Mf = mass fuel

In combustion physics, fuel mass fraction is the ratio of fuel mass flow to the total mass flow of a
fuel mixture. If an air flow is fuel free, the fuel mass fraction is zero; in pure fuel without trapped
gases, the ratio is unity. As fuel is burned in a combustion process, the fuel mass fraction is
reduced. The definition reads as

𝑚𝐹
YF =
𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡

Where

-mf is the mass of the fuel in the mixture

-mtot is the total mass of the mixture
Bore

The bore or cylinder bore is a part of a piston engine. The bore also represents the size of the
diameter of the cylinder in which a piston travels. The value of a cylinder's bore, and stroke, is
used to establish the displacement of an engine.

The term "bore" can also be applied to the bore of a locomotive cylinder or steam engine pistons.

Stroke

Four-stroke cycle used in gasoline/petrol engines. 1' 2 = Compression, 3 = Power, 4 = Exhaust.

The right blue side is the intake port and the left brown side is the exhaust port. The cylinder wall
is a thin sleeve surrounding the piston head which creates a space for the combustion of fuel and
the genesis of mechanical energy.
A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston
completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of
the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:

Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center
(T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the
open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum
pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion. The piston is moving down as air is
being sucked in by the downward motion against the piston.
Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at
T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during
the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.
Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of the
four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360-degree revolution. While
the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture is
ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel
engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from
the engine to turn the crankshaft.
Exhaust: Also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston, once again, returns from
B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture
through the exhaust valve.
These four strokes can be remembered by the colloquial phrase, "Suck, Squeeze, Bang, Blow".
Brake Power

can be defined as the power available at the crankshaft. Since it us measured with the help of
brake dynamometer ut is referred as brake power. It may be input power or output. In case of IC
engine it is output power and in case of compressor it is input power.
In its raw form it is difference between INDICATED POWER and FRICTION POWER.

BP = IP - FP.

The power developed by the engine at the output shaft is called break power. Indicated power
produced inside the IC engine cylinder will be transmitted through the piston connecting rod and
crank. Therefore, a certain fraction of the indicated power produced inside the cylinder will be
lost due to friction of the moving parts of the engine. Therefore, net power available at the
crankshaft will be equal to the difference between the Indicated power produced inside the
engine cylinder and the power lost due to friction. The net power available at the crankshaft is
measured by applying the brake and is therefore called brake power.

Torque

Torque, moment, or moment of force is the rotational equivalent of linear force. The concept
originated with the studies of Archimedes on the usage of levers. Just as a linear force is a push
or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist to an object. The symbol for torque is typically 𝝉,
the lowercase Greek letter tau. When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly
denoted by M.
In three dimensions, the torque is a pseudo vector; for point particles, it is given by the cross
product of the position vector (distance vector) and the force vector. The magnitude of torque of
a rigid body depends on three quantities: the force applied, the lever arm vector connecting the
origin to the point of force application, and the angle between the force and lever arm vectors.

RPM (Revolution Per Minute)

RPM means Revolutions Per Minute.

For an engine, it is the number of times the Crank Shaft Rotates about its axis.
It is exactly double of number of time the power strokes per minute in a 4 stroke engine per
minute.
And exactly same as the number of times the power strokes per minute in a 2 stroke engine.

Generally, motor bikes have max RPM of 12-14k, and cars have rpm up to 8-9k.

Believe me it’s too fast, if you convert it to revolutions per second, at full revs, a bike can
have 200 revolutions per second.
You can imagine how fast it is.
Engine RPM measures the rotational speed of the crankshaft of the engine. When combustion in
engine cylinder occurs, piston starts moving up and down. This reciprocating motion of piston is
transferred to engine crankshaft in terms of rotational motion and this motion is measured in
terms of RPM aka Rotations Per Minute.

This RPM is displayed on our car dashboard to know our vehicle's RPM at instant.

Specific fuel consumption

The ratio of the mass of fuel used to the output power of an engine (used especially of aircraft
engines) Specific fuel consumption may refer to:

Brake specific fuel consumption, fuel efficiency within a shaft reciprocating engine

Thrust specific fuel consumption, fuel efficiency of an engine design with respect to thrust
output
Specific fuel consumption is a more appropriate way of comparing engine of different size on its
efficiency. According to the definition it is ratio of fuel consumption per unit time (in Kg/hr) to
power produced by engine (in kWh).

According to the power produce (Indicate power or brake power), it has two types indicate SFC
and brake SFC. Indicate specific fuel consumption is an ideal condition so practically, when we
talk about SFC, we fully mean it brake specific fuel consumption.

Specific fuel Consumption = Fuel consume per unit time / power produced

If an engine has high SFC it means it consume more fuel to produce unit power, hence it is less
efficient.

If an engine has less SFC it means it is high efficient.