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METAMATERIAL DESIGN
Víctor D. Fachinotti
3
Metamaterial with negative
Poisson ratio made by
dip-in direct-laser-writing
optical lithography
(Bückmann et al., Metamaterial that twitsts under compression
Advanced Materials, 2012) (Frenzel et al., Science, 2017)
4
Metamaterial made of
PVC and PDMS for
cloaking elastic waves
(Stenger et al., PRL 2012)
5
MACROSCOPIC BODY WITH VARIABLE
MICROSTRUCTURE
• Let the microstructure vary
throughout the
macroscopic domain, being
sampled at a series of
points 𝑿𝛼
6
COMPUTATIONAL METAMATERIAL DESIGN
MACRO-
micro-scale
SCALE Macroscopic
analysis Effective properties
response
ANALYSIS
(at each RVE)
(AT THE BODY W)
until finding the optimal macroscopic response
7
QUANTITATIVELY CHARACTERIZED
MICROSTRUCTURE
• Let the RVE at any sampling point 𝑿𝛼 ∈ Ω be characterized by a finite
(𝛼) (𝛼)
number of scalar (micro)parameters 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , …
Ω
𝛼 𝛼
Effective properties at 𝑿𝛼 ∈ Ω = 𝑓(𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , … )
8
MACROSCOPIC BODY WITH VARIABLE
QUANTITATIVELY CHARACTERIZED
MICROSTRUCTURE
RVE
caracterized
by 𝒑 1
RVE
caracterized
by 𝒑 2
9
MICROSCALE ANALYSIS
10
MICROSCALE ANALYSIS
Microscale
analysis
Analytical
𝜶 𝜶 𝐞𝐟𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩 𝐚𝐭 𝐗 𝜶
𝒑𝟏 , 𝒑𝟐 ,… Experimental 𝜶 𝜶
= 𝒇(𝒑𝟏 , 𝒑𝟐 , …)
+RSM
Numerical
+RSM
11
ANALYTICAL MICROSCALE ANALYSIS:
LAMINATE
Effective anisotropic conductivity
𝑑𝐴 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑑𝐵 𝑘𝐵 + 𝑑𝐶 𝑘𝐶
𝑘𝜆𝜆 =
𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑𝐵 + 𝑑𝐶
𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑𝐵 + 𝑑𝐶
𝑘𝜏𝜏 =
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐶
+ +
𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐶
𝑘𝑥𝑥 = 𝑘𝜆𝜆 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑘𝜏𝜏 sin2 𝜃
𝑘𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝜆𝜆 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑘𝜏𝜏 cos 2 𝜃
𝑘𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦𝑥 = (𝑘𝜆𝜆 −𝑘𝜏𝜏 )cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
12
EXPERIMENTAL+NUMERICAL MICROSCALE
ANALYSIS: PAPER
• Using upscaling techniques, discrete element
simulations and X-ray microtomography of
the geometry of wood fibers and their bonds
and the architecture of the fibrous network,
Marulier (PhD thesis, 2013) determined the
homogenized elastic moduli:
𝜕𝜎𝑖𝑗
= 𝑑𝑖𝑗 (𝑏, ℎ) POLYNOMIAL
𝜕𝑇
RESPONSE
SURFACES
16
MACROSCOPIC THERMO-MECHANICAL
RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF
MICROSTRUCTURE
17
THERMOMECHANICAL RESPONSE IN A BODY
WITH VARIABLE MICROSTRUCTURE
18
THERMOMECHANICAL RESPONSE AS A
FUNCTION OF MICROSTRUCTURE
• Given the microstructure 𝑷 = 𝒑 1 , 𝒑(2) , … througout Ω:
1) solve the steady state FEM heat equation:
𝑇
𝛻𝝓 𝒌 𝒑 𝛻𝝓𝑑𝑣 𝑻= 𝝓𝑇 𝑞 wall 𝑑𝑠
Ω 𝜕Ωq
𝑲ther 𝑷 𝑸
⟹ 𝑻 = 𝑲ther 𝑷 −𝟏 𝑸 = 𝑻 𝑷
2) solve the FEM equilibrium equation:
𝑩𝑇 𝑪 𝒑 𝑩 𝑑𝑣 𝑼 = 𝚽 𝑇 𝒕wall 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑩𝑇 𝝈,𝑇 𝒑 Δ𝑇 𝑷 𝑑𝑣 = 𝟎
Ω 𝜕Ω𝜎 Ω
𝑲mech 𝑷 𝑭mech 𝑭ther 𝑷
−𝟏 [𝑭
⟹ 𝑼 = 𝑲mech 𝑷 mech − 𝑭ther 𝑷 ] = 𝑼 𝑷
• The macroscopic thermo-mechanical response is the nonlinear function
ℛ = 𝑓 𝑼 𝑷 , 𝑻 𝑷 , 𝑷 = ℛ(𝑷) 19
MATERIAL DESIGN AS AN OPTIMIZATION
PROBLEM
• To design a material consists of finding the optimal set
(1) (1) (2) (2) opt
𝑷opt = 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , … , 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , …
such that
ℛ 𝑷opt = min ℛ 𝑷
𝑷
subject to
𝑎𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝑖 ≤ 𝑏𝑖 Bound constraints
𝑐𝑖 𝑷 ≥ 0 Inequality constraints
𝑑𝑖 𝑷 = 0 Equality constraints
• This is a nonlinear constrained optimization problem with a usually
large number of design variables
20
MATERIAL DESIGN FOR OPTIMAL
MACROSCOPIC MECHANICAL RESPONSE
UNDER THERMAL LOADS
with
S. Toro, P. Sánchez & A. Huespe (CIMEC)
21
THERMAL DEFLECTION OF A CANTILEVER
PLATE
T=50°C
STEEL
0.3 m E=2e11Pa
T=0°C n=0.3
a=1e-5/°C
3m k=36.5W/(m°C)
COPPER
E=1.2e11Pa
n=0.34
a=1.7e-5/°C
k=384W/(m°C)
22
MAXIMAL DEFLECTION
To maximize the deflection of the tip of the beam consists of finding
1 1 2 2 opt
𝑷opt = 𝑏 ,ℎ ,𝑏 ,ℎ ,… such that
−𝑢𝑦(𝑷opt) = min(−𝑢𝑦 (𝑷)) Periodic RVE
𝑷 𝑏 𝑛
1 𝑛
ℎ
𝑛
𝑿
uy
Copper
Steel
23
MAXIMAL DEFLECTION:
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
To maximize the tip deflection, we solve the nonlinear constrained
optimization problem
min
2𝑁
(−𝑢𝑦 (𝑷))
𝑷∈ℝ
subject to
𝑛
0≤ℎ ≤1
0≤𝑏 𝑛 ≤1 𝑛 = 1,2, … , 𝑁 = 287 = #𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠
EFFECTIVE PROPERTIES AS FUNCTIONS OF
MICROSTRUCTURE
Polynomial
response
surfaces
25
MAXIMAL DEFLECTION:
OPTIMAL SOLUTION
(100% copper)
(100% steel)
26
MAXIMAL DEFLECTION:
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS
uy = 1.361 uy,copper
27
MINIMAL DEFLECTION:
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
To minimize the tip deflection, we solve the nonlinear constrained
optimization problem
min
2𝑁
(𝑢𝑦 (𝑷))
𝑷∈ℝ
subject to
𝑛
0≤ℎ ≤1
0≤𝑏 𝑛 ≤1 𝑛 = 1,2, … , 𝑁 = 287 = #𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠
MINIMAL DEFLECTION:
OPTIMAL SOLUTION
(100% steel)
29
MINIMAL DEFLECTION:
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS
uy = 0.527 uy,steel
30
MATERIAL DESIGN FOR OPTIMAL
MACROSCOPIC THERMAL RESPONSE USING
FREE MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION (FMO)
with S. Giusti
(GIDMA, UTN Córdoba, Argentina)
31
FREE MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE
THERMAL RESPONSE
• FREE MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION (FMO): the design variables are the
effective properties themselves
1 1 2 2 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
• For 𝑷 = 𝑘𝑥𝑥 , 𝑘𝑦𝑦 , 𝑘𝑥𝑥 , 𝑘𝑦𝑦 , … (with 𝑘𝑥𝑥 , 𝑘𝑦𝑦 , and 𝑘𝑥𝑦 = 0 being
the effective conductivities at node 𝑛), let us find
𝑷opt = arg min 𝑖∈𝐴𝐵 (𝑇𝑖 (𝑷) − 200°C) 2
𝑷
subject to
𝑛 , 𝑛 ≤1
0.001 ≤ 𝑘𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑦𝑦
32
INITIAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION
Initial guess: 𝑘𝑥𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦𝑦 = 0.5
33
OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF CONDUCTIVITIES
kxx
kyy
34
TEMPERATURE FOR THE OPTIMAL SOLUTION
35
DETERMINATION OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE
• Knowing the optimal macroscopic 𝑘𝑥𝑥 and 𝑘𝑦𝑦 at a point of
the mesh, a topology optimization problem is solved to
determine the microstructure we need to achieve such 𝑘𝑥𝑥
and 𝑘𝑦𝑦
36
TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION AT THE MICROSCALE
3 6 9 3 6 9
2 5 8
2 5 8
1 4 7
1 4 7
37
COMPUTATIONAL METAMATERIAL DESIGN
FOR HEAT FLUX MANIPULATION
with
I. Peralta, A. Ciarbonetti (CIMEC)
38
MANIPULATING THE HEAT FLUX
Prescribed
2 1 1 boundary flux
𝑿 3 𝒒 𝒒 𝑿
𝒒 3 2
𝑿
Prescribed
boundary 𝛀
temperature
40
DESIGN OF A HEAT FLUX CONCENTRATION
AND CLOAKING DEVICE
• To find 𝑷opt = [𝑑 1 , 𝜃 1 ,…, 𝑑 𝑁 ,𝜃 𝑁 ]opt (𝑁 = 1896 is the # elems
in Ωdevice ) such that
1 2
𝑷opt = arg min 𝑞 −𝒌 𝒑 grad 𝑇 𝑷 𝑿𝑞 −𝒒 𝑞
𝑷 𝑁𝑞
with
𝒒 𝑞 = 5𝒒0 in Ωconc
1 2
𝒒 𝑞 = 𝒒0 in Ωcloak and Ωcloak
subject to the box constraints
0 ≤ 𝑃2𝑒−1 ≡ 𝑑 𝑒 ≤1
0 ≤ 𝑃2𝑒 ≡ 𝜃 𝑒 ≤𝜋
41
HEAT FLUX CONCENTRATION AND CLOAKING:
OPTIMAL METAMATERIAL DISTRIBUTION
42
HEAT FLUX CONCENTRATION AND CLOAKING:
OPTIMAL CONDUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION
43
HEAT FLUX CONCENTRATION AND CLOAKING:
OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION
with
I. Peralta (CIMEC)
45
MULTIPHASE TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION
46
DISCRETE MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION
48
HEAT FLUX CONCENTRATION AND CLOAKING
USING DMO:
OPTIMAL METAMATERIAL DISTRIBUTION
49
HEAT FLUX CONCENTRATION AND CLOAKING
USING DMO:
FULLY DISCRETE METAMATERIAL DISTRIBUTION
50
HEAT FLUX CONCENTRATION AND CLOAKING
USING DMO:
OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION
with
A. Ciarbonetti, I. Peralta (CIMEC),
I. Rintoul (INTEC)
52
TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION
53
DESIGN OF HEAT FLUX INVERTER USING
TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION
• To find 𝑷opt = [𝜌 1
,…, 𝜌 4000 opt
] such that
1 2
𝑷𝑜𝑝𝑡 = arg min 𝑞 −𝒌 𝒑 grad 𝑇 𝑷 𝑿𝑞 −𝒒 𝑞
𝑷 𝑁𝑞
subject to the box constraints
0 ≤ 𝜌(𝑒) ≤ 1
with
𝒒 𝑞 = −𝒒0 in Ωinvert
54
HEAT FLUX INVERTER:
TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION SOLUTION
55
HEAT FLUX INVERTER:
BLACK AND WHITE FILTERING
56
HEAT FLUX INVERTER:
TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION SOLUTION
+ BLACK AND WHITE FILTERING
57
HEAT FLUX INVERTER:
TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION WITH AND
WITHOUT BLACK AND WHITE FILTERING
58
HEAT FLUX INVERTER:
TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION WITH AND
WITHOUT BLACK AND WHITE FILTERING
59
HEAT FLUX INVERTER:
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
Computationally
designed device
60
HEAT FLUX INVERTER:
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
61
HEAT FLUX INVERTER:
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
𝐶 𝐷
with
I. Peralta (CIMEC)
64
MECHANICAL CLOAKING
Displacement 𝒖
Displacement 𝒖0 Ωdev
Ωincl Ωcloak
• To cloak the inclusion Ωincl , let us design the material in Ωdev such
that the displacement in Ωcloak ressembles 𝒖0
• The cloaking task consists of finding the material distribution 𝑷 in
Ωdev such that
𝒖 𝒙𝑖 , 𝑷 = 𝒖0 𝒙𝑖 ∀𝒙𝑖 ∈ Ωcloak
65
MECHANICAL CLOAKING AS AN
OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM
Let us accomplish the cloaking task as well as possible by solving the
nonlinear constrained optimization problem
1
min 𝒖 𝒙𝑖 , 𝑷 − 𝒖0 𝒙𝑖 2
𝑷 𝑁cloak
𝒙𝑖 ∈Ωcloak
subject to bound, equality and/or inequality constraints
66
CLOAKING OF A HOLE IN A PLATE
• The displacement in a nylon plate is
originally 𝒖0
• Once the plate is holed, let us design a
device Ωdev to cloak the hole Ωincl
• Using DMO,
1 1 15084 15084
𝑷 = 𝜌Al 𝜌PTFE … 𝜌Al 𝜌PTFE
• The optimal 𝑷 is the solution of
1 2
min 𝒖 𝒙𝑖 , 𝑷 − 𝒖0 𝒙𝑖
𝑷 19972
𝒙𝑖 ∈Ωcloak PTFE or aluminum
Nylon
subject to
0 ≤ 𝑃𝑖 ≤ 1 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 30168
67
CLOAKING OF A HOLE IN A PLATE
68
PERSPECTIVES
• Robustness
• instabilities (checkerboard)
• grey zones
• convergence
• 3D
• Multiobjective optimization
• Applications
• Isolation: to deviate the heat flux from the zones where it is undesired, to
drive it to somewhere where it maybe useful
• Optimization of Austempered Ductile Iron (with B. Tourn)
• Mechanical properties depend on the thermal history
• Topology and heat treatment optimization to make a macroscopic
piece have a given mechanical response
• Metamaterials for wind turbine blades (with A. Albanesi)
• Fabrication, patents 69
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
70