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Acta Materialia 56 (2008) 387–394

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Compressive deformation behavior at room temperature – 773 K

in Mg–0.2 mass%(0.035at.%)Ce alloy
a,*
Yasumasa Chino , Motohisa Kado b, Mamoru Mabuchi b

a
Materials Research Institute for Sustainable Development, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2266-98 Anagahora,
Shimo-shidami, Moriyama, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
b
Department of Energy Science and Technology, Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan

Received 15 June 2007; received in revised form 28 September 2007; accepted 28 September 2007
Available online 19 November 2007

Abstract

Ce is an efficient additive element because Ce addition makes Mg cold-workable. In the present work, compressive properties of
Mg–0.2 mass%(0.035 at.%)Ce alloy were investigated at room temperature – 773 K to understand the effects of Ce on deformation mech-
anisms. Ductility at room temperature was increased by Ce addition, but it decreased at 573 K. Thus, the very small Ce addition of
0.035 at.% strongly affected the mechanical properties of Mg. The unique behavior of the Mg–Ce alloy was related to homogeneous
deformation due to non-basal slips, although the c/a ratio of the Mg–Ce alloy was the same as that of pure Mg. It is therefore suggested
that the change in atomic binding states caused by Ce addition plays an important role in deformation mechanisms.
 2007 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Magnesium; Cerium; Mechanical properties; Shear bands; Recrystallization

1. Introduction It has been reported that high formability in Mg alloys is

Lightweight materials can greatly contribute to a reduc-
tion in environmental load through light construction. In
particular, Mg alloys have high potential for improving
fuel efficiency and reducing CO2 emission because of their
high specific strength and stiffness [1]. In Mg, the (0 0 0 2)
< 11 2 0 > basal slip takes place preferentially because
the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for the basal slip
is lower than those for the non-basal slips, that is, the pris-
matic and pyramidal slips [2]. Five independent slip sys-
tems are necessary to make a polycrystalline material
undergo a general homogeneous deformation without pro-
ducing cracks. However, the basal slip has only two inde-
pendent slip systems [3]. This gives rise to poor ductility
and formability for polycrystalline Mg and its alloy,
thereby limiting their applications.
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 52 736 7461; fax: +81 52 736 7406.
E-mail address: y-chino@aist.go.jp (Y. Chino).
attained at elevated temperatures [4–6]. However, it is
desirable to develop Mg alloys exhibiting high formability
at/near room temperature from the point of view of form-
ing accuracy, cost and oxidation. To improve the formabil-
ity at/near room temperature, it is necessary to enhance the
activity of the non-basal slips. In HCP metals, the c/a ratio
affects the difference in CRSS between the basal slip and
the non-basal slips [3,7]; namely, a reduction in c/a ratio
enhances the activity of the non-basal slips, where a and
c are the lattice constants. According to previous works
[7–9], addition of Li, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd and Ca
decreases the c/a ratio of Mg. In particular, Ce is one of
the interesting additive elements because its addition makes
Mg cold-workable [10]. However, adding too much of
these elements causes poor ductility [11], in spite of a reduc-
tion in c/a ratio, because of an excessive solid-solution
strengthening mechanism. Hence, addition should be lim-
ited for the improvement of ductility. On the other hand,
too little addition induces no solid-solution effects. Akhtar
et al. [12] showed that no solution-hardening is obtained

1359-6454/$30.00  2007 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2007.09.036
388 Y. Chino et al. / Acta Materialia 56 (2008) 387–394
when the solute content is less than 0.025 at.%. Hence, in
the present paper, 0.035 at.%Ce, which corresponds to
0.2 mass%, is added to Mg, and its compressive properties
are investigated at room temperature – 773 K. In addition,
the effects of Ce on deformation mechanisms are discussed
by comparing the compressive properties and microstruc-
ture of the Mg–Ce alloy with those of pure Mg.
2. Experimental procedure
Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy and pure Mg ingots were pre-
pared using an induction furnace in a graphite crucible
under Ar atmosphere. The microstructures of the ingots
are shown in Fig. 1. The grains were very coarse and of
the order of several hundred micrometers – a few millime-
ters. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measure-
ments showed that there were very few precipitates and no
segregation in the Mg–Ce alloy.
Specimens with dimensions of /5 · 6 mm were cut from
the ingots. Compression tests were carried out at room
temperature – 773 K with an initial strain rate of
Fig. 1. Microstructures of the specimens prior to the testing: (a) pure Mg
and (b) Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy.
1.7 · 103 s1. In addition, specimens with dimensions of
5 · 5 · 6 mm were prepared for observation of the speci-
men surface. The specimens were deformed to e = 5% at
573 K and the surfaces of planes parallel to the compres-
sion axis were observed using a scanning electron micro-
scope (SEM). For the compression tests at elevated
temperatures, the specimens required 1.8 · 103 s to reach
equilibrium at the test temperature prior to straining. The
temperature variation during the tests was less than
±1 K. Microstructure was observed using an optical micro-
scope and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). By
the Schulz reflection method, the (0 0 0 2) pole figures were
examined using the compression axis cross section. The
data were normalized by the (0 0 02) pole figure of a powder
Mg datum. Lattice parameters for the a- and c-axes were
determined by XRD analysis using the ingots, that were
annealed at 703 K for 7.2 · 104 s.
3. Results
The true stress–true strain curves at room temperature
for the pure Mg and Mg–Ce alloy are shown in Fig. 2.
The Mg–Ce alloy exhibited a larger strain to failure than
the pure Mg. Note that a very small Ce addition of
0.035 at.% increased the ductility at room temperature.
Assuming that edge dislocations operate mainly during
deformation, an increase in yield stress by the solid-solu-
tion strengthening mechanism related to the misfit strain
can be given by
pffiffiffi
Dr ¼ 2mljej3=2 c1=2 ; ð1Þ
where Dr is the increase in yield stress caused by solid-solu-
tion strengthening, m is the Taylor orientation factor
(m = 3 for Mg [13]), l is the shear modulus
(l = 16.6 GPa for Mg [14]), e is the misfit strain and c is
the concentration of solid-solution. From Eq. (1), an
increase in yield stress caused by the 0.2 mass%Ce addition
is calculated to be 71 MPa, assuming that e = (rCe  rMg)/
Fig. 2. The true stress–true strain curves at room temperature for Mg and
Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy.
 Y. Chino et al. / Acta Materialia 56 (2008) 387–394
rMg, where rCe and rMg are the atomic radii of Ce
(1.83 · 1010 m [14]) and Mg (1.60 · 1010 m [14]), respec-
tively. However, the flow stress of the Mg–Ce alloy was
almost the same as or slightly lower than that of the pure
Mg. It is of interest to note that no solid-solution strength-
ening was attained by the addition of Ce. This is probably
attributed to the activity of mobile screw dislocations [15–
18]. Not only the compressive test, but also the tensile test
at room temperature, showed that the Mg–0.2 mass%Ce
alloy exhibited a larger strain to failure than the pure
Mg, but almost the same flow stress as the pure Mg [19].
Therefore, it is conclusively demonstrated that a very small
amount of Ce addition enhances the ductility, not the
strength, of Mg at room temperature.
The microstructures of the specimens deformed to
e = 2% at room temperature are shown in Fig. 3, where
Fig. 3a is for the pure Mg and Fig. 3b is for the Mg–Ce
alloy. It is known that f1 0 1 2g tensile twins are generated
easily during compressive tests in Mg [20–22]. Many tensile
twins were observed in both the pure Mg and the Mg–
0.2 mass%Ce alloy. It appears that there was little differ-
Fig. 3. Microstructures of the specimens deformed to e = 2% at room
temperature: (a) pure Mg and (b) Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy.
389
ence in tensile twins between the pure Mg and the Mg–
Ce alloy.
The microstructures of the region near the fracture sur-
face of the specimens deformed to failure at room temper-
ature are shown in Fig. 4, where Fig. 4a is the pure Mg and
Fig. 4b is the Mg–Ce alloy. Fracture is often accompanied
by the formation of the local deformation band in pure Mg
[23]. Inspection of Fig. 4a reveals that local deformation
bands were formed and cracks were developed along the
deformation bands in the pure Mg. However, such local
deformation bands were not observed in the Mg–Ce alloy
(Fig. 4b). The local deformation bands consist of a large
number of compressive twins with narrow banded mor-
phology [10,24]. The compressive twins were observed in
the Mg–Ce alloy as well as the pure Mg, but the twins were
distributed more homogeneously in the Mg–Ce alloy.
Therefore, it is likely that the deformation is more homoge-
neous for the Mg–Ce alloy than for the pure Mg, resulting
in the suppression of cracking and higher ductility for the
Mg–Ce alloy.
Fig. 4. Microstructures of the region near the facture surface of
the specimens deformed to failure at room temperature: (a) pure Mg and
(b) Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy.
390 Y. Chino et al. / Acta Materialia 56 (2008) 387–394

The (0 0 0 2) pole figures of the specimens deformed to

e = 10% at room temperature are shown in Fig. 5, where
Fig. 5a is the pure Mg specimen and Fig. 5b is the Mg–
Ce alloy. In general, the basal slip occurs preferentially
and the grains have a tendency to rotate in a direction
where the basal planes are perpendicular to the compres-
sion axis [7,25,26]. As expected, in the pure Mg, the basal
planes were intensively oriented in a direction perpendicu-
lar to the compression axis. The same trend was observed
in the Mg–Ce alloy, but the texture intensity of the Mg–
Ce alloy was about one-third that of the pure Mg. Barnett
et al. [10] also reported a reduction in texture intensity
caused by Ce addition. It is of interest to note that there
were other two peaks besides the peak perpendicular to
the compression axis in the Mg–Ce alloy. This suggests that
not only the basal slip, but also other deformation mecha-
Fig. 6. The true stress–true strain curves at 573 K for Mg and Mg–
nisms such as the non-basal slips are active for the Mg–Ce 0.2 mass%Ce alloy.
alloy. The reduction in (0 0 0 2) texture intensity gives rise to
the improvement of press formability [19].
The true stress–true strain curves at 573, 673 and 773 K
for the pure Mg and the Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy are shown
in Figs 6–8, respectively, where the tests were stopped when
the specimens were deformed to 50% without failure. At
573 K, the pure Mg was deformed to e = 50% without fail-
ure; however, the Mg–Ce alloy was fractured at e = 40%.
Also, the flow stress of the Mg–Ce alloy was higher than
that of the pure Mg, as shown in Fig. 6. Thus, the deforma-

Fig. 7. The true stress–true strain curves at 673 K for Mg and Mg–
0.2 mass%Ce alloy.

Fig. 5. The (0 0 0 2) pole figures of the specimens deformed to e = 10% at Fig. 8. The true stress–true strain curves at 773 K for Mg and Mg–
room temperature. 0.2 mass%Ce alloy.
 Y. Chino et al. / Acta Materialia 56 (2008) 387–394 391

tion characteristics at 573 K were significantly different

from those at room temperature. However, the difference
in flow stress between the pure Mg and the Mg–Ce alloy
decreased by 773 K, as shown in Fig. 8.
Previous works [27,28] showed that creep resistance or
high-temperature strength is increased by the addition of
Ce due to the precipitation of Mg9Ce. However, the precip-
itates were not found in the Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy inves-
tigated in the present work. Therefore, the higher flow
stress at elevated temperatures for Mg–Ce is not attributed
to precipitation.

4. Discussion

It is known that the f1 0

1 2g tensile twins and f1 01 1g or

f3 03 2g compressive twins are formed at the early and later
stage during compression tests at room temperature in Mg
and its alloys, respectively [3,6,26,29,30]. Because the com-
pression twins induce a large shear deformation within the
twin volume [29], crack initiation often takes place at their
boundaries [31] and their localization causes premature
failure. In fact, in the pure Mg, local deformation bands
consisting of the compressive twins were observed and
cracks were developed along the bands. In the Mg–Ce
alloy, however, the deformation was homogeneous and
the formation of local deformation bands was suppressed.
An investigation of the stretch formability of rolled Mg–
0.2 mass%Ce alloy at room temperature and 433 K showed
that enhancement of stretch-formability by the small Ce
addition is attributed to the activity of the non-basal slip
such as the prismatic slip [19]. Thus, improvement of duc-
tility at room temperature by Ce addition is attributed to
the enhancement of the non-basal slips. However, the Fig. 9. SEM images of the surface of specimens deformed to e = 5% at
573 K: (a) pure Mg and (b) Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy.
Mg–Ce alloy exhibited poorer ductility at 573 K than the
pure Mg. This cannot be explained by the enhancement
of the non-basal slips due to Ce addition. slip, is activated at room temperature. Reed-Hill et al.
SEM images of the surface of specimens deformed to [36] showed that prismatic slip occurred at 83–298 K,
e = 5% at 573 K are shown in Fig. 9, where Fig. 9a is the whereas the pyramidal slip was activated at 423–559 K.
pure Mg and Fig. 9b is the Mg–Ce alloy. In the pure Hence, the non-basal slip observed at 573 K in the Mg–
Mg, straight lines were observed. Choi et al. [32] showed Ce alloy is probably the pyramidal slip.
that parallel slip-banding was observed in the surface Enhancement of the non-basal slip by the addition of Ce
grains with very few slip systems with high Schmid factors. is responsible for the improvement of ductility at room
Therefore, it is clear from Fig. 9a that the basal slip mainly temperature. However, the decrease in ductility caused by
occurred in the pure Mg. In the Mg–Ce alloy, however, the the addition of Ce found at 573 K cannot be explained
lines were wavy. The wavy lines result from the cross slips by the enhancement of the non-basal slip. Also, from
of dislocations related to the non-basal slips [33]. EDS measurements, there were very few precipitates and
TEM images of the specimens deformed to e = 5% at no segregation in the Mg–Ce alloy specimen deformed at
573 K are shown in Fig. 10, where Fig. 10a is the pure 573 K as well as the specimen prior to testing.
Mg and Fig. 10b is the Mg–Ce alloy. Dislocations in the Mechanical properties of Mg strongly depend on the
pure Mg were roughly parallel to each other; however, grain size, particularly at elevated temperatures [37]
there were many dislocations that were not parallel in the because grain-boundary sliding (GBS) occurs easily at ele-
Mg–Ce alloy. Similar results were obtained in the pure vated temperatures in Mg [38]. This is because of the large
Mg and Mg–Al alloy [34,35]. The results of the SEM and grain boundary diffusion coefficient of Mg [38]. It is known
TEM observations indicate that the non-basal slips are that the diffusion coefficient of Ce in Mg is lower than the
more active in the Mg–Ce alloy than in the pure Mg at self-diffusion coefficient of Mg [39]. Therefore, the unique
573 K as well as at room temperature. Koike et al. [17] deformation behavior at 573 K is suggested to be associ-
showed that the prismatic Æaæ, in addition to the basal Æaæ ated with diffusion-related events.
392 Y. Chino et al. / Acta Materialia 56 (2008) 387–394
Fig. 10. TEM images of the specimens deformed to e = 5% at 573 K:
(a) pure Mg and (b) Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy.
The microstructures of the specimens deformed to
e = 5% at 573 K are shown in Fig. 11, where Fig. 11a is
the pure Mg and Fig. 11b is the Mg–Ce alloy. Tensile twins
were observed, but recrystallized fine grains were not found
in both the pure Mg and the Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy, indi-
cating that the difference in flow stress between the pure
Mg and the Mg–Ce alloy is not attributed to GBS at least
until 5%. Inspection of Fig. 6 reveals that the flow stress at
e = 5% at 573 K for the Mg–Ce alloy was about twofold
that for the pure Mg. Therefore, the higher flow stress
for the Mg–Ce alloy is likely to be due to the low diffusion
coefficient of Ce in Mg.
The microstructures of the specimens deformed to a
large strain at 573 K are shown in Fig. 12, where
Fig. 12a is the pure Mg at e = 50% and Fig. 12b is
the Mg–Ce alloy at e = 33%. Note that recrystallized
fine grains were observed along the grain boundaries
in the pure Mg. Ion et al. [40] showed that deforma-
tion becomes macroscopically inhomogeneous at a large
strain at temperatures below 600 K and is confined to
shear zones, which are fine-grained regions formed by
dynamic recrystallization (DRX). In the Mg–Ce alloy,
Fig. 11. Microstructures of the specimens deformed to e = 5% at 573 K:
(a) pure Mg and (b) Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy.
however, no recrystallized fine grains were observed.
GBS relaxes the stress concentration [41]. As shown
in Fig. 6, the strain-hardening coefficient for the pure
Mg was lower than that for the Mg–Ce alloy. This
is attributed to the GBS due to the recrystallized fine
grains for the pure Mg. Thus, the higher flow stress
and poor ductility for the Mg–Ce alloy are attributed
to suppression of DRX as well as the low diffusion
due to Ce addition.
Sitdikov et al. [33] showed that mechanisms of DRX in
Mg depend on the temperature, namely, twin DRX at 293–
623 K, continuous DRX at 523–773 K, and discontinuous
DRX at more than 773 K. As shown in Fig. 11, many twins
were observed in the specimens deformed at 573 K. Hence,
twin DRX must mainly occur in the deformed specimens.
Numerous twins were locally generated at a late stage dur-
ing the compression test in the pure Mg (Fig. 4). The twins
in the local deformation bands induce DRX in the pure
Mg. On the other hand, the deformation was more homo-
geneous for the Mg–Ce alloy than for the pure Mg, which
is due to the active non-basal slip for the Mg–Ce alloy.
Therefore, the homogeneous deformation due to the
 Y. Chino et al. / Acta Materialia 56 (2008) 387–394
Fig. 12. Microstructures of the specimens deformed to large strain at
573 K: (a) pure Mg at e = 50% and (b) Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy at e = 33%.
enhancement of non-basal slips is responsible for the sup-
pression of DRX by the addition of Ce.
The microstructures of the specimens deformed to
e = 50% at 773 K are shown in Fig. 13, where Fig. 13a
is the pure Mg and Fig. 13b is the Mg–Ce alloy. It can
be seen that DRX occurred in both the pure Mg and
the Mg–Ce alloy, and the grain size of the Mg–Ce alloy
was almost the same as that of the pure Mg, indicating
that the addition of Ce has no effect on DRX at 773 K.
The mechanism of DRX at 773 K is not twin DRX, but
discontinuous DRX [33]. Discontinuous DRX is closely
related to dislocations rather than twins. The difference
in CRSS between the basal slip and the non-basal slips
decreases with increasing temperature, and the CRSS of
the basal slip is close to those of the non-basal slips.
Therefore, the non-basal slip is sufficiently active at
773 K for the pure Mg as well as the Mg–Ce alloy, and
DRX occurs in a similar manner in both the pure Mg
and the Mg–Ce alloy. This results in the same strain-hard-
ening coefficient at 773 K in the pure Mg and the Mg–Ce
alloy, as shown in Fig. 8.
393
Fig. 13. Microstructures of the specimens deformed to e = 50% at 773 K:
(a) pure Mg and (b) Mg–0.2 mass%Ce alloy.
The present work demonstrated that the Mg–Ce alloy
exhibits higher ductility at room temperature than the pure
Mg. Recently, Barnett et al. [10] reported that Mg–
0.2 mass%Ce alloy is considerably more rollable than pure
Mg and AZ31 alloy at room temperature. The unique char-
acteristics of the Mg–Ce alloy are attributed to the
enhancement of non-basal slips by Ce addition. However,
the measurement of the lattice constants showed that the
c/a ratio of the Mg–0.2 mass%(0.035 at.%)Ce alloy is
1.6247, which is the same as that of the pure Mg
(=1.6244). Note that the very small Ce addition had no
effect on the c/a ratio, but it had an effect on the enhance-
ment of non-basal slips.
The range of a very large stress field caused by lattice
strain around a dislocation core, which cannot be analyzed
by the theory of elasticity, is generally about 5b [42], where
b is the Burgers vector. The atomic radius of Ce is relatively
larger than that of Mg, and an atom of Ce may affect the
field within 5b or more. The present investigation demon-
strated that only 0.035 at.%Ce affects the mechanical prop-
erties of Mg. If 0.035 at.%Ce affects all Mg atoms, the
range of a field affected by an atom of Ce is about 7b, that
394 Y. Chino et al. / Acta Materialia 56 (2008) 387–394
is, about 2 nm. Therefore, it is suggested that because an
atom of Ce has an effect up to a distance of 2 nm, only
0.035 at.%Ce addition has a distinguishable effect on the
mechanical properties of Mg. All additive elements do
not necessarily have such strong effects on the deformation
mechanisms caused by the small addition. Tegart [43] sug-
gested that the valency differences play an important part
in the solid-solution strengthening of Mg. Hence, not only
the atomic size effect, but also the electron state between
the atoms should be considered to understand the effects
of small Ce addition. Our preliminary ab initio calculations
showed that an atom of Ce affects the electron density
states not only around the Ce atom, but also around Mg
atoms near the Ce atom. Although a small addition of
0.035 at.% has no effect on the c/a ratio, it affects the
atomic binding states not only between the Ce atom and
the Mg atom, but also between the Mg atoms. McDonald
[44] showed that the Mg–0.2 mass%Ce is softened by cold-
working, but it is hardened by subsequent heating. Such an
anomalous behavior of Mg containing a small amount of
Ce may be related to the change in atomic binding states
caused by Ce addition. Further research is in progress to
understand the relationship between the change in atomic
binding states caused by Ce addition and the mechanical
properties. It is suggested from the results in the present
paper that the change in atomic binding states caused by
Ce addition gives rise to the enhancement of non-basal
slips, resulting in the unique mechanical properties of the
Mg–Ce alloy.
5. Conclusions
The mechanical properties of Mg–0.2 mass%
(0.035 at.%)Ce alloy and pure Mg were investigated by
conducting compression tests at room temperature –
773 K. The results are summarized as follows:
1. The Mg–Ce alloy showed higher ductility at room tem-
perature than the pure Mg. On the other hand, the flow
stress of the Mg–Ce alloy was almost the same as that of
the pure Mg.
2. In the pure Mg, local deformation bands consisting of
compressive twins were observed and cracks were devel-
oped along the bands. In the Mg–Ce alloy, however, the
deformation was more homogeneous and the formation
of local deformation bands was suppressed due to the
enhancement of non-basal slips. This is responsible for
the improvement of ductility at room temperature by
Ce addition.
3. On the other hand, the Mg–Ce alloy exhibited higher
flow stress and poorer ductility at 573 K than the pure
Mg. This is attributed to the suppression of dynamic
recrystallization and the low diffusion due to Ce
addition.
4. The c/a ratio of the Mg–Ce alloy was the same as that of
the pure Mg. The change in atomic binding states
caused by the addition of Ce is suggested to play a vital
role in the enhancement of non-basal slips.
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