Igneous rocks

Magma vs Lava
• Magma (from Greek μάγμα - "mixture") is a
mixture of molten or semi-molten rock,
volatiles and solids that is found beneath the
surface of the Earth.
• The molten rock material under the earth's
crust, from which igneous rock is formed by
cooling.
• Lava refers to the molten rock expelled by a
volcano during an eruption.
Fig. 1 Volcano section
 `

Fig. 2 Volcano section

Fig. 3 Intrusive volcanic structures
 Chemical composition of magmas
• Felsic magmatic rocks - >70% SiO2

• Intermediate magmatic rocks (neutral) –

( 50-70)% SiO2

• Mafic magmatic rocks - ≤ 50% SiO2

Fig.4 Rock chart
Fig.5
• Leucocratic minerals (white/pink) – felsic rocks

• Melanocratic minerals (black/green) – mafic rocks

Fig.6
Fig.7 – Properties of magmas
 Felsic magmas
Fig.8 –
General types of cones

Mafic magmas
 Fig.9 –
Composite volcano

Fig.10 – Vezuviu
 Fig.11 –
Cinder cone volcano

Fig.12 –
Lava Butte in Newberry National
Volcanic Monument, Oregon
Fig.13 - Nicaragua’s Cerro Negro volcano

Volcano boarding

Fig.14 - Nicaragua’s Cerro Negro volcano

Fig.15 - Cinder Cones (Chile, Guatemala)
 Fig.16

Fig.17 - Mauna Kea, Hawaii

 Fig.18 – Pahoehoe flow

Fig.19 – Pahoehoe flow

 Fig.20 – Aa flow

Fig.21 – Aa flow above an older

pahoehoe flow
Fig.22 – Hot spot generating the Hawaii Islands
 Fig.23 – Underwater volcano eruption

Fig.24 - Pillow lava

 Vulcano clasification
Activity: active \ inactive
Cone shape : strato/composite volcanos, shield ,
cinder cones.

Eruption place: underwater, continental.

Eruption type:
calm eruptions– mafic magma
explosive eruptions – felsic magma
 Fig.25 – Volcanic ash

Fig.27 – Volcanic tuff rock

Fig.26 – Volcano erupting

Fig.28 – Lapili (2-64 mm)
Fig.29 - Volcanic bombs
Fig.30 - Scoria
Facultativ !!!
 References:
• Fig. 1- www.humanityroad.org
• Fig.2 - dmscc.typepad.com
• Fig.3 – www.mleziva.hostzi.com
• Fig.4 - tucsoncitizen.com
• Fig.5 – www.geocaching.com
• Fig.6 – www.sleepingdogstudios.com
• Fig.7 – volcanicchanges.wikispaces.com
• Fig.8 - crescentok.com
• Fig.9 – www.personal.psu.edu
• Fig.10 – www.descopera.ro
• Fig.11 – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinder_cone_diagram.gif
• Fig.12 – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lavabutte3.jpg
• Fig.13 – www.travelettes.net
• Fig.14 – www.pri.org
• Fig.15 - newsmoves.com
• Fig. 16- jonjosvolcanoes.weebly.com
• Fig. 17 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcano
• Fig. 18 - ruby.colorado.edu
• Fig. 19 - www.lpi.usra.edu
• Fig. 20 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava
• Fig. 21 - http://www.colorfulfootsteps.com/2012/01/23/in-search-of-kilaueas-lava-flow/
• Fig. 22 - http://hawaiiislandvolcanoes.blogspot.ro/2011/04/hawaiian-islands-and-how-hawaiian.html
• Fig. 23 - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2137410/Working-right-lava-Daredevil-diver-tries-mould-1-000C-red-hot-molten-rock-
HANDS.html
• Fig. 24 - www.waterencyclopedia.com
• Fig. 25 - http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/ash.php
• Fig. 26 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash
• Fig. 27 -
http://s17.photobucket.com/user/Michiezz826/media/Igneous%20Rocks/VolcanicTuff.jpg.html
• Fig. 28 -
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/PuuPuaiLapilli_large.jpg
• Fig. 29 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_bomb
• Fig. 30 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoria

• Press, F., Siever, R., 1998 – Understanding Earth, WH Freeman and Company,
682 p
• Alexandru Andresanu- Curs geologie fizica , 2011