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Converters
Oversampling Data Converters Basics
Vishal Saxena
-10 2e=0.29136
4
-20
2
-30
0
-40
-2
-50
-4
-60
-6 -70
-8 -80
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
-10
-20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
1
e[n]
0.5 ef [n]
-0.5
-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
File: oversampling1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -4-
Oversampling
Quantization Noise Spectrum Filtered Quantization Noise Spectrum
10 10
V(f) Vf (f)
0 0
-20 -20
-30 -30
-40 -40
-50 -50
-60 -60
-70 -70
-80 -80
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
File: oversampling1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -5-
Oversampling with Feedback
fs
y v
u A
error
High-gain
Can we use feedback with high loop-gain (A·kq) to reduce the error
e=|u-v| ?
Since quantizer output can not be equal to the input
A kq e u v
The loop will be unstable as the error gets unbounded
fs
y v
u
error fs
2 OSR
L(z)
Use large loop-gain in the signal band and small loop-gain at higher
frequencies
At low frequencies e u v 0
At high frequencies, low loop-gain stabilizes the loop
L(z) is the loop-filter
This feedback arrangement is called a (noise) modulator
z-1
V ( z ) z 1U z 1 z 1 E ( z )
STF NTF
z-1
v[n] 6
Sv(f) -20
4 -40
2
-60
0
-80
-2
-100
-4
-120
-6
-140
-8 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
File: First_Order_DSM.m
© Vishal Saxena -10-
First-order ΔΣ Modulator SQNR
|NTF(ejω)|
OSR
2 IBN
0
Sv (e j ) d
2 OSR
12
0
NTF (e j ) d
0 π
π
OSR 2 OSR
4sin 2 / 2 d
In-band quantization noise (IBN) 12 0
2 2
OSR 3 2 OSR
12 3
SQNR = 6.02·N –3.4 + 30·log10(OSR)
12 0
2 d
1.5 bits increase in resolution per doubling in
OSR
2 3 OSR
Out-of-band noise is filtered out using a 12 3 0
digital filter 2 2
36 OSR 3
DAC
STF
NTF•E
|VDSM(f)| |Vout(f)|
vin vin
E
f f
fs/2•OSR fs/2 fs/2•OSR fs/2
u 1 1 y v
1-z-1 1-z-1
z-1
u 1 1 y v
1-z-1 1-z-1
z-1
8 20
v[n] 6 Sv(f) 0
-20
4
-40
2
-60
0 -80
-100
-2
-120
-4
-140
-6
-160
-8 -180
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
File: Second_Order_DSM.m
© Vishal Saxena -14-
Second-order ΔΣ Modulator
0.4
-60
0.2
-80
dB
0
-100
-0.2 NTF X2
-120
-0.4
zeroes SNDR = 73.8 dB
-140 ENOB = 11.97 bits
@OSR = 32
-0.6
-160
-0.8 40 dB/dec
-180
-1 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 10 10 10 10
Frequency
NTF(z) = (1-z-1)2
Two zeroes at DC
Out-of-Band Gain (OBG) (i.e gain at ω≈π) = 4
3.696
0.6
3.272
0.4 2.848
2.424
0.2
Magnitude
2
0
1.576
-0.2 1.152
0.728
-0.4
0.304
-0.6
-0.12
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 8
v
6 u
-2
-4
File: Second_Order_DSM_Zero_Opt.m -6
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -16-
2nd order DSM: contd.
-20
-40
-60
-80
dB
-100
-120
SNDR = 73.8 dB
-140 ENOB = 11.97 bits
@OSR = 32
-160
-180
-4 -3 -2 -1
10 10 10 10
Frequency
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -17-
Comparison: 1st and 2nd order modulator waveforms
6
6
4
4
2 2
0 0
-2
-2
-4
-4
-6
-6
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -18-
Higher-Order ΔΣ Modulators
L( z ) 1
V ( z) U z E( z)
1 L( z ) 1 L( z )
STF NTF
-50
|NTF(ej )|
-100
-150
-200
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Frequency (rad/s)
-5
-10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
7
x 10
4
y
2
-2
-4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
NTF(z) = (1-z-1)3
OBG = 8, Full-scale input.
Unstable after few samples (look at quantize input (y) blowing up!).
Signature for ΔΣ instability
Worst case for a single-bit quantizer. File: Third_Order_DSM.m
-10 -60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-80
10 -100
y
5 -120
-140
0
-160
-5
-180
-10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.8
0.4
1 N
(1 z ) 0.2
Imaginary Axis
NTF ( z ) 0
D( z ) -0.2
X3
-0.4
-0.8
NTF()=1
D(z=)=1
7 0
6 -5
-10
|NTF(ej )|
4 OBG=3
10
3 u
5 v
2
0
1
-5
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 -10
/ 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Magnitude 1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
Start with cutoff frequency ω3dB=π/8, for the butterworth HPF H(z).
Derive a realizable NTF using NTF(z)=H(z)/b0
70
60
50
40
30
20 peak SNR = 107.2dB
10
0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
Input Level, dB
2.5 140
H(z) 130
NTF(z)
120
2 110
100
90
1.5
80
Magnitude
SNR dB
70
60
1
50
40
0.5 30
20 peak SNR = 119.7dB
10
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
/ Input Level, dB
ω3dB=π/4.
Peak SNR = 119 dB, OBG = 2.25, MSA = 0.8
140
3
H(z) 130
NTF(z) 120
2.5
110
100
2 90
80
SNR dB
Magnitude
1.5 70
60
50
1
40
30
0.5
20 peak SNR = 121.1dB
10
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
/ Input Level, dB
ω3dB=2π/7.
Peak SNR = 121 dB, OBG = 2.54, MSA = 0.8.
Design closed !
0.8
0
0.6
-20
0.4
0.2
Imaginary Axis
-40
|NTF(ej )|
-60
-0.2
-0.4
-80
-0.6
-100 -0.8
-1
-120 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-3 -2 -1
10 10 10 Real Axis
/
1 8
v
0.8 6 u
0.6
4
0.4
2
0.2
0 0
-0.2 -2
-0.4
-4
-0.6
-6
-0.8
-1 -8
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
File: Second_Order_DSM_Zero_Opt.m
Set variable opt=1.
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -36-
2nd order DSM: NTF Zero Optimization contd.
-20
-40
-60
-80
dB
-100
-120
SNDR = 79.3 dB
-140 ENOB = 12.89 bits
@OSR = 32
-160
-4 -3 -2 -1
10 10 10 10
Frequency
FS y v
L
u
0
t
Slow ramp input
12
10
6
MSA = 0.843
log |y|
-2
-4
-6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Input, u
File: MSA_Risbo_Method.m
-10
-20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Loop-filter States
20
x1
10 x2
y=x3
0
-10
-20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
File: MSA_Risbo_Method.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -41-
Simulated SNR with input with MSA
-50
-100
dBFS
-200
-250
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
File: MSA_Risbo_Method.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -42-
Simulation with input with 1.2*MSA
-10
-20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Loop-filter States
50
x1
x2
y=x3
0
-50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
File: MSA_Risbo_Method.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -43-
Simulation with input with 1.2*MSA
-10
-20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
6
x 10 Loop-filter States
2
x1
1 x2
y=x3
0
-1
-2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
File: MSA_Risbo_Method.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -44-
Bode Sensitivity Integral
C1=0.083472, C2=0.083569
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
log|H|
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
Single pole/zero transfer function with pole/zero inside the unit circle.
Area above and below the 0-dB axis are equal.
File: BodeSensitivity1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -45-
Bode Sensitivity Integral
C1=3.27, C2=3.367
20
-20
-40
10 log|NTF|
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
Butterworth NTF.
Area above and below the 0-dB axis are equal.
File: BodeSensitivity2.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -46-
Bode Sensitivity Integral
C1=3.949, C2=4.0776
20
10
-10
10 log|H|
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
20
10
-10
10*log|H|
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
File: BodeSensitivity4.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -48-
Bode Sensitivity Integral
20
10
-10
10*log|H|
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
Complex NTF zeros result in better in-band performance for the same OBG.
File: BodeSensitivity5.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -49-
Bode Sensitivity Integral
20
10
-10
10*log|H|
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
Higher-order NTF results in better in-band performance for the same OBG.
File: BodeSensitivity6.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -50-
Loop Filter Architectures
u(n)
b1 b2 b3 b4
-g1
DAC
u(n)
b1 b2 b3 b4
-g1
DAC
u(n)
b1 b2 b3 b4
-g1
a2
-c1
a1
DAC
u(n)
DAC
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
File: CIFB_4th_Order_1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -57-
CIFB Example 1 contd. : NTF and STF
3
50
NTF
NTF
STF
STF
2.5
0
-50
Mag, dB
Mag
1.5
-100
1
0.5 -150
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
/
File: CIFB_4th_Order_1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -58-
States
2 5
0 0
-2
-5
-4
-10
-6
-8 -15
-10 -20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
samples, n samples, n
File: CIFB_4th_Order_1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -59-
Spectrum
-20
-40
-60
-80
dBFS
-100
-120
-140
SNDR = 80.7 dB
-160 ENOB = 13.11 bits
@OSR = 16
-180
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
File: CIFB_4th_Order_1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -60-
Topologies
CRFB with single feed-in
CRFB_4th_Order_1.m
Low-distortion CRFB topology
CRFB_4th_Order_2.m
CIFB with single feed-in and optimized NTF zeros
CIFB_Opt_4th_Order_1.m
Low-distortion CIFB topology with optimized NTF zeros
CIFB_Opt_4th_Order_2.m
File: CIFB_4th_Order_2.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -61-
CIFF Example 1
CIFF, order = 4
All NTF zeros at z=1, i.e. opt =0.
NTF(z) STF(z)
OBG = 3, OSR = 16, nLev = 15. 1 1
Low-distortion topology 0.5 0.5
b(1) =b(5)= 1
b(2:4)=0 0 0
b = [1 0 0 0 1] -1 -1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
c = [1 1 1 1]
g = [0 0] L0(z) L1(z)
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
File: CIFB_4th_Order_1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -62-
CIFF Example 1 contd. : NTF and STF
3 50
NTF NTF
STF STF
2.5
0
2
-50
Mag, dB
Mag
1.5
-100
1
-150
0.5
0 -200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/ /
File: CIFF_4th_Order_1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -63-
States
0 0
-2
-4 -2
-6
-4
-8
-10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 -6
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
samples, n
samples, n
File: CIFF_4th_Order_1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -64-
Spectrum
-20
-40
-60
-80
dBFS
-100
-120
-140
SNDR = 80.4 dB
-160 ENOB = 13.06 bits
@OSR = 16
-180
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
File: CIFF_4th_Order_1.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -65-
CIFF Example 2
CIFF, order = 4
All NTF zeros at z=1, i.e. opt =0.
OBG = 3, OSR = 16, nLev = 15. NTF(z) STF(z)
1 1
Only single input feed-in used
b(2:end)=0 0.5 0.5
a = [2.1 1.9 0.86 0.16] 0 0
b = [1 0 0 0 0]
-0.5 -0.5
c = [1 1 1 1]
g = [0 0] -1 -1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
L0(z) L1(z)
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
File: CIFB_4th_Order_2.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -66-
CIFF Example 2 contd. : NTF and STF
3.5 50
NTF NTF
STF STF
3
0
2.5
-50
2
Mag, dB
Mag
1.5
-100
-150
0.5
0 -200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/ /
File: CIFF_4th_Order_2.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -67-
States
4 20
2 10
0 0
-2 -10
-4 -20
-6 -30
-8 -40
-10 -50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
samples, n samples, n
File: CIFF_4th_Order_2.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -68-
Spectrum
-20
-40
-60
-80
dBFS
-100
-120
-140
SNDR = 82.1 dB
-160 ENOB = 13.34 bits
@OSR = 16
-180
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
File: CIFF_4th_Order_2.m
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -69-
Topologies
Low-distortion CRFF topology
CRFF_4th_Order_1.m
CRFF with single feed-in
CRFF_4th_Order_2.m
Low-distortion CIFF topology with optimized NTF zeros
CIFF_Opt_4th_Order_1.m
CIFF with single feed-in and optimized NTF zeros
CIFF_Opt_4th_Order_2.m
STF peaking in FF topologies with single feed-in is an issue
CT FF DSM will have STF peaking as full-feedforward branch can’t be
used.
The feed-in coefficients b’s can be strategically used to realize CIFF/CRFB
topology with better out-of-band STF attenuation.
© ©Vishal Saxena
Vishal Saxena -70-
ΔΣ Modulator Architectures
•Eg. Two first order modulators are used to implement second order
modulator.
•Stability concerns are relaxed but mismatch in the two forward paths
should be properly monitored.
Feedforward modulators
Peak SNR
Peak SNDR
Dynamic range
SFDR