360 DEGREE STEERING SYSTEM

A project report submitted to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

S. UJWALA 16835A0345
V. AJAY KUMAR 16835A0350
A.AKARSH 16835A0351

Under the guidance of

Mr. M. SRIHARI
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GURUNANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)
Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy District-501506
2015-2019
 1. TIMELINE OF THE PROJECT

PROJECT TIMELINE

Report

Testing

Fabrication and assembly

Design

Literature survey

Collection of data

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Work done Work to be done Survey

 1. WORKDONE SO FAR

Introduction to 360 degree steering system:

This project is about design of 360 degree wheel rotating vehicle. This vehicle moves in
all directions and this design provides better comfort and also saves the time of
customers, most of the people using this vehicle to carry goods, patient etc. But most of
the time, they have to face the problem like taking U turn etc. So have to design a 360
degree wheel rotating vehicle to reduce and eliminate problems in the industry and at the
railway platform.[1]

Zero degree turning radius of a vehicle implies the vehicle rotating about an axis
passing through the center of gravity of vehicle i.e. the vehicle turning at the same place,
where it is standing. No extra space is required to turn the vehicle. So vehicle is to be
turned in the space equal to the length of the vehicle itself. In this system, control system
is connected to sprocket via motor and this sprocket is connected to sprocket of front
wheel by chain drive. Control system is used to provide the direction of front wheel.[1]

The DC motor is connected to sprocket bolt at above of frame. When power supply
from battery to DC motor then rotary motion transfer from DC motor to the wheel. The
bearings are provide below sprocket which allow to wheel rotate 360 degree about
vertical axis. Then this same rotary motion is transfer to the rear wheels by sprockets and
chain drive arrangement. So as a result this arrangement of the vehicle wheels to turn 90
degrees left and 90 degree right from original position, but front wheels of this vehicle
rotate 360 degree by control system, sprocket and chain drive arrangement. Without
moving from the spot, i.e. the vehicle has zero turning radius.[1]

This helps in maneuvering the vehicle in tight spaces such as parking lots and within
small compounds. The various functions of the steering wheel are to control the angular
motion the wheels, direction of motion of the vehicle, to provide directional stability of
the vehicle while going straight ahead, to facilitate straight ahead condition of the vehicle
after completing a turn, the road irregularities must be damped to the maximum possible
extent. This should co-exist with the road feel for the driver so that he can feel the road
condition without experiencing the effects of moving over it.[1]
Working:
This project consist of steering, chain sprocket,DC motor, wheel, bearing, iron pipe,
battery and chain drive. In this system first the vehicle is stopped and wheels are then
turned in the required direction with help of control system and DC motor. Teeth of
sprocket are completely mesh with chain drive which has used to provide rotary motion
to rear wheels by help of DC motor. Direction control system is used to provide direction
of rotation to front wheels by help of sprocket and chain drive arrangement. DC motors
are used in each wheel to provide forward and backward movement of this vehicle, also a
battery is used to provide electrical energy of each DC motor. It has turning radius nearly
equal to negligible of length of the vehicle itself. This system is to be useful in hospitals,
small industries and also on railway platforms.[1]

 360 degree wheel rotation vehicle consist of control system, chain sprocket, chain
drive, iron pipe, battery, DC motor and wheel.[1]

 In this vehicle sprocket of front wheel and control system are connected by first
chain drive and sprocket of rear wheel connected to second chain drive and DC
motor has is given to each wheel to provide forward and backward movement of
vehicle.[1]

 When power is supplied from the battery to DC motor then DC motor starts to
rotate in clockwise direction and also sprocket will rotate in clockwise direction
because sprocket bolt is connected to DC motor, the same rotary force is
transferred to other rear wheels by chain drive because sprocket of rear wheel are
connected by chain drive and bearing has provide with sprocket which allow to
wheel rotate. So as a result rear wheels also rotate 90 degree left from original
position and reverse current flow from battery to DC motor then rear wheels
rotate 90 degree right from original position.[1]

 When power supply from battery to DC motors of each wheels then each DC
motor starts rotate then wheels also rotate with DC motor because wheels and DC
motors are connected by bolts and nuts. As a result vehicle moves in forward
direction and when reverse current flow from battery to DC motors, then DC
motors start rotate in opposite direction. As a result vehicle is move in backward
direction.[1]
Components:

1. Sprocket:
A sprocket is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even sprockets that mesh with a
chain. The sprockets are used for the power transmission between the wheels through the
roller chain drive. A sprocket is a profiled wheel with teeth that meshes with a chain,
track or other perforated or indented material. Chain sprocket is a part this vehicle. Chain
sprocket are used to provide the clockwise or anticlockwise direction to front wheel and
rear wheel through the chain drive. Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars,
tracked vehicles, and other machinery either to transmit rotary motion between two shafts
where gears are unsuitable or to impart linear motion to a track, tape etc.[1]
2.Roller chain:
A roller chain is the type of chain driven most commonly used for transmission of
mechanical power between two sprockets. It consist of a series of short cylindrical rollers
held together by side links. It is driven by a toothed wheel called a sprocket.It is often
used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It
is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles. In this vehicle first chain
drive connected with sprocket of front wheel and second chain drive is connected with
sprocket of rear wheel. [1]
3.Wheel:
In this vehicle wheels are made of plastic material. Wheels are connect with DC motor
and four wheels rotate 360 degree by help of controlling, chain sprocket, chain drive and
bearing arrangement. The rear wheels rotate 90 degree left and 90 degree right from
original position by help of DC motor, sprocket and chain driver arrangement, DC motor
has given to each wheel to provide forward and backward movement of wheel.[1]
4. Iron pipe:
Iron pipe is a one of important parts of 360 degree wheel rotation vehicle. It is made of
mild steel. This is used to connect bearing and DC motor of each wheel. [1]
5. DC motor:
In this vehicle one DC motor are provide in each of 2 wheels to move forward and
backward direction. The specification of motor used is 12 V, with 60 rpm.When power
supply from battery to DC motor then DC motor rotate in clockwise direction and when
reverse current supply from battery to DC motor then DC motor will rotate in
anticlockwise direction. Which will give forward and backward movement of vehicle. An
electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy. In any electric motor,
operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a
magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a
force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external
magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite
(North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and
South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the
magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field
to generate rotational motion[1]
6. Bearing:
In this vehicle bearing is use easy to move wheel from one direction to other direction,
each bearing is connected with each wheel with the help of sprocket and iron pipe.A
bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion,
and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example,
provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed
axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on
the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction.[1]

7. Fixed frame:
The fixed frame forms the base of the 360 degree wheel rotation vehicle. This frame is
made of Mild Steel (MS). It has four wheels attached to its two sides by sprocket bolt and
iron pipe.[1]
Types of wheel steering:

 Front wheel steering.

 Shorter radius turning.

 Parallel parking.

 Zero degree rotation.

Front Wheel Steering:

Ackermann steering geometry is a geometric arrangement of linkages in the steering of
a car or other vehicle designed to solve the problem of wheels on the inside and outside
of a turn needing to trace out circles of different radii. The difficulty to arrange in
practice with simple linkages, and designers draw or analyze their steering systems over
the full range of steering angles. Hence, modern cars do not use pure Ackermann
steering, partly because it ignores important dynamic and compliant effects, but the
principle is sound for low speed maneuvers, and the right and left wheels do not turn by
the same angle, be it any cornering speed. With all the four wheels steered, the problem
gets compounded, since the appropriate steering angles for all four wheels need to be
calculated. It is to be noted that the variation in steering angles as a result of Ackerman
geometry is progressive and not fixed; hence they have to be pre-calculated and stored by
the controller. This dictates that the control of four-wheel steering systems be very
precise, and consequently, complex. This is another reason why manufacturers have not
preferred the use of such systems in their vehicles, even with recent advances in
technology. The cost of such systems can be high, and a good amount of research &
development is required upfront.[2]

Fig. Front wheel steering.[2]

Shorter Radius Turning:
To minimize the turning radius for the fixed-wheel, differential-drive configuration, the
fixed-drive wheels must be located as close as possible to the geometric center of the
chair. For fixed front-wheel-drive chairs, the drive wheels are moved rearward, and for
fixed rear-wheel-drive chairs, the rear wheels are moved forward. Another benefit of
locating the drive wheels close to the geometric center of the chair is that a larger portion
of the total weight of the wheelchair is borne by the drive wheels and less by the caster
wheels. The greater the weight borne by the caster wheels, the more difficult it is to
change directions when caster wheels must reverse directions and rotate through 180°.
The approach, however, causes the designer to take extraordinary steps to provide
stability. Typically, stability is achieved by counterbalancing the user's mass over and in
front of the main drive wheels with the mass of the batteries behind the main drive
wheels. It may be necessary to provide caster or sprung wheels in the rear of the chair to
avoid tipping backward while accelerating forward. The addition of these extra wheels, if
small, may also compromise the chair's ability to climb low obstacles. An alternate
approach to minimizing the turning radius is to steer all four wheels; this avoids the
problems associated with caster wheels, yet retains minimum turning radius and
maximizes stability. Added benefits of four-wheel steering are the tracking of front and
rear wheels along the same path and enhanced obstacle climbing capability. The
challenge in designing a mechanical four-wheel steering mechanism is to design a device
with the ability to turn each wheel through 180° while minimizing Ackerman errors
(misalignment of the wheels). Ackerman steering linkages, such as those used in
automobiles, owe their simple design to the relatively small turning angles required by
that type of vehicle. For highly maneuverable wheelchairs, the range of steering angle is
much greater, and the wheels must maintain proper alignment over that entire range to
avoid undesirable scrubbing when the wheelchair moves. Scrubbing results in excessive
tire wear, wrinkling of carpets, and/or undesirable tire noise.[2]

Fig. Shorter radius turning.[2]

Parallel Parking:
Zero steer can be significantly easy for the parking process, due to its extremely short
turning footprint. This is exemplified by the parallel parking scenario, which is common
in foreign countries and is pretty relevant to our cities. Here, a car has to park between
two other cars parked on the service lane. This maneuver requires a three-way movement
of the vehicle and consequently heavy steering inputs. Moreover, to successfully park the
vehicle without incurring any damage, at least 1.75 times the length of the car must be
available for parking for a two-wheel steered car. The car requires just about the same
length as itself to park in the spot in the case of parallel parking. The vehicle will slide to
the parking line at a specific angle to the wheels. Also the rear wheels will be parallel to
the front wheels.[2]

Fig: Parallel Parking[2]

Zero Degree Rotation:
This vehicle has all the four modes of steering described above, though it sports a truly
complex drive-train and steering layout with two transfer cases to drive the left and right
wheels separately. The four wheels have fully independent steering and need to turn in an
unconventional direction to ensure that the vehicle turns around on its own axis. Such a
system requires precise calculation to make certain that all three steering modes function
perfectly. The 360 degree rotation mode of 4WS is applied by chain movement which
helps in movement of wheels in the required position. The movement of wheels are in a
way that the vehicle will move or turn in 360 degree. Also since the 360 degree mode
does not require steering inputs the driver can virtually park the vehicle without even
touching the steering wheel. All he has to do give throttle and brake inputs and even they
can be automated in modern cars. Hence such a system can even lead to vehicles that can
drive and park by themselves.[2]

Fig. Zero Degree Rotation[2]

Literature Survey:
Arun Kumar SM et al.[1] “360 Degree Wheel Rotation Vehicle” In this paper
problems like controlling with steering wheel and poor quality of chassis construction are
founded. Therefore to overcome these problems we are developing by designing a 360
degree steering system.

Colin Varghese et al.[2] “Different Modes in Four Wheel Steered Multi-Utility

Vehicles” This paper shows the different types of modes in which the wheels can be
steered
References:
[1] Arunkumar SM, Chandan kumar Sahu, Yubaraj GM, Jahangeer AB, “360 Degree
Rotating Vehicle”, International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications
(IJLERA) ISSN: 2455-7137 Volume – 02, Issue – 05, May – 2017, PP – 75-81

[2] Colin Vargese, “Different Modes in Four Wheel Steered Multi-Utility Vehicles”,
International Journal of Engineering And Science Vol.6, Issue 4 (April 2016), PP -95-101

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 3.WORK TO BE DONE

We have to study about the Design Parameters like Chassis Construction,

Mounting of all the accessories. When coming to the Design Calculations like
Torque, Center of Gravity, Weight of the body.
We have to study the measurements like Length of the Chassis, Number of
Links, Length of the Chain and Fabrication, Assembly, Testing, Report are also
have to be done