4g Visions To Mapping Research Topics Wireless Access Advantages Disadvantages

4G wireless system 1
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Contents
 Introduction to 4g wireless system

 History of 4g and pre-4g technologies
 Predecessors of 4g
 WIMAX
 UMB
 Flash OFDM
 Principal technologies
 4g hardware
 Software systems
 Deployment plans
 4g wireless communication
 4g wireless standards
 Physical and MAClayer specifications
4g visions to mapping research topics
 Network and services
Wireless access
Advantages
disadvantages
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DEPT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION GOVT.POLYTECHNIC BELLARY
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Introduction to 4G wireless system
The First generation wireless mobile communication systems were

introduced in early eighties and second generations systems in the late
1980s were intended primarily for transmission of voice. The initial
systems used analog frequency modulation where as the second as well as
the subsequent mobile systems use digital communication techniques
with time division multiplexing (TDM), frequency division multiplexing
(FDM) or the code division multiple access (CDMA). The third
generation wireless systems which are just getting introduced in the world
markets offer considerably higher data rates, and allow significant
improvements over the 2G systems. The 3G Wireless systems were
proposed to provide voice and paging services to provide interactive
multimedia including teleconferencing and internet access and variety of
other services. However, these systems offer wide area network (WAN)
coverage of 384 kbps peak rate and limited coverage for 2 Mbps. Hence
providing broadband services would be one of the major goals of the 4G
Wireless systems.
Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system

with wide area coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost
effective and to provide high spectral efficiency . The 4g wireless uses
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio
Band (UWB),and Millimeter wireless. Data rate of 20mbps is employed.
Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr.The high performance is achieved
by the use of long term channel prediction, in both time and frequency,
scheduling among users and smart antennas combined with adaptive
modulation and power control. Frequency band is 2-8 GHz. it gives the
ability for world wide roaming to access cell anywhere.
Wireless mobile communications systems are uniquely identified by

"generation designations. Introduced in the early 1980s, first generation
(1G) systems were marked by analog frequency modulation and used
primarily for voice communications. Second generation (2G) wireless
communications systems, which made their appearance in the late 1980s,
were also used mainly for voice transmission and reception The wireless
system in widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5G-an "in between
" service that serves as a stepping stone to 3G. Whereby 2G
communications is generally associated with Global System for Mobile
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(GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being "fueled " by General

Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM. In 3G systems, making
their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and
paging services, as well as interactive media use such as teleconferencing,
Internet access, and other services. The problem with 3G wireless
systems is bandwidth-these systems provide only WAN coverage ranging
from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor
static applications). Segue to 4G, the "next dimension " of wireless
communication. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter
wireless and smart antenna. Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile
speed will be up to 200km/hr.Frequency band is 2 ﾁ]8 GHz. it gives the
ability for world wide roaming to access cell anywhere
History of 4G and pre-4G technologies

In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G — which ITU designated as IMT-
Advanced — was laid out.
In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology is chosen as candidate for

the HSOPA downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution
(LTE) air interface E-UTRA.
In November 2005, KT demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in

Busan, South Korea.
In June 2006, KT started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX

service in Seoul, South Korea.
In mid-2006, Sprint Nextel announced that it would invest about

US$5 billion in a WiMAX technology buildout over the next few
years. ($5.4 billion in real term since that time Sprint has faced many
setbacks, that have resulted in steep quarterly losses. On May 7, 2008,
Sprint, Imagine, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time
Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum;
Sprint merged its Xohm WiMAX division with Clearwire to form a
company which will take the name Clear.
In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G

communication system prototype with 4x4 MIMO called VSF-
OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary.
NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a maximum
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packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink

with 12x12 MIMO using a 100 MHz frequency bandwidth while
moving at 10 km/h, and is planning on releasing the first commercial
network in 2010.
In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of

200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.
In January 2008, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

spectrum auction for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies
began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon
Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T. Both of these companies have
stated their intention of supporting LTE.
In January 2008, EU commissioner Viviane Reding suggested re-

allocation of 500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication,
including WiMAX.
February 15, 2008 - Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module

for e-UTRAN.
In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of

50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h.
In 2008, ITU-R established the detailed performance requirements of

IMT-Advanced, by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate
Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced.
April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized
a workshop on IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE-
Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or even
exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda.
On 3 March 2009, Lithuanian's LRTC announcing the first operational

"4G" mobile WiMAX network in Baltic states.
In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected

cities in the United States, despite average download speeds of only 3-
6Mbps with peak speeds of 10Mbps (not available in all markets).
On December 14, 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in

the Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish
network operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brandname NetCom
(Norway). TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem
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devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710),

and the network infrastructure created by Huawei (in Oslo) and
Ericsson (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE
across Sweden, Norway and Finland. TeliaSonera used spectral
bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-in-single-out, which should provide
physical layer net bitrates of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s
in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP throughput of
42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.
On 25 February 2010, Estonia's EMT opened LTE "4G" network

working in test regime.
On 5 June 2010, Sprint Nextel released the first 4G Smartphone, the

HTC Evo 4G.
On July 2010, Uzbekistan's MTS deployed LTE in Tashkent. On 25

August 2010, Latvia's LMT opened LTE "4G" network working in
test regime 50% of territory.
Predecessors of 4G
Samsung LTE modem
The pre-4G technology 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is often

branded "4G", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the
IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity
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of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a

20 MHz channel is used - and more if Multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.
The world's first publicly available LTE-service was opened in the two
Scandinavian capitals Stockholm (Ericsson system) and Oslo (a Huawei
system) on the 14 December 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals
were manufactured by Samsung. Most major mobile carriers in the
United States and several worldwide carriers have announced plans to
convert their networks to LTE beginning in 2011.
The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed
OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access (E-UTRA).
LTE Advanced (Long-term-evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-

Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-
T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2012. The target of
3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements. LTE
Advanced should be compatible with first release LTE equipment, and
should share frequency bands with first release LTE.
WiMAX
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband
access (MWBA) standard is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data
rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide
channels. The IEEE 802.16m evolution of 802.16e is under development,
with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for
stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception. The world's
first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul,
South Korea on 30 June 2006.
Sprint Nextel has announced that it will be using WiMAX, branded as a

"4G" network.
UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)

UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued
4G project within the 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the
CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and
requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor,
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announced it was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE

instead. The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s
downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream.
Flash-OFDM
At an early stage the Flash-OFDM system was expected to be further
developed into a 4G standard.
Principal technologies
• Physical layer transmission techniques.
o MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of
spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user
MIMO
o Frequency-domain-equalization, for example Multi-carrier
modulation (OFDM) or single-carrier frequency-domain-
equalization (SC-FDE) in the downlink: To exploit the
frequency selective channel property without complex
equalization.
o Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example
(OFDMA) or (Single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a.
Linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-OFDMA) in the uplink:
Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to
different users based on the channel conditions
o Turbo principle error-correcting codes: To minimize the
required SNR at the reception side
• Channel-dependent scheduling: To utilize the time-varying
channel.
• Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and error-correcting codes
• Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), and the
cooperative relaying concept, known as multi-mode protocol
4G Hardware
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1 Ultra Wide Band Networks:
Ultra Wideband technology, or UWB, is an advanced transmission

technology that can be used in the implementation of a 4G network. The
secret to UWB is that it is typically detected as noise. This highly specific
kind of noise does not cause interference with current radio frequency
devices, but can be decoded by another device that recognizes UWB and
can reassemble it back into a signal. Since the signal is disguised as noise,
it can use any part of the frequency spectrum, which means that it can use
frequencies that are currently in use by other radio frequency devices
(Cravotta ). An Ultra Wideband device works by emitting a series of
short, low powered electrical pulses that are not directed at one particular
frequency but rather are spread across the entire spectrum (Butcher ). As
seen in Figure 6, Ultra Wideband uses a frequency of between 3.1 to 10.6
GHz. The pulse can be called “shaped noise” because it is not flat, but
curves across the spectrum. On the other hand, actual noise would look
the same across a range of frequencies
— it has no shape. For this reason, regular noise that may have the same
frequency as the 4G Wireless Systems 14
Figure 7: Switched Beam Antenna pulse itself does not cancel out the
pulse. Interference would have to spread across the spectrum uniformly to
obscure the pulse. UWB provides greater bandwidth — as much as 60
megabits per second, which is 6 times faster than today’s wireless
networks. It also uses significantly less power, since it transmits pulses
instead of a continuous signal. UWB uses all frequencies from high to
low, thereby passing through objects like the sea or layers of rock.
Nevertheless, because of the weakness of the UWB signal, special
antennas are needed to tune and aim the signal.
2 Smart Antennas:
Multiple “smart antennas” can be employed to help find, tune, and turn
up signal information. Since the antennas can both “listen” and “talk,” a
smart antenna can send signals back in the same direction that they came
from. This means that the antenna system cannot only hear many times
louder, but can also respond more loudly and directly as well
(ArrayComm 2003).
There are two types of smart antennas:
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Switched Beam Antennas (as seen in Figure 7) have fixed beams of

transmission, and can switch from one predefined beam to another when
the user with the phone moves throughout the sector Adaptive Array
Antennas (as seen in Figure 8) represent the most advanced smart antenna
approach to date using a variety of new signal processing algorithms to
locate and track the user, minimize interference, and maximize intended
signal reception
(ArrayComm 2003).
Smart antennas can thereby:
• Optimize available power
• Increase base station range and coverage
• Reuse available spectrum
• Increase bandwidth
• Lengthen battery life of wireless devices
4G Wireless Systems 15
Figure 8: Adaptive Array Antenna
Although UWB and smart antenna technology may play a large role in a
4G system, advanced software will be needed to process data on both the
sending and receiving side. This software should be flexible, as the future
wireless world will likely be a heterogeneous mix of technologies.
IPv6 support
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of
circuit switched and packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G will
be based on packet switching only. This will require low-latency data
transmission.
By the time that 4G is deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion is

expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6
support is essential in order to support a large number of wireless-enabled
devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6 removes the
need for Network Address Translation (NAT), a method of sharing a
limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although
NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that are on
existing IPv4 networks.
As of June 2009, Verizon has posted specifications that require any 4G

devices on its network to support IPv6.[16]
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Advanced Antenna Systems

The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna
system, termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna
technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high
rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s,
to cater the growing data rate needs of data communication, many
transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial
multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and
power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple
antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can
then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This
technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies
the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or
the number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in
transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by
using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called
transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit
spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding
techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at
the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna
technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter.
Software-Defined Radio (SDR)

SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a
collection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will
constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR
technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.
Software systems
We have already seen in the previous subsection that to effect terminal

and network node reconfigurability we need a middleware layer. This
consists of network intelligence in the form of object-oriented distributed
processing and supporting environments that offer the openness necessary
to break down traditional boundaries to interoperability and uniform
service provision. The mobile software agent approach is an especially
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important building block as it offers the ability to cope with the

complexities of distributed systems. Such building blocks may reside at
one time in the terminal and then in the network; or they may be
composed of other objects that themselves are mobile. Within the mobile
system there exists a range of objects whose naming, addressing and
location are key new issues. A further step in this development is the
application of the Web-service-model rather than the client/server
principle; recent industry tendencies show a shift towards this paradigm
and XML (extensible Markup Language) is seen as the technology of the
future for Web-based distributed services. However this technology has
yet to prove its scalability and suitability for future application in mobile
networks.
In addition to the network utilities there will be a range of applications

and services within 4G that also have associated with them objects,
interfaces (APIs) and protocols. It is the entirety of different technologies
that underlies the middleware for the new 4G software system.
The ‘killer application’ for 4G is likely to be the personal mobile assistant

(PMA)—in effect the software complement to the personal area network
—that will organise, share and enhance all of our daily routines and life
situations. It will provide a range of functions including:
• Ability to learn from experiences and to build on

personal experiences, i.e. to have intelligence
• Decision capability to organise routine functions with
other PMAs and network data bases, e.g. diary, travel
arrangements, holidays, prompts (shopping, haircut, theatre,
birthdays, etc.)
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• A range of communication modes: voice, image (with

image superimposition via head-up displays such as glasses
or retinal overlays), multiparty meetings (including live
action video of us and our current environment), etc.
• Provision of navigation and positioning information
and thus of location-dependent services:
• Detecting and reporting the location of children, pets
and objects of any sort
• Vehicle positioning and route planning, auto pilot and
pedestrian warnings
• Automatic reporting of accidents (to insurance
companies, rescue services and car dealers)
• Knowledge provision via intelligent browsing of the
Internet
• E-business facilities for purchasing and payment
• Health monitoring and provision of warnings
• Infotainment: music, video and, maybe, virtual reality
Of course the key to all this is ‘mobility’—we need to have the ‘PMA’
whenever and wherever we are, and this places additional complexity on
network and service objects and the agents that process them.
Specifically we need to consider what the metrics are that determine

which objects follow the user. Some objects can move anywhere; others
can move in some directions or within a constrained area. If they can
move, how will the existing service determine if resources are available
to support them in their new (temporary) home? Will they still be able to
function? What kind of computing architecture and middleware platforms
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will be capable of supporting thousands, perhaps millions, of such

objects?
Aspects of security pervade the whole of this area. Rules of

authentication, confidentiality, scalability and availability must now be
applied to objects that are continuously mobile. A whole set of conditions
that are valid at one time and place maybe invalid if transferred to
another. Integrity and correctness issues must be considered when
mechanisms that support applications are used in practice in the presence
of other; distributed algorithms. For issues such as liveness, safety and
boundedness—consistency, isolation and durability— execution
semantics need to be evidenced for extension to the mobile environment.
Distributed management tools, in a complementary way, will allow a

certain level of monitoring (including collection of data for analysis),
control and troubleshooting. The management tools currently available do
not encompass mobility efficiently and hence this is another important
area of research.
The aim of the research in this area is to develop tools that can be used in
4G software systems. The following specific scenarios are being
addressed in order to focus the issues:
• E-commerce, including microtransactions, share
trading and internal business transactions
• Home services, ranging from terminal enhancements
(e.g. enhancing the display capabilities by using the TV
screen as a display unit for the terminal) to security systems
and housekeeping tasks
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• Transportation systems: Itinerary support, ticketing

and location services are to be targeted in this area.
• Infotainment on the move: This will demonstrate the
need for software and terminal reconfiguration and media-
adaptation.
• Telemedicine and assistance services: Emergency
team support, remote/virtual operations and surveillance of
heart patients are possible stages for this scenario.
This list of scenarios can be expanded arbitrarily and also into non-
consumer areas (i.e. military and emergency services), however the
preconditions for service delivery and demands on the network
infrastructure remain the same: they will have to be adaptable to meet the
user- requirements current in 2010. Support for these scenarios may be
given by intelligent agents, which may represent the terminal within the
network to manage the adaptations or customisations of the
communication path. On an application or service layer they may
additionally be used to complete business transactions for the user (e.g.
booking a theatre ticket or a flight) or to support other services.
Furthermore, distributed software entities (including the variety of
models from objects, via agents, to the Web-service model) will
encompass management and support for applications and services as well
as for user and terminal mobility.
Deployment plans
In May 2005, Digiweb, an Irish fixed and wireless broadband company,
announced that they have received a mobile communications license from
the Irish Telecoms regulator, ComReg. This service will be issued the
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mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G
Mobile communications. Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network
using FLASH-OFDM technology at 872 MHz.
On September 20, 2007, Verizon Wireless announced that it plans a joint

effort with the Vodafone Group to transition its networks to the 4G
standard LTE. On December 9, 2008, Verizon Wireless announced that
they intend to build and begin to roll out an LTE network by the end of
2009. Since then, Verizon Wireless has said that they will start their
rollout by the end of 2010.
On July 7, 2008, South Korea announced plans to spend 60 billion won,

or US$58,000,000, on developing 4G and even 5G technologies, with the
goal of having the highest mobile phone market share by 2012, and the
hope of an international standard.
Telus and Bell Canada, the major Canadian cdmaOne and EV-DO
carriers, have announced that they will be cooperating towards building a
fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless broadband network in Canada. As a
transitional measure, they are implementing 3G UMTS that went live in
November 2009.
Sprint offers a 3G/4G connection plan, currently available in select cities

in the United States. It delivers rates up to 10 Mbit/s.
In the United Kingdom, Telefónica O2 is to use Slough as a guinea pig in

testing the 4G network and has called upon Huawei to install LTE
technology in six masts across the town to allow people to talk to each
other via HD video conferencing and play PlayStation games while on
the move.
Verizon Wireless has announced that it plans to augment its CDMA2000-

based EV-DO 3G network in the United States with LTE. AT&T, along
with Verizon Wireless has chosen to migrate toward LTE from 2G/GSM
and 3G/HSPA by 2011. The U.S. FCC is exploring the possibility of
deployment and operation of a nationwide 4G public safety network
which would allow first responders to seamlessly communicate between
agencies and across geographies, regardless of devices. In June 2010 the
FCC released a comprehensive white paper which indicates that the
10 MHz of dedicated spectrum currently allocated from the 700 MHz
spectrum for public safety will provide adequate capacity and
performance necessary for normal communications as well as serious
emergency situations.
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Fourth generation(4G) wireless

communication
1. It is fourth generation (4G) mobile?
At present the download speed for mobile internet connections in

Japan are between 9.6 kbit/s for 2G cellular, up to 128 kbit/s for
PHS, typically 200 kbit/s (nominally 384 kbps) for DoCoMo and
Vodafone 3G cellular, and 2.4 Mbps for KDDI/AU CDMA2000-
1x-WIN service. However, in actual use the data rates are usually
slower, especially in crowded areas, or when the network is
"congested". 4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be
up to 20megabits per second. Read more about the two waves of
3G introduction in Japan: our 3G FAQ (html) and our 3G report
(pdf-file for download). In our 3G report you will find a lot of
market data for Japans 3G market (20 million 3G subscribers in
Japan in July 2004), which will give you a good idea about what
4G might look like in the future.
2. What is DoCoMo's MOTO-Media?

NTT-DoCoMo and Hewlett-Packard have announced that the two
companies are jointly developing technologies for 4G wireless
communications. They have named the technology platform:
MOTO-Media.
3. When will 4G (broadband) mobile communications

being introduced in Japan?
Initially DoCoMo planned to introduce 4G services around 2010.

Recently DoCoMo announced plans to introduce 4G services from
2006, i.e. four years earlier than previously planned.
4. What will the data rates be for 4G (broadband mobile) in

Japan?
At present (2G) imode data rates in Japan are up to 9.6 kbit/sec, but
usually a lot slower, and 28.2kbps for 504i, 505i, 506i handsets
(since May 2002). For 3G (FOMA) data rates are at present around
200kbps (download) and 64kbps (upload) and will in the future be
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upgraded to 10 Mbit/sec. KDDI/AU offers 2.4 Mbit/s since

December 2003. For 4G data rates up to 20 Megabytes per second
are planned. This is about 2000 times faster than present (year
2001) mobile data rates, and about 10 times faster than top
transmission rates planned in the final build out of 3G broadband
mobile. It is about 10-20 times faster than standard ASDL services,
which are being introduced for internet connections over traditional
copper cables at this time (2001).
5. What type of services will 4G allow?
Of course it is impossible to predict technology developments and

the evolution of culture and customer needs. 4G in principle will
allow high-quality smooth video transmission.
6. Is video really a killer application for 3G and 4G?
Usage data in Japan do not show that video telephony is a real killer
application for 3G. However, this may change if quality and market
penetration improves or different marketing models are found. We
believe however that music is a killer application - compare for example
the success of iPod. At the moment (3G) only very short music clips can
be downloaded. 4G is likely to enable the download of full length songs
or music pieces which may change the market response dramatically.
Features of 4G Wireless Systems

The following are some possible features of the 4G systems:
1. Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and

Other broadband services.
2. High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit.
3. Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks.
4. Seamless switching, variety of services based on Quality of Service
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(QoS)requirements
5. Better scheduling and call admission control techniques.
6. Ad hoc networks and multi-hop networks.
4G wireless standards
In September 2009 the technology proposals have been submitted to ITU-
R as 4G candidates. Basically all proposals are based on two
technologies:
• LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP

• 802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)
First set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced has been approved in

June 2008. LTE Advanced will be standardized in 2010 as part of the
Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be fully built
on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and not be defined as a new
specification series. A summary of the technologies that have been
studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is summarized in a technical
report.
Mobile telephony standards:

0G (radio MTS. MTA . MTB. MTC. IMTS. MTD AMTS OLT Autoradiopuhelin
telephones)
AMPS
Familay AMPS – TACS - ETACS
1G Others NMT - Hicap – Mobitex – DataTAC
GSM/3GPP2
Family GSM – CSD
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3G PP2
Family Cdma One (IS-95)
AMPS
Family D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
Others CDPD – iDEN – PDC – PHS
2G
2G GSM/3GPP
transitional Family HSCSD – GPRS – EDGES/EGPRS
(2.5G – 3G PP2
2.75G) Family CDMA2000 1 X RTT (IS-2000)
Others WiDEN
3GPP UMTS (UTRAN) – WCDMA-FDD

Family WCDMA-TDD – UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-
3G (IMT- SCDMA)
2000) 3GPP2
Family CDMA2000 1x EV-DO (IS-856)
3G 3GPP
transitional
Family HSDPA – HSUPA – HSPA+ - LTE (e-UTRA)
(3.5G –
3G PP2
3.75G –
Family EV-DO Rev. A – EV-DV Rev. B
3.9G)
Others Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802, 16e-2005) – Flash-
OFDM – IEEE 802.20
4G (IMT – 3GPP
Advanced) Family LTE Advanced
WiMAX
Family IEEE 802, 16m
Physical and MAC Layer specifications

One promising underlying technology to accomplish the divisiveness is
multi-carrier modulation, a derivative of frequency division multiplexing.
MCM was earlier used in DSL modems and digital audio-video
broadcasts. It is a baseband process that uses parallel equal bandwidth
channels to transmit information. Normally implemented with Fast
Fourier transform (FFT) techniques, MCM's advantages include better
performance in the inter symbol interference (ISI) environment, and
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
avoidance of single frequency interferers. However, MCM increases the

peak-to-average ratio (PAVR) of the signal, and to overcome ISI a cyclic
extension or guard band must be added to the data.
Two different types of MCM are likely candidates for 4G as listed in the
above table. These are the multi-carrier CDMA and orthogonal FDM
using TDMA.
Similar to single carrier CDMA systems, the users are multiplexed with
orthogonal codes to distinguish users in MC-CDMA. However, in MC-
CDMA, each user can be allocated several codes, where the data is spread
in time or frequency. Either way, multiple users access the system
simultaneously. In OFDM with TDMA, the users are allocated time
intervals to transmit and receive data.
Differences between OFDM with TDMA and MC-CDMA can also be

seen in the types of modulation used in each subcarrier. Typically, MC-
CDMA uses quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), while OFDM with
TDMA could use more high-level modulations (HLM), such as,
multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) (where M = 4 to
256). How-ever, to optimize overall system performance, adaptive
modulation can be used; where the level of QAM for all subcarriers is
chosen based on measured parameters.
Channel Access
The allocation of the spreading codes or the time slots can be done in
such a way that the throughput is maximized. For example, all the
resources can be allocated to a user whose channel is very clean and users
who have very noisy channels can be allocated little amount of bandwidth
till their channel becomes better. However, the allocation should maintain
certain amount of fairness while distributing the resources.
Error control coding

In 4G systems rate-adaptive coding schemes can be used which can make
use of the channel information from the measured parameters or feedback
from the Mobile Terminal (MT). A Hybrid ARQ scheme can be used to
minimize the overhead in case of retransmission. Space time codes,
multiple antennas systems like the smart antennas can be used to further
improve the data rates.
Higher Layer Issues in 4G

___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4G is going to be a packet-based network. Since it would carry voice as

well as internet traffic it should be able to provide different level of QoS.
Other network level issues include Mobility Management, Congestion
control,and QoS Guarantees :
Mobility Management
Mobility Management includes location registration, paging and
handover. The MT should be able to access the services at any place
possible. The global roaming can be achieved by with the help of multi-
hop networks that can include the WLANs or the satellite coverage in
remote areas. A seamless service (Ex : soft handover of the MT from one
network to another or from one kind of service to other) is also important.
The hand-over techniques should be designed so that they make efficient
use of the network (routing) and make sure that hand offs are not done
too often.
New techniques in location management might be implemented. Each

MT need not do location registration everytime. They can instead do
concatenated location registration, which reports to the network that they
are concatenated to a common object. Ex- MTs in a train need to re-
register only when they get off the train and till the network knows that
they are in the train.
Congestion Control
Congestion control will be another critical issues in the high performance

4G networks. Two basic approaches can be taken towards the congestion
control : 1. avoidance or prevention of the congestion and 2. detection
and recovery after congestion. The avoidance scheme will require the
network to suitably implement the admission control (measurement based
or pre-computed model) and scheduling techniques. The detection and
recovery would require flow control and feedback traffic management. A
conservative approach might be proposed for the 4G systems because of
the wide variety of QoS requirements.
Quality of Service (QoS)
4G systems are expected to provide real-time and internet-like services.

The real-time services can be classified into two kinds:
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_____________________________________________________________________
1. Guaranteed : pre-computed delay bound is required for the service.

Ex voice
2. Better-than-best effort :
Predictive : Service needs upper bound on end-to-end delay.
Controlled delay : service might allow dynamically variable delay.
Controlled load : Service needs resources (bandwidth and packet
processing ).
4G visions mapping to research topics

The Mobile VCE vision for 2010 is embodied in the five key elements
shown in Fig. 2 and detailed as follows:
Fully converged services: Personal communications, information
systems, broadcast and entertainment will have merged into a seamless
pool of content available according to the user’s requirement. The user
will have access to a wider range of services and applications, available
conveniently, securely and in a manner reflecting the user’s personal
preferences.
• Ubiquitous mobile access: The dominant mode
of access to this pool of content will be mobile, accounting for all
voice communications, the majority of high-speed information
services, and a significant proportion of broadcast and
entertainment services. Mobile access to commercial and retail
services will be the norm, replacing current practices in most
cases.
• Diverse user devices: The user will be served by a

wide variety of low-cost mobile devices to access content
conveniently and seamlessly. These devices will commonly be
wearable—in some cases disposable— and will normally be
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powered independently of the mains. Devices will interact with

users in a multi sensory manner, encompassing not only speech,
hearing and sight but also the other human senses, and biological
and environmental data pertinent to the application. Special
devices tailored for people with disabilities will be common
place
• Autonomous networks: Underlying these systems

will be highly autonomous adaptive networks capable of self-
management of their structure to meet the changing and evolving
demands of users for both services and capacity. Efficient and
cost-effective use of the radio spectrum will be an essential
element of their operation, and here, too, autonomy and self-
management will be the norm.
• Software dependency: Intelligent mobile agents

will exist throughout the networks and in user devices, and will
act continually to simplify tasks and ensure transparency to the
user. These mobile agents will act at all levels, from managing an
individual user’s content preferences to organising and
reconfiguring major elements of networks.
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_____________________________________________________________________
Some Research new challenges in 4G
Analysis of the underlying technical challenges raised by the above

vision and its five elements has produced three research areas: Networks
and services, Software based systems, Wireless access. These form the
basis of the Mobile VCE Phase 2 research programme.
Networks and services
The aim of 3G is ‘to provide multimedia multirate mobile

communications anytime and anywhere’, though this aim can only be
partially met. It will be uneconomic to meet this requirement with cellular
mobile radio only. 4G will extend the scenario to an all-IP network
(access + core) that integrates broadcast, cellular, cordless, WLAN
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(wireless local area network), short-range systems and fixed wire. The
vision is of integration across these network—air interfaces and of a
variety of radio environments on a common, flexible and expandable
platform — a ‘network of networks’ with distinctive radio access
connected to a seamless IP-based core network a (Fig. 3).
The functions contained in this vision will be:

• a connection layer between the radio access and the IP
core including mobility management
• internetworking between access schemes — inter and
intra system, handover, QoS negotiations, security and
mobility
• ability to interface with a range of new and existing
radio interfaces
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_____________________________________________________________________
A vertical view of this 4G vision (Fig. 4) shows the layered

structure of hierarchical cells that facilitates optimisation for different
applications and in different radio environments. In this depiction we
need to provide global roaming across all layers.
Both vertical and horizontal handover between different access schemes

will be available to provide seamless service and quality of service.
Network reconfigurability is a means of achieving the above scenario.

This encompasses terminal reconfigurability, which enables the terminal
to roam across the different air interfaces by exchanging configuration
software (derived from the software radio concept). It also provides
dynamic service flexibility and trading of access across the different
networks by dynamically optimising the network nodes in the end-to- end
connection. This involves reconfiguration of protocol stacks,
programmability of network nodes and reconfigurability of base stations
and terminals.
The requirement is for a distributed reconfiguration control. Fig. 5

demonstrates both internal node and external network reconfigurability.
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_____________________________________________________________________
For internal reconfiguration the functionality of the network nodes

must be controlled before, during and after reconfiguration and
compliance to transmission standards and regulations must be facilitated.
External reconfiguration management is required to monitor traffic, to

ensure that the means for transport between terminals and network
gateways (or other end points) are synchronised (e.g. by conforming to
standards) and to ensure that the databases/content servers needed for
downloadable reconfiguration software are provided.
The research challenges are to provide mechanisms to implement internal

and external configuration, to define and identify application
programming interfaces (APIs) and to design mechanisms to ensure that
reconfigured network nodes comply with regulatory standards.
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_____________________________________________________________________
An example of evolved system architectures is a combination of ad hoc

and cellular topologies. A ‘mobile ad hoc network’ (MANET) is an
autonomous system of mobile routers (and connected hosts) connected by
wireless links. The routing and hosts are free to move randomly and
organise themselves arbitrarily; thus the network wireless topology can
change rapidly. Such a network can exist in a stand-alone form or be
connected to a larger internet (as shown in Fig. 6).
In the current cellular systems, which are based on a star-topology,

if the base stations are also considered to be mobile nodes the result
becomes a ‘network of mobile nodes’ in which a base station acts as a
gateway providing a bridge between two remote ad hoc networks or as a
gateway to the fixed network. This architecture of hybrid star and ad hoc
networks has many benefits; for example it allows self-reconfiguration
and adaptability to highly variable mobile characteristics (e.g. channel
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_____________________________________________________________________
conditions, traffic distribution variations, load-balancing) and it helps to

minimise inaccuracies in estimating the location of mobiles.
Together with the benefits there are also some new challenges, which
mainly reside in the unpredictability of the network topology due to
mobility of the nodes; this unpredictability, coupled with the local-
broadcast capability, provides new challenges in designing a
communication system on top of an ad hoc wireless network. The
following will be required:
• distributed MAC (medium access control) and dynamic

routing support
• wireless service location protocols
• wireless dynamic host configuration protocols
• distributed LAC and QoS-based routing schemes.
In mobile IP networks we cannot provide absolute quality-of-service

guarantees, but various levels of quality can be ‘guaranteed’ at a cost to
other resources. As the complexity of the networks and the range of the
services increase there is a trade-off between resource management costs
and quality of service that needs to be optimised. The whole issue of
resource management in a mobile IP network is a complex trade-off of
signaling, scalability, delay and offered QoS.
As already mentioned, in 4G we will encounter a whole range of new

multirate services, whose traffic models in isolation and in mixed mode
need to be further examined. It is likely that aggregate models will not be
sufficient for the design and dynamic control of such networks. The
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_____________________________________________________________________
effects of traffic scheduling, MAC and CAC (connection admission

control) and mobility will be required to devise the dimensioning tools
needed to design 4G networks.
Wireless access
In the previous two sections we have looked at the type of network and
the software platforms needed to reconfigure, adapt, manage and control
a diversity of multimedia, multirate services and network connections.
We have seen that there will be a range of radio access air interfaces
optimised to the environments and the service sets that they support. The
reconfigurability and the middleware flow through to the wireless access
network. The radio part of the 4G system will be driven by the different
radio environments, the spectrum constraints and the requirement to
operate at varying and much higher bit rates and in a packet mode. Thus
the drivers are:
• Adaptive reconfigurability—algorithms
• Spectral efficiency—air interface design and
allocation of bandwidth
• Environment coverage—all pervasive
• Software—for the radio and the network access
• Technology—embedded/wearable/low-power/high
communication time/displays.
It has been decided within Mobile VCE not to become involved in

technology issues or in the design of terminals. This is a large area, which
is much closer to products and better suited to industry. The remaining
drivers are all considered within the research programme.
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
It is possible, in principle, to increase significantly the effective bit rate

capacity of a given bandwidth by using adaptive signal processing at both
the base station and the mobile. In 3G systems adaptive signal processing
has been restricted to the base station and so the challenge is to migrate
this to the terminal and, most importantly, to make the two ends co-
operative. Such techniques require close co-operation between the base
and mobile stations in signalling information on channel quality, whilst
making decisions and allocating resources dynamically. In addition, the
capabilities of both ends of the link must be known reciprocally as the
channel varies in both time and space. In order to optimise a link
continuously, the wireless network must acquire and process accurate
knowledge of metrics that indicate the current system performance, e.g.
noise, inter- and intra-system interference, location, movement variations,
and channel quality prediction. Such information and its accuracy must
be passed to the higher layers of the system protocol that make decisions
and effect resource allocation. The emphasis on the base station in 3G
systems is obvious as this has the resources, real estate and capacity to
implement the spatial—temporal digital signal processing needed for
antenna arrays together with advanced receiver architectures. The
challenge will be to migrate this to the much smaller terminal via efficient
electronics and algorithms that will still allow a range of services and
good call time. The availability of individual link metrics can also be
used at a network level to optimise dynamically the network radio
resources and to produce a self-planning network.
Arguably the most significant driver in the wireless access is the

bandwidth availability and usage and whereabouts in the spectrum it will
fall. Currently 3G technology is based around bands at 2GHz, but limited
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spectrum is available, even with the addition of the expansion bands. The
higher bit rates envisaged for 4G networks will require more bandwidth.
Where is this to be found? The scope for a world-wide bandwidth
allocation is severely constrained and, even if this were feasible, the
bandwidth would be very limited. The requirements are thus for much
more efficient utilisation of the spectrum and, perhaps, new ideas for
system co-existence. If the bandwidth is fixed we need to seek a
spectrally more efficient air interface and this involves a consideration of
various multiple access, modulation, coding, equalisation/interference
cancellation, power control, etc. schemes. In view of our previous
comments it is clear that all components of this air interface must be
dynamically adaptive. As the whole network is to be IP based this will
mean extremely rapid adaptation on a burst basis. In 4G systems we need
to accomplish this at much higher and variable bit rates as well as in
different environments (indoor, outdoor, broadcast, etc.) and in the
presence of other adaptive parameters in the air interface. In time-domain
systems equalisers would need to be adaptive and this raises questions of
complexity. For CDMA, systems could use multicodes and adaptive
interference cancellation, which again raise complexity issues.
Alternatively one could move to OFDM-like systems (as in WLANs),
which offer some reduction in complexity by operating in the frequency
domain but raise other issues, such as synchronisation. The choice of the
air interface’s multiple access scheme and adaptive components will need
to be based upon the ease of adaptation and reconfigurability and on the
complexity. There are also significant research challenges in this area of
flexible advanced terminal architectures that are not rooted solely in
physical layer problems.
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_____________________________________________________________________
A further aspect of spectrum efficiency relates to the way in which

regulators allocate bandwidth. The current practice of exclusive licensing
of a block of spectrum is arguably not the most efficient. It would be
much more efficient to allow different operators and radio standards to
co-exist in the same spectrum by dynamically allocating spectrum as
loading demands. Indeed, the higher bit-rate services may need to spread
their requirements across several segments of spectrum. There would then
be a need for a set of rules to govern the dynamic allocation of the
spectrum—a self organising set of systems to maximise the use of
spectrum and balance the load. Given the degree of co-operation and the
processing already envisioned this should be a realistic aim.
A great deal of work on the characterisation of radio environments has

already been performed in the 2GHz and 5GHz bands within the first
phase of Mobile VCE’s research, and spatial—temporal channel models
have been produced. However, 4G systems will incorporate smart
antennas at both ends of the radio link with the aim of using antenna
diversity in the tasks of canceling out interference and assisting in signal
extraction. This implies that direction-of-arrival information, including all
multipath components, will be an important parameter in determining the
performance of array processing techniques. There is a need to augment
models with such data for both the base station and the terminal station. A
more open question is where to position the next frequency bands for
mobile communications. An early study is needed here in advance of
more detailed radio environment characterisations.
Coverage is likely to remain a problem throughout the lifetime of 3G

systems. The network-of-networks structure of 4G systems, together with
the addition of multimedia, multirate services, mean that coverage will
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continue to present challenges. We have already seen that the likely

structure will be based upon a hierarchical arrangement of macro-, micro-
and picocells. Superimposed on this will be the megacell, which will
provide the integration of broadcast services in a wider sense. Until now,
it has been assumed that satellites would provide such an overlay, and
indeed they will in some areas of the world. However, another attractive
alternative could be high-altitude platform stations (HAPS), which have
many benefits, particularly in aiding integration.
HAPS are not an alternative to satellite communications, rather they are a

complementary element to terrestrial network architectures, mainly
providing overlaid macro-/microcells for underlaid picocells supported
through ground-based terrestrial mobile systems. These platforms can be
made quasi- stationary at an altitude around 21—25 km in the
stratospheric layer and project hundreds of cells over metropolitan areas
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Due to the large coverage provided by each platform, they are highly
suitable for providing local broadcasting services. A communication
payload supporting 3G/4G and terrestrial DAB/DVD air interfaces and
spectrum could also support broadband and very asymmetric services
more efficiently than 3G/4G or DAB/DVD air- interfaces could
individually. ITU-R has already recognised the use of HAPS as high base
stations as an option for part of the terrestrial delivery of IMT-2000 in the
bands 1885—1980 MHz, 2010—2025 MHz and 2110—2170 MHz in
Regions 1 and 3, and 1885—1980 MHz and 2110—2160 MHz in Region
2 (Recommendation ITU-R M (IMT-HAPS)).
HAPS have many other advantages in reducing terrestrial real-estate

problems, achieving rapid roll-out, providing improved interface
management to hundreds of cells, spectrally efficient delivery of
multicast/broadcast, provision of location-based services and, of course,
integration. The research challenge is to integrate terrestrial and HAPS
radio access so as to enhance spectral efficiency and preserve QoS for the
range of services offered.
Software, algorithms and technology are the keys to the wireless access
sector. Interplay between them will be the key to the eventual system
selection, but the Mobile VCE’s research programme will not be
constrained in this way. The aim is to research new techniques which
themselves will form the building blocks of 4G.
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ADVANTAGES:
• Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video,
Internet, and other broadband services
• IP based mobile system
• High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit
• Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services
• Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service driven
services
• Better scheduling and call admission control techniques
• Ad hoc and multi hop networks (the strict delay requirements
of voice make multi hop network service a difficult problem)
• Better spectral efficiency.
DISADVANTAGES :
• expensive.
• battery uses is more
• hard to implement
• need to complicated hard ware.
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4G wireless system 1

 Introduction to 4g wireless system

Introduction to 4G wireless system

The First generation wireless mobile communication systems were

Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system

Wireless mobile communications systems are uniquely identified by

(GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being "fueled " by General

History of 4G and pre-4G technologies

In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology is chosen as candidate for

In November 2005, KT demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in

In June 2006, KT started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX

In mid-2006, Sprint Nextel announced that it would invest about

In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G

packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink

In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of

In January 2008, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

In January 2008, EU commissioner Viviane Reding suggested re-

February 15, 2008 - Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module

In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of

In 2008, ITU-R established the detailed performance requirements of

On 3 March 2009, Lithuanian's LRTC announcing the first operational

In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected

On December 14, 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in

devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710),

On 25 February 2010, Estonia's EMT opened LTE "4G" network

On 5 June 2010, Sprint Nextel released the first 4G Smartphone, the

On July 2010, Uzbekistan's MTS deployed LTE in Tashkent. On 25

Samsung LTE modem

The pre-4G technology 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is often

of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a

LTE Advanced (Long-term-evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-

Sprint Nextel has announced that it will be using WiMAX, branded as a

UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)

announced it was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE

1 Ultra Wide Band Networks:

Ultra Wideband technology, or UWB, is an advanced transmission

There are two types of smart antennas:

Switched Beam Antennas (as seen in Figure 7) have fixed beams of

By the time that 4G is deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion is

As of June 2009, Verizon has posted specifications that require any 4G

Advanced Antenna Systems

Software-Defined Radio (SDR)

We have already seen in the previous subsection that to effect terminal

important building block as it offers the ability to cope with the

In addition to the network utilities there will be a range of applications

The ‘killer application’ for 4G is likely to be the personal mobile assistant

• Ability to learn from experiences and to build on

• A range of communication modes: voice, image (with

Specifically we need to consider what the metrics are that determine

will be capable of supporting thousands, perhaps millions, of such

Aspects of security pervade the whole of this area. Rules of

Distributed management tools, in a complementary way, will allow a

• Transportation systems: Itinerary support, ticketing

On September 20, 2007, Verizon Wireless announced that it plans a joint

On July 7, 2008, South Korea announced plans to spend 60 billion won,

Sprint offers a 3G/4G connection plan, currently available in select cities

In the United Kingdom, Telefónica O2 is to use Slough as a guinea pig in

Verizon Wireless has announced that it plans to augment its CDMA2000-

Fourth generation(4G) wireless

At present the download speed for mobile internet connections in

2. What is DoCoMo's MOTO-Media?

3. When will 4G (broadband) mobile communications