Introduction - BSEEP Passsive Design Guideline PDF

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS MOST COST EFFECTIVE

SOLUTION TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSION.
Renewable Energy
Cost
Energy Efficiency
Carbon Reduction
The most important
lesson you need to
learn today….
There is No Magic Silver Bullet
for
Energy Efficiency in Building
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Holistic Approach Required
Block F Simulated BEI Potential
200
180
160
140 Results from
kWh/m2/year
120
100
80
Energy
60
40
Efficiency
20
0 Study for JKR
C11
C13
C15
C17
C19
C21
C23
C25
C27
C29
C31
C33
C35
C37
C39
C41
C43
C45
C47
C49
C51
B0
C1
C3
C5
C7
C9
% Accumulated Energy Reduction
Block F, Jalan
60% Salahuddin,
50%
40%
K.L.
30%
20%
10%
0%
B0 C1 C3 C5 C7 C9 C11C13C15C17C19C21C23C25C27C29C31C33C35C37C39C41C43C45C47C49C51
‐10%
The 8 Steps Approach
Energy Index
8 Energy Management!
150.0
2 1 worst
130.0
3 base
110.0 mewc
90.0
4 Chiller Energy Breakdown
kWh/m2/year
70.0
50.0
30.0 6 5
7
10.0
‐10.0
Power
Energy
Lighting
Lighting
Fresh Air
Dehumid
Ppl Latent
Conduction
Chiller
Fresh Air
Power Gain
Ppl Gain
Fan Gain
Small
Solar Gain
Fan Energy
Dehumid
Gain
‐30.0
Gain
Gain
Small
Gain
Ext
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1st Law of Thermodynamic
• Energy can be change from one form into
another, but it cannot be created or
destroyed.
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Question 1.
• 100 Watt fluorescent lamp.
– Conversion efficiency is 20%.
• How much heat is produced in the room by
the lamp?
A. 20 watt
B. 80 watt
C. 100 watt
D. None of the above
Question 2.
• In your house, the ceiling fan consumes 100 watt
electricity when it is running.
– The motor have a conversion efficiency of 50%
• How much heat is produced in the room by the
fan?
A. 200 watt
B. 50 watt
C. 100 watt
D. 0 watt – because a ceiling fan cools a room, does
not heat it.
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy In = Energy Out
• Has never been proven wrong in any case or
situation!
• As a reasonably logical, sane person we have
to place our trust in this law.
Basic Air Properties
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Dry Bulb Temperature &
Wet Bulb Temperature
Relative Humidity & Moisture Content
Air at High Temperature can store more water
(moisture) than Air at Low Temperature.
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Heat
2 Types of Heat
• Sensible Heat
• Latent Heat
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Basic Heat Transfer
• Convection
• Conduction
• Evaporation
• Radiation
Thermal Comfort
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Operative Temperature
Air Mean Operative
• Operative Temperatu Radiant Temperatu
Temperature = re (°C) Temperatur re (°C)
e (°C)
Average of Dry Bulb
22 28 25
Air Temperature and 23 27 25
Mean Radiant 24 26 25
Temperature 25 25 25
• Recommended 26 24 25
27 23 25
– < 25°C
28 22 25
Thermal Comfort
Fanger’s Comfort Model
• Fanger’s Comfort Model (ISO
7730)
– Air Temperature
– Mean Radiant Temperature
– Humidity
– Air Flow Rate
– Clothing
– Type of Work Doing
• Recm’d Predicted Percentage
Dissatisfied (PPD)
• < 10%, ISO 7730
• < 20%, Ashrae 55
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Fanger’s PPD – Naturally Ventilated
Space (Daytime)
• Air T = 29°C • Air T = 29°C
• M Radiant T = 29°C • M Radiant T = 29°C
• Humidty = 65% • Humidty = 65%
• Air Vel = 0.5 m/s • Air Vel = 0.35 m/s
• Activity = Typing • Activity = Typing
• Clothing = Light Office Wear • Clothing = Shorts & Singlets
• PPD = 28% • PPD = 9%
– Slightly warm – Neutral
Fanger’s PPD – Air Conditioned Space
• Air T = 24°C • Air T = 27°C
• M Radiant T = 28 °C • M Radiant T = 25 °C
• Humidty = 50% • Humidty = 50%
• Air Vel = 0.1 m/s • Air Vel = 0.1 m/s
• Activity = Typing • Activity = Typing
• Clothing = Light Office • Clothing = Light Office
Wear Wear
• PPD = 7% • PPD = 8%
– Neutral – Neutral
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Thermal Comfort
Adaptive Thermal Comfort
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End of Chapter 1
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Source of Weather Data
• Based on 21 years (1975 to 1995) of weather
data from the Malaysian Meteorological
Station in Subang, Klang Valley, Selangor.
• Developed in University Teknologi Malaysia
(UiTM) under DANCED (Danish International
Assistant) project for Energy Simulations for
Buildings in Malaysia.
Global Positioning
Locations Latitude Longitude Solar Noon
(°N) (°E)
1. Kuala Lumpur 13:11
3.12 101.55
(Subang)
2. Penang 5.30 100.27 13:16
3. Johor Bharu 1.48 103.73 13:02
4. Kota Bharu 6.17 102.28 13:08
5. Kuching 1.48 110.33 12:36
6. Kota Kinabalu 5.93 116.05 12:13
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SunPath
Dry Bulb Temperature
Average Minimum Maximum
36
34
32
Degree Celcius
30
28
26
24
22
20
3:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
2:00:00 AM
3:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
2:00:00 AM
Natural Ventilation Potential.
15
g/kg Degree Celcius
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
12:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM
Average
Average
9:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM
Evaporative Cooling Potential.
Minimum
Minimum
12:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM
Condensate Water Recovery Potential.
Moisture Content
Maximum
Maximum
Wet BulbTemperature
3:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM
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percentage (%)
Degree Celcius
100
105
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
12:00:00 AM
work.
12:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM
Condensation Potential.
Average
Average
9:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM
Minimum
Minimum
12:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM
Maximum
Indicates how well evaporative cooling will
Maximum
Relative Humidity
3:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
Dew Point Temperature
6:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
12:00:00 AM
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Dew Point Temperature
45%
41.0%
40%
35%
% of Hours in a Year
30%
25% 22.7% 22.5%
20%
15%
10% 7.0%
5%
4.0%
1.9%
0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0%
0%
Dew Point Temperature (degree Celcius)
Condensation Potential.
Average Daily Radiation
Global Direct Diffuse
700
600
watt/m2
500
400
300
200
100
0
12:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
More direct radiation in the morning.
More diffuse radiation in the afternoon.
Indicates the effectiveness of solar shading devices.
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Cloud Cover
Cloud Cover
8
7
6
Oktas
5
4
3
2
1
0
12:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
Very Cloudy Skies. Cloudy Skies are brighter than Clear Blue Skies.
Potential for daylight harvesting from cloud diffused light is very
high.
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Night Sky
Effective Sky Temperature
30
25
Degree Celsius
20
15
10
5
12:00:00 AM
3:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
3:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
Colder effective sky temperature allowed it to absorb heat from
objects on the ground.
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Ground Temperature
• Computed from the TRY using Kasuda’s
equation at 1 meter depth Kasuda, T., and
Archenbach, P.R. 1965.
• Constant @ 26.9°C
• In Open system:
– High moisture risk 26.9 °C
Wind Speed
9
8
7
meter/second
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
3:00:00 AM
6:00:00 AM
9:00:00 AM
12:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
3:00:00 PM
6:00:00 PM
9:00:00 PM
12:00:00 AM
Wind is blowing when the air temperature is hot.
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Hours of Wind Direction in TRY
North
1200
1000
North‐West North‐East
800
600
400
200
West 0 East
South‐West South‐East
South
All Temperature < 29 deg
Air Temperature < 29°C
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Air Temperature < 29°C
End of Chapter 2
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Most Efficient Building Form?
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Building Form, Core Location and Orientation
BEI (kWh/m2/year) % Increase
226.0 8.0%
7.2%
224.0 7.0%
6.6% 6.7% %
222.0 6.0%
220.0 5.0% I
4.8% 4.8% 4.9%
n
B 218.0 4.2% 4.0%
3.8% c
E 3.5% 3.5% 3.6%
216.0 3.1% 3.0% r
I 2.4% e
214.0 2.2% 2.0%
1.6% a
1.4% 1.6%
212.0 1.1% 1.0% s
e
210.0 0.0% 0.0%
208.0 ‐1.0%
C4 C6 C3 C5 C7 C11 C13 C18 C12 C15 C16 C0 C17 C9 C10 C14 C1 C8 C2
End of Chapter 3
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Daylight space when done right is
much nicer environment than
electrical light space.
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Daylight is Cool & Free
Luminous Efficacy
280
280
230 200
Efficacy lm/Watt
180 160
130 140
130 100
80 90
80 70
30 15 18
‐20
HPS & LPS = Conventional
Street Lights Today
Useful Daylight
• Dr. John Mardaljevic recommended Useful
Daylight as
– 100 lux to 2,000 lux
• Direct Sunlight
– > 100,000 lux
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Daylight Factor
100%
Where,
DF = Daylight Factor (%)
Einternal = Horizontal Illumination of reference point indoor (Lux)
Eexternal = Horizontal Illumination of unobstructed point outdoor in an overcast sky
condition (Lux)
Daylight Availability, 100 lux
% of Hours > 100 lux Level
(Diffuse Light Only)
100%
80%
60%
40% 8‐18 hours
9‐17 hours
20%
0%
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Daylight Factor (%)
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% of Hours > 300 lux Level
100%
80%
60%
40% 8‐18 hours
9‐17 hours
20%
0%
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Daylight Factor (%)
% of Hours > 2,000 lux Level
100%
80%
60%
40% 8‐18 hours
9‐17 hours
20%
0%
4 5 6 7 8 9
Daylight Factor (%)
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Key Principles of Daylight Harvesting
1. Solar Heat Gain Minimization
2. Glare Prevention
3. Deep Penetration Of Daylight
4. Uniform Daylight Distribution
5. Electrical Light Response To Daylight
Harvested
6. Interior Design Colour
SOLAR HEAT GAIN MINIMISATION
• Rule 1 – Avoid Direct Sunlight
– Too much light, too much heat
• Rule 2 – Make use of
– Glazing Technologies,
– External Blinds, and
– Internal Blinds.
– Chapter 5 & 6.
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Glare Prevention
• Maximum 10% view of the sky.
• 0% of Direct Sunlight.
No Glare!
Deep Penetration of Daylight
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Uniform Daylight Distribution
Descriptions Max. Brightness Contrast
Ratio
Between task and adjacent
3
surroundings
Daylight Responsive Lighting
Lighting Zone 1 Lighting Zone 2
Task light
(example)
Lighting Control
• Automatic off (light sensor and/or occupancy sensor)
• Manual on (people press the wall switch)
• Use task light (table lamp)
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Electrical Lights & Daylight
Interior Design
Dark Coloured Interior absorb daylight.
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Design Tools
• Manuals Tables and Charts
– BRE Daylight Factor Protractors
• Computer Simulation
– Dialux, Relux, etc.
– Radiance
Classic Daylight Harvesting
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Malaysia Green Technology Center, Bangi,
Kuala Lumpur
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL),
in Golden, Colorado
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Right Sizing Windows Area on Facade
• Provide glazing area adequate for uniform
daylight harvesting.
– More glazing area will provide more heat gain
than energy saved through daylight harvesting.
Façade Daylight Harvesting
No Glare!
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Daylight Factor of 1% with Horizontal
Blinds
<1m
~ 0.6 m
No Glare!
~ 1.5 m
No Glare!
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Daylight Factor with and without
Furniture
Roof lights
Skylight.
Not suitable for office space.
Acceptable for public space.
Saw Tooth Roof Light.
Diffuse light only.
Acceptable for office space.
Roof Monitor.
Diffuse light only.
Acceptable for office space.
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Recommended Daylight Factor
• Atrium Space. 1% to 6%.
– 1% is equivalent brightness to an office space.
– 6%, where 50% of the daytime hours, the lux level
is above 2,000 from diffuse daylight.
– 4% where 0% of the hours, the lux level is above
2,000 from diffuse daylight.
Skylight Design
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Low‐Rise Atrium: 2 Story height (8 m)
• Large Roof (16m x 16m):
– 5% skylight = 4% DF ave.
– 10% skylight > 10%. DF ave.
• Small Roof (8m x 8m):
End of Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Glazing Properties
Solar Spectrum
UV
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Glazing Terminologies
• Visible Light Transmission (VLT)
• Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) or g‐value
• Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)
• U‐value (W/m²K)
• Low‐Emissivity
Visible Light Transmission (VLT)
• % of Light Transmitted Through Glazing
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Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
• Total amount of solar heat that passes
through the glazing.
Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)
• Light to Solar Gain Ratio
– Higher Value = More Light, Less Heat
– Lower Value = Less Light, More Heat
%
%
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U‐value (W/m²K)
• A measure of conduction heat gain through
the glazing unit.
Low‐Emissivity (Low‐E)
• Low Radiation Heat
Transfer
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3 Types of Low‐E
• High solar gain Low‐E
• Low solar gain Low‐E (Solar IR absorbing)
• Low solar gain Low‐E (Solar IR reflecting)
Single Glazing Low‐E
• Hard‐Coat metallic oxides.
• Acceptable to be exposed to internal space.
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Double Glazing Low‐E
• Soft‐Coat metallic oxides
• Requires protection.
Glazing Selection for Tropical Climate
1. Choose the VLT requirement for your
building.
2. Set the LSG values
• Tinted: 0.5 ~ 0.85
• Low‐E Single Glazing: 1.05 ~ 1.3
• Low‐E Double Glazing: 1.10 ~ 2.05
%
%
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Financial Estimates –
Reducing Window Areas
North South East West
Orientation
Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area
88.60 81.07 136.11 101.62
Reduction (kWh/m2 of glazing area reduced)
*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area

31.01 28.38 47.64 35.57
Reduction (RM/m2 of glazing area reduced)
**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area

214.50 132.74 344.70 266.02
Reduction (W/m2 of glazing area reduced)
Table 5.6.1.1: Energy and Peak Load Impact of Reducing Glazing Area
*A simplified energy tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh is used.
** Only applicable for buildings with glazing area distributed evenly on all
orientation.
Reducing SHGC
North South East West
Orientation
Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Per
115.54 100.69 150.14 130.56
SHGC Reduction (kWh/m2.shgc of glazing area)
*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area

Reduction Per SHGC Reduction (RM/m2.shgc of 40.44 35.24 52.55 45.70
glazing area reduced)
**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Per

267.86 144.14 310.24 355.82
SHGC Reduction (W/m2.shgc of glazing area )
Table 5.6.2.2: Energy and Peak Load Impact of Reducing SHGC

*A simplified energy tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh is used.
** Only applicable for buildings with glazing area distributed evenly on all orientation.
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Reducing U‐Value
Orientation Average of All Orientation
Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Per U‐value
4.24
Reduction (kWh/m2.u‐value reduction)
*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Reduction Per

1.48
SHGC Reduction (RM/m2.u‐value reduction)
**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Per U‐

13.93
value Reduction (W/m2.u‐value reduction)
Financial Estimate –
Using OTTV

1000
Where,
ER is the energy reduction per year (kWh/year)
OTTV1 is the computed OTTV based on option 1 (W/m²)
OTTV2 is the computed OTTV based on option 2 (W/m²)
Aw is the area of walls (inclusive of glazing areas) (m²)
Hac is the Hours of air‐conditioning per year (approximately 2700 hours)
SCOP is the Air‐Conditioning System Coefficient of Performance
Recommendation: 2.8 for Split Unit AC, 4.0 for Central Plant or
Check with your HVAC engineer.
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End of Chapter 5
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External and Internal Shadings
Solar Heat Reduction

SHGC SHGC
ext SHGC int Computed % SHGC
Cases Descriptions shades glazing shades SHGC total reduction
1 Poorly designed façade 1.00 0.87 1.00 0.87 0%
2 Only 1 item done well 1.00 0.30 1.00 0.30 66%
3 Only 1 item done well 1.00 0.87 0.30 0.26 70%
Two (2) items done
4 0.70 0.50 1.00 0.35 60%
moderately well
All 3 items done moderately
5 0.70 0.50 0.70 0.25 72%
well
6 All 3 items done well 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.08 91%
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Horizontal Shades
100
90
80
70
60
kWh/m2
50
Savings
40
30
20
10
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80
R1 Ratio
H.North H.South H.East H.West
Vertical Shades
40
35
30
25
kWh/m2
20
Savings
15
10
0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80
R2 Ratio
V.North V.South V.East V.West
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Glazing & Internal Blinds
White Blind Black Blind
Which one Reduces Air‐Conditioning Load for the Building?
Science of Internal Blinds
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SHCG internal blind
• Glazing Dependent
SHGC
Reflective Reflective
SHGC White Dark
Ashrea ID Descriptions VLT White White
glazing Opaque Opaque
Translucent Translucent +
Glazing
1b Clear 88% 0.81 0.35 0.65 0.25 0.20
1d Bronze 54% 0.62 0.47 0.69 0.39 0.24
1f Green 76% 0.6 0.48 0.7 0.4 0.24
1h Grey 46% 0.59 0.49 0.7 0.41 0.24
Solar Protection Blinds Works!
But be aware that SGHC is always
provided for Clear Glazing!
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Financial Estimation
Preferen Orientation Energy Reduction (per year) % Improvement
ce Per Glazing Area Per SHGC Compared to South
Reduction (kWh/m2.shgc of Orientation
glazing area)
1 East 150.14 49.1%

2 West 130.56 29.7%
3 North 115.54 14.7%
4 South 100.69 0.0%
End of Chapter 6
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Annual Energy Reduction
Wall Simplified Energy Index
Table 7.2.1.1 Ashrae U‐ (kWh/year of m² of wall area)
Cases Descriptions value High Base Mid Base Low Base
(W/m²K) Load Load Load
1 Steel Sheet, 10mm 6.68 76.978 55.477 52.770
2 Concrete Wall, 100mm 3.40 54.604 32.182 28.282
3 Brick Wall, 115mm 2.82 52.259 29.542 25.415
4 Brick Wall, 220mm 2.16 49.938 27.171 22.194
5 Double Brick Wall with 50mm cavity,
1.42 47.784 24.659 19.601
300mm
6 Autoclave Lightweight Concrete,
1.25 46.788 23.614 18.274
100mm
0.94 45.253 21.874 16.679
150mm
0.75 44.488 21.590 15.754
200mm
9 Steel/Aluminum Composite Wall with
0.38 44.487 20.920 15.159
75mm Insulation
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Peak Cooling Load Reduction
Peak Cooling Load Index
Table 7.2.1.2
Cases ton/m²
Descriptions
kWcooling/m² wall wall
1 Steel Sheet, 10mm 1.673 0.4758
2 Concrete Wall, 100mm 1.607 0.4570
3 Brick Wall, 115mm 1.604 0.4561
4 Brick Wall, 220mm 1.600 0.4550
5
1.590 0.4522
Double Brick Wall with 50mm cavity, 300mm
6 Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 100mm 1.583 0.4501
9 Steel/Aluminum Composite Wall with 75mm
1.572 0.4472
Insulation
End of Chapter 7
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Flat Roof Insulation
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AC Hours 8am to 5:30 pm
Building Budget for
Energy Insulation with
kWh/m² of kWh/m² RM/m² 15 years
roof area reduction reduction Payback (RM/m²
Cases Flat Roof Descriptions per year per year per year of roof area)
1 Base Flat Roof 135.06 ‐
2 Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 124.19 10.86 3.80 57.04
Flat Roof with 100mm
5 122.12 12.94 4.53 67.92
Insulation
6 121.63 13.43 4.70 70.49
Insulation
7 121.63 13.42 4.70 70.47
Insulation
8 121.42 13.63 4.77 71.58
Insulation
9 121.39 13.66 4.78 71.74
Insulation
AC Hours 24 Hours Daily
Building Budget for
5 515.79 36.29 12.70 190.51
Insulation
6 514.31 37.77 13.22 198.29
Insulation
7 513.79 38.29 13.40 201.03
Insulation
8 513.52 38.56 13.50 202.43
Insulation
9 513.36 38.72 13.55 203.28
Insulation
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AC Hours 2pm to 10pm Daily
Building Budget for
5 154.06 27.17 9.51 142.62
Insulation
6 153.11 28.12 9.84 147.61
Insulation
7 152.66 28.56 10.00 149.95
Insulation
8 152.58 28.64 10.03 150.38
Insulation
9 152.51 28.71 10.05 150.73
Insulation
AC Hours 10pm to 6am Daily
Building Budget for
5 145.79 6.24 2.18 32.77
Insulation
6 145.25 6.79 2.38 35.63
Insulation
7 144.76 7.28 2.55 38.20
Insulation
8 144.89 7.15 2.50 37.52
Insulation
9 144.79 7.25 2.54 38.04
Insulation
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Pitch Roof Insulation with
Plasterboard Ceiling
Pitch Roof Insulation with
Concrete Ceiling
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Summary – AC Hours: Office
Summary – AC 24 Hours Daily
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Summary – AC 2pm to 10pm Daily
Summary – AC 10pm to 6am Daily
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End of Chapter 8
63
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Atrium Model Tested
Base Case
• Air‐Conditioned Ground Floor
• Permanently Closed Atrium Space.
38
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32
30
AC Ground Floor
28
26
24
22
20
Mon Tue Wed Thu Energy = Base
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Comfort Hours = 100%
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (base_closedacbtm_door.aps)
Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)
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Case 1
• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor.
• Permanently Open Top and Bottom.
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Mon Tue Wed Thu Energy reduced 1.0%
Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Comfort Hours: 48%
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c1_opentopbtm.aps)

Case 2
• Permanently Closed Top and Bottom.
38
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c2_closedtopbtm.aps)

65
5/6/2013
Case 3
• Permanently Closed at Bottom.
• Permanently Open at Top.
38
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c3_closebtm_opentop.aps)

Case 4
• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor. Temp
• Temperature Controlled Ventilation at
Bottom and Top.
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32 Temp
30
28
26
24
22
20
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c4_autobtmtop.aps)

66
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Case 5
• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor. Time
• Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom
and Top. (7am to 4pm)
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32 Time
30
28
26
24
22
20
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c5_timebtmtop.aps)

Case 6
• Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom
• Permanently Open Top
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32 Time
30
28
26
24
22
20
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c6_timebtm_opentop.aps)

67
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Case 7
• Temperature Controlled Ventilation at
Bottom
• Permanently Open Top
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32 Temp
30
28
26
24
22
20
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c7_autobtm_opentop.aps)

Case 8
• Air‐Conditioned Ground Floor.
• Atrium Permanently Open at the Top.
• Atrium Permanently Closed at the
Bottom.
38
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32 AC Ground Floor
30
28
26
24
22
20
Mon Tue Wed Thu Energy increased 0.9%
Higher Infiltration when
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c8_ac_opentop.aps)
doors open at Ground
Level
68
5/6/2013
Case 9
• Air‐Conditioned Ground Floor. Temp
• Atrium Temperature Controlled at the
Top.
• Permanently Closed at the Bottom.
38
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32 AC Ground Floor
30
28
26
24
22
20
Mon Tue Wed Thu Energy increased 0.4%
Higher Infiltration when
Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c9_ac_autotop.aps)
doors open at Ground
Level
Case 10
• Air‐Conditioned Ground Floor. Temp
• Atrium Temperature Controlled at
both Top and Bottom.
36
Temperature (°C)
34
32
30
AC Ground Floor Temp
28
26
24
22
20
Dry resultant temperature: Atrium 0 (c11_ac_nvnite.aps)
69
5/6/2013
Total Building Comfort Hours/Year at
Energy Saved Atrium Floor Level, (8am Comfort
Cases (%) to 6pm, Mon‐Fri) Hours/Year (%)
Base: Air‐Conditioned Ground Floor.
0.0% 2,600 100%
Atrium Permanently Closed at Bottom and Top
Case 1: Natural Ventilation.
1.0% 1,235 48%
Atrium Permanently Open at Bottom and Top
Case 2: Natural Ventilation. Permanently Closed at Bottom
2.3% 977 38%
and Top
2.3% 1,040 40%
Permanently Closed at Bottom and Open at Top.
3.3% 1,713 66%
Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top.
3.0% 1,666 64%
Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top.
Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Permanently 3.0% 1,669 64%
Open Top.
Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and 3.3% 1,713 66%
Permanently Open Top.
Case 8: Air‐Conditioned Ground Floor.
‐0.9% 2,600 100%
Atrium Permanently Open at the Top.
‐0.4% 2,600 100%
Atrium Temperature Controlled at the Top
0.6% 2,600 100%
Atrium Temperature Controlled at both Top and Bottom.
Summary
• If comfort is utmost important.
– Air Conditioned Base Scenario, or
– Case 10 where the atrium is ventilated at night
• 0.4% energy reduction.
• If energy efficiency is utmost important.
– Keep the top permanently open for ventilation.
– Keep the bottom closed from hours of 7am to 4pm.
– Open the bottom for night cooling from 4pm to 7am.
• 3 to 3.3% energy reduction
• Comfort achieved at best is 66% of the working hours.
70
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End of Chapter 9
71
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Zoning
Server Room/
24 hours Air‐Conditioned Room
Server Room Locations
72
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Daylight Harvesting Potential
Key Results
Energy Increase % Due to Locating Server Room on the Side
instead of Center of the building
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Server Room Percentage of Total Floor Area
ServerRoom WWR 70% ServerRoom WWR 15%
73
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Infiltration in Building
Sources of Air Leakages
74
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This Study Focused on 3 Items Only
• Open Door
• Open Windows
• Cracks/Leakages around Window Frame
Summary Results
BEI % Re‐ RM Max Mean
(kWh/m²/ % Re‐ duction Saved/Year Infiltration Infiltration
Descriptions year) duction per Step /Step (ACH) (ACH)
Base, Worst Case Scenario,
Entrance Door 100% Open, 243.2 0.0% 0.0% 0 4.19 0.97
1.6% of Windows Open
C1, Entrance Door 50% Open,
242.9 0.1% 0.1% 2,911 4.19 0.96
242.6 0.2% 0.1% 2,957 4.13 0.96
230.4 5.3% 5.0% 119,852 2.23 0.5
C4, No Windows Open, Crack
220.1 9.5% 4.3% 101,518 0.94 0.17
Flow Coefficient of 1.1
C5, Crack Flow Coefficient of
218.2 10.3% 0.8% 18,237 0.64 0.11
0.74
216.3 11.1% 0.8% 18,968 0.34 0.06
0.39
214.6 11.8% 0.7% 16,633 0.12 0.02
0.13
214.1 12.0% 0.2% 4,440 0.09 0.01
0.086
75
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Table 10.4.1: Crack Flow Coefficients (l s‐1 m‐1 Pa‐0.6)[1]
Descriptions Lower Quartile Median Higher Quartile

Windows (Weatherstripped)
Hinged 0.086 0.13 0.41
Sliding 0.079 0.15 0.21
Windows (Non‐weatherstripped)
Hinged 0.39 0.74 1.1
Sliding 0.18 0.23 0.37
[1] An Analysis and Data Summary of the AIVC’s Numerical Database. Technical Note AIVC 44,
March 1994. Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre.
Sealing Windows
RM/m saved 3 years payback
per year per Budget (RM/m run of
Cases (l s‐1 m‐1 Pa‐0.6) step window perimeter)
C5, Crack Flow Coefficient of 1.1 down to 0.74 1.04 3.12
Total 3.33 9.98
76
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End of Chapter 10
77
5/6/2013
EE Interior Design Influence
• Daylight Harvesting
– Rooms or spaces that rarely require lighting should be
located away from daylight spaces
– Glare prevention should be given a priority to ensure
that daylight can be harvested comfortably
• Private office rooms
– For higher ranking staff.
– Normally located on the façade where daylight is
harvested.
– Up to 50% of time, empty because attending meetings
elsewhere.
Building Model
No Descriptions Floor Area Units
1 Office Floor Area 1650 m2/floor
2 Lift Lobby/Walkway 170 m2/floor
3 3 no AHU rooms 100 m2/floor
4 4 no lift shafts 165 m2/floor
5 Pantry 22 m2/floor
6 2 fire staircases 72 m2/floor
7 Toilets 80 m2/floor
Total Area per Floor 2259 m2/floor
No of Floors 17 floors
Total Building GFA 38,403 m2
78
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Office Rooms Location
Interior
Interior
Exterior Exterior
Option A Option B
Energy Saved per m2 of Private Office
Shifted away from Daylight Area
% Total Building Energy Saved
3.5%
Percentage of Total Energy Savings
3.0%
y = 0.0618x
R² = 0.999
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Percentage of Hours Individual Rooms Not Occupied
Only valid if Daylight is Harvested for the 1st 4 meter of façade space.
79
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Estimating Savings
% of hours kWh/year RM/Year

individual saved per m2 Saved Per m2
offices are of individual of individual
empty offices shifted office shifted
50% 12.6 4.40
30% 7.4 2.60
10% 2.8 0.98
Approximated Electricity Tariff of RM 0.35/kWh
End of Chapter 11
80
5/6/2013
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5/6/2013

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS MOST COST EFFECTIVE

Lighting Zone 1 Lighting Zone 2

• Use task light (table lamp)

*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area

**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area

*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area

**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Per

Table 5.6.2.2: Energy and Peak Load Impact of Reducing SHGC

*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Reduction Per

**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Per U‐

3 Only 1 item done well 1.00 0.87 0.30 0.26 70%

6 All 3 items done well 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.08 91%

H.North H.South H.East H.West

V.North V.South V.East V.West

1b Clear 88% 0.81 0.35 0.65 0.25 0.20

1d Bronze 54% 0.62 0.47 0.69 0.39 0.24

1f Green 76% 0.6 0.48 0.7 0.4 0.24

1h Grey 46% 0.59 0.49 0.7 0.41 0.24

1 East 150.14 49.1%

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c1_opentopbtm.aps)

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c2_closedtopbtm.aps)

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c3_closebtm_opentop.aps)

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c4_autobtmtop.aps)

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c5_timebtmtop.aps)

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c6_timebtm_opentop.aps)

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c7_autobtm_opentop.aps)

Table 10.4.1: Crack Flow Coefficients (l s‐1 m‐1 Pa‐0.6)[1]

Descriptions Lower Quartile Median Higher Quartile

Hinged 0.086 0.13 0.41

Sliding 0.079 0.15 0.21

Hinged 0.39 0.74 1.1

Sliding 0.18 0.23 0.37

Total Building GFA 38,403 m2

% of hours kWh/year RM/Year

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