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strains
-By
Prof. H. N. Patel
Mechanical Engg. Dept.
Govt. Engg. College, Valsad-396001
CONTENT
Basics of stress and strain: 3-D state of stress (Concept only)
Hooke’s law,
Elastic Constants
Elasticity:
The property of material by virtue of which it returns to its original
shape and size upon removal of load is known as elasticity.
Total strain
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
Volumetric strain: Hydrostatic stress causes a change in volume of
a material, which if expressed per unit of original volume gives a
volumetric strain denoted by ε . So let us determine the expression
v
Mathematically
2 2
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
By adding equ. (4) & (5), and simplifying, we obtain
2 2
x y x y
n
2
xy 2 (6)
2 2
Recall that σx, σy, and τxy are known constants defining the specified state
n h 2
r 2 2 (7)
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 r 2
From figure x y
a
2
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
2θ is the hypotenuse of the right triangle CDA. How do the coordinates
of points E, F, and G compare with the expressions derived for σ 1, σ2 ,τmax
? We shall see that Mohr's circle is a graphic visualization of the stress
variation given by Eqs. (1) and (2). The following rules summarize the
construction of Mohr's circle.
1. On rectangular σ-τ axes, plot points having the coordinates (σx, τxy)
and (σy, τyx). These points represent the normal and shearing stresses
acting on the x and y faces of an element for which the stresses are
known. In plotting these points, assume tension as plus, compression
as minus, and shearing stress as plus when its moment about the
center of the element is clockwise.*
2. Join the points just plotted by a straight line. This line is the diameter
of a circle whose center is on the a axis.
2θs1
σx, xy max
σ2
2θP2
2θP1
2θs2
σy, -xy min
y
H, H1 plane
σy
y-axis
σx
σ1 PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
Example Problem 1
Step 1. The initial stress element is shown at the upper left of Figure 11-12.
Step 2. Point 1 is plotted at ax = 400 MPa and τxy = 200 MPa in quadrant 1.
a 1
2
x y
1
2
400 (300) 350MPa
b xy 200 MPa
The radius of the circle, R, is completed from:
Step 8. This is the drawing of the circle with point 0 as the center at σ avg = 50 MPa and a radius
of R = 403 MPa.
Step 9. The vertical diameter of the circle has been drawn through point O. The intersection of
this line with the circle at the top indicates the value of τ max = 403 MPa, the same as the value of
R.
Step 10. The maximum principal stress, σ1, is at the right end of the horizontal diameter of the
200
2 tan 1
29.74o
350
Note that 2Φ is CW from the x-axis to σ1 on the circle.
o
29.74
14.87o
2
Step 13. Using the results from Steps 11 and 12, the principal stress element is drawn
as shown in Figure 11-13(b). The element is rotated 14.87 0 CW from the original x-axis
to
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
FIG 11-13 Results for Example Problem 11-2
the face on which the tensile stress σ1 = 453 MPa acts. The compressive stress σ2 = -353 MPa
acts on the faces perpendicular to the al faces.
Step 14. The angle 2Φ’ is shown in Figure 11-12 drawn from the x -axis CCW to the vertical
diameter that locates τmax at the top of the circle. Its value can be found in either of two ways.
First using Equation 11-8 and observing that the numerator is the same as the value of a and the
denominator is the same as the value of b from the construction of the circle. Then
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
2 ' tan ( b ) tan (
1 a 1 350
200 ) 60.26 CCW
o
60.26o
' 30.13o
2
Step 15. The maximum shear stress element is drawn in Figure 11-13(c), rotated 30.13° CCW
from the original x-axis to the face on which the positive τ max acts. The maximum shear stress of
403 MPa is shown on all four faces with vectors that create the two pairs of opposing couples
characteristic of shear stresses on a stress element. Also shown is the tensile stress σ max = 50 MPa
acting on all four faces of the element.
Solution:
Results Figures 11-15.
Solution:
Results Figures 11-5.
Example Problem4
Given σx=220MPa σy=-120MPa τxy=0MPa
Solution:
Results Figures 11-17.
τmax=170MPa σPROF
avg=50MPa
H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
Φ’=45.0o CCW
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
Fig 11-17 Result for Example Problem 11-5,Special case of biaxial stress with no shear
Solution:
Example Problem 6
Given σx=0 ksi σy=0 ksi τxy=40ksi CW
Solution:
Results Figures 11-19.
Assumptions,
Torsional rigidity.
Alternative Approach:
Example:
Using a wrench to tighten a nut in a bolt.
If the bolt, wrench and force are all perpendicular to one another, the
moment is the force F times the length of the wrench.
Simple torque : T = F * l
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
Torsion
T1 P1 d1 T2 P2 d 2
Rate of twist d
dx
Shear Strain at the outer surface
of the bar
bb | rd
g max r
ab dx
For pure torsion the rate of twist
is constant and equal to the total
angle of twist divided by
the length L of the bar
r
g max r
L
PROF H. N. PATEL GECV MECH
For Linear Elastic Materials
From Hooke’s Law
Gg
G is shear modulus of elasticity
g is shear strain
From Shear Strain equation :
r
g max r
L
Shear Stress at the outer surface
of the bar :
max G r
(ii) The material is elastic, follows Hook's law, with shear stress
proportional to shear strain.
(vi) Cross section rotate as if rigid i.e. every diameter rotates through
the same angle.
p d 4 p *1.54
Ip .4970in 4
32 32
TL 250*12*54
6
b) Angle of twist GI pPROF H. N.11.5*10
PATEL GECV MECH