologies have been
implemented. Specially Shotcrete has been implemented throughout the highway in order to
control landslides. Geotech has been used in order to stabilise the soil in various sections of
the highway. It's the first time such technologies have been used in Nepal for constructing
highway.
Main Structures in Hill Roads

1. Retaining Structures
 Dry Stone Wall
 Breast Wall
 Gabion Wall
 Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall
2. Drainage Structures
 Drainage of water from Hill slope
 Road side surface Drainage
 Sub-surface Drainage
 Cross-Drainage
▪ Culvert
▪ Bridge
▪ Causeway
▪ Aqueduct
▪ Inverted Siphon
3. Slope Protection Structures
 Use of Geosynthesis
 Stone Pitching
 Lining and protection works
 Vegetation
 Shotcreting
 Wire Meshing
2. OBJECTIVES
1) To be familiar with the various features of Hill road.
2) To know about the various structures around it.
3) To get knowledge about slope protection measures, drainage construction and cross-
drainage structures.
4) To know about energy dissipating measures and highway strengthening measures.

3. METHODOLOGY
For gaining the information about the various structures present over there, we consulted to our
instructor Er.Ramesh Bala and other teachers team.

4. ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION

For the accomplishment of above mentioned objectives, different information were collected
and analyzed and are mentioned below.

4.1. Observations
1. Retaining structure
A retaining structure is usually a wall constructed for the purpose of supporting or
retaining a vertical or nearly vertical earth bank which in turn may support vertical
loads. Based on materials used in construction of retaining walls they may be dry
stone masonry, stone filled in gabion wall crates, stone masonry with cement and
mortar, and composite, plain cement concrete, RCC and in some cases steel and
timber
 Stone Wall
These wall are made to protect the road.

Figure 1: Stone wall

2. Drainage Structure
Highway drainage may be defined as the process of interception and removal of
water from over, under and vicinity of the road surface. Basically two types of
drainage systems are existing on the highway we visited namely surface and sub-
surface. Some are as follows:
 Catch Drain
These drains generally facilitate to collect water from the side of the road and
release in the longitudinal drain. This helps to prevent the seepage of water to
the road and also protects the side of the road.

Figure 2: Catch Drain

 Longitudinal Drain
These drains run in the parallel direction of the road. They collect water from
catch drains and the road and release that water safely to the nearby stream or
river. This helps to protect the road from the adverse effect of the water.

Figure 3: Longitudinal Drain

  Cross-Drainage Structure

 Culvert
A culvert is a closed conduit placed under the embankment to carry water
across the roadway. Culverts are preferred than minor bridges since culvert is
always beneath the carriageway whereas bridge forms a part of carriageway

Functions of culvert
1. Collecting and leading water across the road, so as not to cause damage to road bank or
the stream bed by scour.

2. Allowing sufficient waterway to prevent heading up of water above the road surface.

Box culvert: - These culverts are constructed where the nature of the soil below the
foundation isn’t suitable for individual footing under piers and abutments .The size of
rectangular passage shouldn’t be less than 60*60cm for easy cleaning of debris.

Figure 4: Box Culvert

 Bridge
A bridge is a structure over a water course to carry traffic over it. The clear
spans greater than 6m are known as bridges. Bridges may be classified either
from the consideration of the construction materials such as steel bridges,
concrete bridges, timber bridges etc. From the structural point of view bridges
may be classified as cantilever, moveable, suspension etc. According to span
length it can be classified as minor bridge (to 30m) major bridge (above 30m)
or long bridge (above 120m).Structurally bridges may be divided as:-
1. Foundation:-The foundation of bridge should be on hard strata. It should be stable and wall
may be constructed to protect from erosion.

2. Substructure:-The various components of bridge which form the substructure are

abutments, piers, wing walls etc.

3. Superstructure:-Superstructure may consist of anyone of the following:-

1. Timber

2. Steel

3. RCC

4. Prestressed cement concrete

Figure 5: Bridge
3. Slope Protection Structures

 Chicken Wire Mesh

These are used to trap the boulders as well as certain portion of the soil which
are prone to fall from the slope of the hill side.

Figure 6: Chicken Wire Mesh

 Shotcrete
Prestressed cement concrete is sprayed all over the slope surface with weak
soil to make them them stable and protect them to fall.

Figure 7: Shotcrete
Energy Dissipating Structure

 Fall or drop structure

Provided in hill roads where the bed slope of existing drainage is very high.

Figure 8: Fall and Drop Structure

 Table: Time and speed of vehicles

S.no Distance(m) Time(Sec) Velocity(m/s) Remarks

College Premises
1 25000 3180 7.862
Location-1
From Location-1
2 18000 2469 7.290
Bhakundebeshi
From Bhakundebeshi
3 1000 240 4.167
Location-2
From Location-2
4 2000 120 16.667
Location 3
From Location-3
5 29000 3300 8.788
Nepalthok
Average Velocity= 8.95 m/s

5. Conclusion
Indeed, one day tour of transportation was very much fruitful in our real feasible life. We
were rendered with apt chance to implement our theoretical knowledge with the real field
knowledge. It has assisted entirely to boost up our confidence and act accordingly.
Wholesome, the ideas and views as noticed in the field will be marking steps in our further
engineering practices.