CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.

THERMOCHEMISTRY: ENTHALPY OF REACTIONS

NAME: (Yours)_____________________________________ (Partner’s)____________________________________

DATE: _________________________ DEMONSTRATOR’S NAME: ____________________________

PRE-LAB EXERCISES

1. Define the terms system and surroundings as it applies to your calorimeter. [2 MARKS]

2. In the reaction between HCl(aq) and NH 3(aq) (part C), NH4Cl is formed. Does this NH4Cl belong to the system or to
the surroundings? [1 MARK]

3. State the literature value of ΔH for the reaction between NH4Cl(aq) and NaOH(aq) and cite the reference you used.
[1 MARK]

4. It takes 24 minutes to raise the temperature of 120.0 g of water at 0 oC to its boiling point of 100 oC by a constant
supply of heat of 2092 Joules per minute. [5 MARKS]

a. Calculate the energy in Joules required to change the temperature of the water from 0 oC to 100 oC.

b. Express your answer to (a) above in calories. [Hint: you will need to know the joule equivalent of 1 calorie]

c. Calculate the energy in joules per gram of water per degree to change the temperature of the water from
0 oC to 100 oC. Give the units for your answer.
 CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.2
d. What is the name given to this quantity calculated in part c above?

5. Substitute natural gas which can be used as a fuel is prepared via the following reaction: [6 MARKS]

4 CO(g) + 8 H2 (g) 3 CH4 (g) + CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)

Using the data given below determine ΔHo for the substitute natural gas reaction above.

C (graphite) + ½ O2(g) CO(g) -110.5 kJ

CO(g) + ½ O2(g) CO2(g) -283.0 kJ

H2(g) + ½ O2(g) H2O(l) -285.8 kJ

C (graphite) + 2 H2(g) CH4(g) -74.81 kJ

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) -890.3 kJ

 CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.3
6. Using the temperature-time experimental data given in the table below for the solution of NH4Cl(s) in water, plot a
temperature versus time graph (using Microsoft Excel) and determine the initial temperature of the water and the
mixing temperature, and hence calculate the heat change for the process as well as the enthalpy of solution per
mole of NH4Cl. Label your Excel graph properly and attach your Excel graph print out to your report sheet.
You may use the following links to assist you with making your Excel graph:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eFUHlcmais https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4bdkkQh7pg;

The Enthalpy of Solution of NH4Cl (s)

Mass of NH4Cl used (g) 1.1022

Volume of water used (mL) 50.0

Time (s) Temperature oC

60
28.30

120
28.30

180
28.30

240
NH4Cl added

300
27.00

360
27.10

420
27.20

480
27.30

540
27.40

600
27.50

660
27.60

720
27.70

Initial Temperature of 50 mL of water (from graph)

Temperature at time of mixing (from graph)

[6 MARKS]
CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.4

6. (i) Calculate the heat evolved for this reaction taking the density of the solution to be 1.02 gmL-1. [1 MARK]

6. (ii) Given that the water equivalent of the calorimeter is 15.2 JK–1, calculate the heat gained by the calorimeter.
[1 MARK]

6. (iii) Calculate the total heat of the reaction. [1 MARK]

6. (iv) Determine the number of moles of NH4Cl used in this reaction. [1 MARK]

No. mol NH4Cl:

6. (v) Determine the Enthalpy of solution per mole of NH4Cl. [1 MARK]

 CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.5

DATA ANALYSIS

PART A. The Water Equivalent of the Calorimeter

Determination of water equivalent (WE) of the calorimeter

Run 1 Run 2
Volume of cool water used

Volume of warm water used

Run 1 Run 2

Time (min) Temperature of Temperature of Temperature of Temperature of

Cool Water oC Warm Water oC Cool Water oC Warm Water oC

4 Mix (pour warm water into cold water) Mix (pour warm water into cold water)

10

[4 MARKS]

Plot temperature time graphs using the data for runs 1 and 2 above and determine the initial temperature of the warm and

cool water and the mixing temperature. Enter your data in the table below. [Your graph must clearly show, properly

labeled axes, units, a scale, title, each data point represented as a circled point, and extrapolation to show initial

temperature and mixing temperature. Please attach all graphs in order at the back of your report sheets.] [2 x 4 MARKS]
 CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.6

Run 1 Run 2
o o
C C

Initial Temperature of 50 mL of warmer water (from graph)

Initial Temperature of 50 mL of cooler water (from graph)

Temperature after mixing (from graph)

[3 MARKS]

Calculations Run 1 Run 2

Quantity / Unit Quantity / Unit
Heat lost by warm water
Run 1

Run 2

Heat gained by cool water

Run 1

Run 2

Heat lost to (or heat gained by) calorimeter

Run 1

Run 2

Water Equivalent of the Calorimeter = heat gained by

calorimeter / Δt
Run 1

Run 2

Average Water Equivalent of the Calorimeter

[9 MARKS]
 CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.7

PART B. The Enthalpy of Neutralization of HCl (aq) and NaOH (aq)

Concentration of HCl used (mol L-1)

Concentration of NaOH used (mol L-1)

Volume of HCl used (mL)

Volume of NaOH used (mL)

Time (s) Temperature of Temperature of

HCl Solution oC NaOH Solution oC

60

120

180

240 Add NaOH into HCl solution

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

540

Initial Temperature of 50 mL of HCl (from graph)

Initial Temperature of 50 mL of NaOH (from graph)

Temperature at time of mixing (from graph)

Plot temperature time graphs using the data above and determine the initial temperature of the HCl and NaOH and the
mixing temperature. Enter your data in the table above. [Label your graph properly as before and attach your graph in
order at the back of your report sheets.] [11 MARKS]
 CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.8

Calculations:

1. Calculate the heat evolved for this reaction. [1 MARK]

2. Determine the heat gained by the calorimeter. [1 MARK]

3. Calculate the total heat of the reaction. [1 MARK]

4. Determine the number of moles of acid and base used in this reaction.

No. mol acid: [1 MARK]

No mol base: [1 MARK]

a. Select the limiting reagent in this reaction and determine the number of moles of water produced.

[1 MARK]

b. Determine the Enthalpy of neutralization per mole of water produced. [1 MARK]

 CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.9
PART C. The Enthalpy of Neutralization of HCl (aq) and NH3 (aq)

Concentration of HCl used (mol L-1)

Concentration of NH3 used (mol L-1)

Volume of HCl used (mL)

Volume of NH3 used (mL)

Time (s) Temperature of Temperature of

HCl Solution oC NH3 Solution oC

60

120

180

240 Add NH3 into HCl solution

300

330

360

390

420

450

480

510

540

Initial Temperature of 50 mL of HCl (from graph)

Initial Temperature of 50 mL of NH3 (from graph)

Temperature at time of mixing (from graph)

Plot temperature time graphs using the data above and determine the initial temperature of the HCl and NH 3 and the
mixing temperature. Enter your data in the table above. [Label your graph properly and attach your graph in order at the
back of your report sheets.] [11 MARKS]
 CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.10

Calculations:

1. Calculate the heat evolved for this reaction. [1 MARK]

2. Determine the heat gained by the calorimeter. [1 MARK]

3. Calculate the total heat of the reaction. [1 MARK]

4. Determine the number of moles of acid and base used in this reaction.

No. mol acid: [1 MARK]

No mol base: [1 MARK]

a. Select the limiting reagent in this reaction and determine the number of moles of NH4Cl produced.

[1 MARK]

b. Determine the Enthalpy of neutralization per mole of NH4Cl produced. [1 MARK]

 CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.11

FURTHER QUESTIONS

1. Record the class mean and standard deviation for the Enthalpy of Neutralization for Parts B and C in the tables
below. If the class mean and standard deviation of ΔH is unavailable then record the Enthalpy of Neutralization for
Parts B and C of all the students on your bench including your own in the tables below and calculate mean and
standard deviation for ΔH.

Enthalpy of Neutralization of HCl (aq) and NaOH(aq)

Mean ΔH =

Standard Deviation =

[2 MARKS]

Enthalpy of Neutralization (ΔH ) of HCl (aq) and NH3(aq)

Mean ΔH =

Standard Deviation =

[2 MARKS]
 CHEM 1070 Experiment 4 1.12

2. Compare the class mean ΔH values for the HCl-NaOH and HCl-NH3 reactions obtained in Parts B and C and try to
explain any difference between the two values. [2 MARKS]

3. Using the class mean ΔH values for the HCl-NaOH and HCl-NH3 reactions obtained in Parts B and C as well as
Hess’s law, determine ΔH for the reaction between NH4Cl(aq)-NaOH(aq). [4 MARKS]

a. Compare this value with the literature value you stated in question 3 of the Pre-Lab exercise. Account for
any difference between the calculated value and the literature value. [2 MARKS]

4. Give one example where either an exothermic or endothermic reaction is used in a real life application.

[1 MARK]

OVERALL CONCLUSIONS/ANY OTHER COMMENTS [1 MARK]