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BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
SINGAPORE INTAKE 3
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. This is closed book examination and no references are allowed
2. Answer to ALL questions.
3. Questions are of equal value.
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Answer:
1. There is an evident problem with the explicit expression for a straight line, in
that the slope, m, of the line is infinite for a vertical line and near vertical lines have
very large slopes, and these may be difficult to define using a computer because of
numerical problems.
2. The implicit equations represent unbounded geometry, where as in CAD the
geometries are bounded.
3. In implicit form, curves are often multi-valued, eg for a given value of X, there
are two values of Y.
4.In implicit form, evaluation of points on a curve is uneven for a given X-value.
4. What is a Bezier curve and how it is defined?
Answer:
The Bezier curve, is defined by the vertices of a polygon that enclose the
resulting curve. In other words, the effects of the vertices are weighted by the
corresponding blending function and blended as in the Hermite curve.
Answer:
1.topological data.
2.geometrical data
7. Describe the procedure for the construction of a parametric (variational) solid model.
Answer:
1.Input a 2-D shape as a rough sketch.
2.Input geometric and dimensional constraints
3.Reconstruct the 2-D shape for the given geometric constraint and dimensional data.
4.Repeat steps 2 and 3, modifying the geometric constraints and/or dimensional data until the
desired model is obtained.
5.Create a 3-D shape by sweeping or swinging the 2-D sketch
8. What is a decomposition model structure. Name the three decomposition methods used
in solid modelling
Answer:
A solid model which is described approximately as an aggregate of simple solids such as cubes
is called a decomposition model.
Typical decomposition models and the data structures for storing them include:
1.Voxel representation
2.Octree representation
3.Cell representation
9. Name at least three types of languages used in Web-Based CAD modelling
12. What is a “point light”? A directed light? A spotlight? For each, describe the concept
and the controls needed to use the light in a rendering “scene”.
Answer:
Point sources:
–Light rays which emanate evenly from a single source.
–Intensity of all rays is equal
–A simple analogy would be that of an incandescent light bulb.
Directed:
–Infinitely distant point source.
–A simple analogy would be a distant sun
–Light rays are parallel and equal in intensity
–Requires specification of a “target”
Spot Light
–A variation of the directed source
–Light rays not parallel but emanate in a cone
–Requires specification of a “target”
–May have control of an inner “hot cone”
The stage of going from these fuzzy set values to a single value is called de-fuzzification.
The procedure of taking a single value from each rule is as follows:
•If the rule uses AND the lowest value is taken.
•If the rule uses OR the highest value is taken.
•Precedence defines how combinations of AND/OR are interpreted.
15. two typical software technologies to improve the graphics speed for an assembly of many
parts, namely Level of detail (LOD0 and culling. Explain briefly the principle of each
technique.
Answer:
LOD is a technique to use the lower level of detail of an object when it is
farther away or moving and to use the higher level of detail when it is closed up
or static. In other words, we use a smaller number of facets to represent the
object for the lower level of detail and vice versa.
Culling is a technique to send only the necessary object information to the
graphics hardware. The objects outside the view frustum or those that are
hindered by other objects are not sent to the graphics pipeline.
The concept of automated systems can be applied to various levels of factory operation.
Identify five possible levels of automation in a production plant.
17. What are the major differences between an “adaptive control” and a “feedback control”
applied to the industrial control?
18. Using the robot configuration notation scheme, draw diagrams of the following robots:
1. TRL:TR
2. TVR:TR
3. RRL:T
4. LORV:RT
R
Control Resolution CR =
2 1
n
20. Two stepping motors are used in an open loop system to drive the lead screws for x-y
positioning. The range of each axis is 250 mm. The shaft of the motors are connected directly to
the lead screws. The pitch of each lead screw is 3.0 mm, and the number of step angles on the
stepping motor is 125. (a) How closely can the position of the table be controlled, assuming
there are no mechanical errors in the positioning system? (b) What are the required pulse train
frequencies and corresponding rotational speeds of each stepping motor in order to drive the
(a) A DAC uses a reference voltage of 80 V and has 6-bit precision. In four successive
sampling periods, each one second long, the binary data contained in the output
register were 100000, 011111, 011101, and 011010. Determine the equation for the
voltage as a function of time between sampling instants 3 and 4 using (a) a zero-
order hold, and (b) a first-order hold.
List of equations
360. x.rg
np
p.
60 f p
N
ns rg
Where np = number of pulses, x = x-axis position, p = pitch of the leadscrew, = step angle, ns
= step per revolution, rg = gear ratio, fp = pulse train frequency in Hz
CR p L
Accuracy = + 3 , CR1 = , CR2 = B .
2 n srg 2 1
Where ns = number of step angles, rg = gear ratio and L = axis range